road construction project

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,WARANGAL

A PROJECT REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS IN NIT

WARANGAL CAMPUS

By

NARHARI SAI(128937)

NISHANT SINGH(128938)

P.VALLIAPPAN(128939)

PAGIDIMARRI GEETHA(128940)

PALAKURTHY ANUSHA(128941)

Under the Guidance of

Sri. Syed Habeeb

(Faculty)

SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

WARANGAL (2012-2014)


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the candidates Narahari sai G , Nishant Singh , P.Valliappan ,

Pagidimarri Geetha , Palakurthy Anusha who are the students of NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, has completed their project “Construction of Roads in NIT Warangal”

in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh.

This project is the record of the authentic work carried out during the academic year

2012-2014. They have done this project by themselves as a team

Syed Habeeb

(Faculty)

School Of Management

National Institute Of Technology

Warangal, Andhra Pradesh


DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents ours ideas in our own words and where

others’ ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original

sources. We also declared that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and

integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my

submission. we understand that any violation of the above will cause for disciplinary action by

the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have not been properly cited

or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

NARHARI SAI(128937)

NISHANT SINGH(128938)

P.VALLIAPPAN(128939)

PAGIDIMARRI GEETHA(128940)

PALAKURTHY ANUSHA(128941)

Date: 07-11-12


CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..8

OBJECTIVE

1.1 TYPES OF ROADS……………………………………………………………………………………...10

1.2 STATUS OF MAIN HIGHWAYS……………………………………………………………………….11

1.3 NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT…………………………………………………12

1.4 ROAD CONSTRUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..14

1.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL………………………………………………………………………….14

1.6 ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………………..14

1.7FLY ASH FOR ROAD EMBANKMENT………………………………………………………………..16

1.8 MATERIAL FOR ROAD PAVEMENT…………………………………………………………………18

2.PROJECT LIFE CYCLE………………………………………………21

2.1 PHASES IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION…………………………………………………………………..22

3.TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES…………………………………………24

3.1 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE………………………………………………………………….25

3.2 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM………………………………………………………………………………….28

3.3 GANTT CHART………………………………………………………………………………………....29


4.FINDING AND CONCLUSIONS……………………………………..30

KNOWLEDG AREAS

4.1 PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT………………………………………………………………………31

4.2PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT………………………………………………………………………...31

4.3 PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………………….31

4.4PROJECT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT……………………………………………………….32

4.5 PROJECT PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT……………………………………………………………32

4.6 PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………32

4.FINDINGS AND CONCLUSTIONS………………………………………………………………………….33

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………34


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Construction planning and execution is a fundamental and challenging activity in the

management of construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work

tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the

identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the

basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a

critical task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise

formally recorded. In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be

necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants

and even which organizations to include in a project. For example, the extent to which sub-

contractors will be used on a project is often determined during construction planning.

Construction time performance (CTP) and flexibility in approaches to project time planning have

been shown to be significantly associated. This raises interesting questions about how effective

planning and control to facilitate flexibility in overcoming unexpected problems may be

achieved. Various tools and techniques such as Gantt chart, activity diagram and Work

Breakdown Structure (WBS) have aided the road construction projects in an effective manner.


Site view of Roads in NIT Warangal Campus


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


OBJECTIVE :

Complete the project in the specified time horizon and allocated cost.

Deliver value to the customers by providing excellent customer support.

Roads are an integral part of the transport system. A country’s road network should be efficient

in order to maximize economic and social benefits. They play a significant role in achieving

national development and contributing to the overall performance and social functioning of the

community. It is acknowledged that roads enhance mobility, taking people out of isolation and

therefore poverty. In China for instance, the government has popularized this belief by

emphasizing that for any economy to develop, transport must start off first which will later

stimulate other sectors to develop in an orderly fashion

The most important factors which are needed in the developing country are economics,

political and military. Each of them play great role in the respective part but they cannot perform

an excellence job without proper communication and transportation. There are three main kinds

of transportation, they are by air, land and water .There are two main transportations on land,

they are trains and cars but roads are necessary for both of them. Cars can be driven without

roads but it is difficult and very dangerous. Trains cannot travel with railroads. It is very hard to

travel in tropical country such as Myanmar in raining season without a road. There are muds

everywhere and they always cause trouble for cars and trains. Thus our government is building

roads and railroads around the country for the safety of the citizens. The basic of economic is

trading and when people trade, the transportation will be needed. The country economic will

develop when people travel to different the places and do businesses. When the politic ants

travel around the country to meet the public, they will also need a road. When the military

officers receive an order to check an area for the safety of the citizens, they will need roads to get

there as soon as possible. By that way people can stay at their houses safe and sound. So people

will love the their leader and obey the laws of our country.


1.Types Of Roads:

1.1. Generally private roads:

Driveway

1.2. Lower capacity highways

AlleyArterial roadAvenuBackroadBoulevardTerrace

BywayCollector roadCourtCul-de-sacDirt road

Frontage roadHighwayLaneRoadRouteSingle carriageway

StreetWinter road

1.3. Higher capacity highways, sometimes with medians

Parkway

Expressway

Turnpike

2+1 road

2+2 road

Farm to Market Road

1.4. Limited access grade-separated highways

Autobahn

Auto-estrada

Autopista

Autostrada

Autostrasse

Controlled-access highway

Expressway, a term used inconsistently in different locations; see Controlled-access

highway and Limited-access highway

Freeway

High-quality dual carriageway (HQDC)

Interstate Highway

Limited-access highway

Motorway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backroad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backroad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byway_(road)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byway_(road)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul-de-sac

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul-de-sac

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontage_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontage_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughfare

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughfare

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2B1_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2B2_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_access

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade-separated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-estrada


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrada

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrasse


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway


“…IT IS NOT WEALTH THAT BUILT THE ROADS BUT, ROADS

THAT BUILT OUR WEALTH”

-John F. Kennedy

1. INDIAN ROAD NETWORK-CURRENT STATUS

National Highway (NH)

58,112

State Highways (SH)

1,37,119

Major District Roads (MDR)

4,70,000

Village and Other Roads (ODR &

VR)

26,50,000

Total Road Length

33,15,231

NHs are less than 2% of network but carry 40% of total traffic


2. STATUS OF MAIN HIGHWAYS

Carriageway

National Highways

State Highways

Length KM

Percent

Length KM

Percent

Four-lane

1800

4

1200

1

Two-lane

23700

66

238800

19

One-lane

15000

30

100500

80

Total

49500

100

125500

100


3. NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT


4. ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Road construction in India is about rs.150 billion. The contracting industry consist of large

scale contractors (Rs.500 million and above) about 20 large contractors accounting 40% of

construction activities, medium scale contractors (Rs.100-500 million) is involved about 20% of

construction activities and small scale contractors (Rs.5-100 million) is involved in remaining

40%.

5. CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Embankment

Subgrade

Pavement structure base course

Surface course

Special materials for drainage

Maintenance

6. ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Earlier labour-based method In 1960s Mechanisation introduced.

Govt. Bodies are the main buyers of the road construction equipment, market is limited

During 1980s, transformation took place. Project became much larger size –external

agency funding –mandatory to use appropriate equipment

Pre-qualification criteria: based on ownership of equipment for selection of contractors.

In large projects 10 % advance were given, as a result contractors began purchasing their own

equipment.

Half of Indian manufactures producing equipment in India have tie-up with foreign

partners to improve their products.


FLY ASH FOR ROAD EMBANKMENT

Ideally suited as back fill material

Higher shear strength leads to greater stability

Design by conventional method

Intermediate soil layers to provide confinement

Guidelines approved by IRC

USE OF GEOTEXTILES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT

WITH STEEP SLOPE


LAYING OF GEOTEXTILE OVER SOIL SUBGRADE (AS SEPARATOR)

MATERIALS FOR ROAD PAVEMENTS

Sub gradeup gradation (stabilisation)

Improvement in CBR and reduction in pavement thickness by stabilisation (use of foamed

bitumen-cement, enzymes, resins etc.)

2.Sub-base/base courses

Use of waste materials like fly ash, Blast furnace slag, Aircooled slags, municipal wastes, etc

3.Wearing courses

Modified bitumens, multigradebitumens and improved emulsions


Lime stabilisation of (Orissa)

View of finished road surface


USE OF PROCESSED MUNICIPAL WASTES

1.Construction of stabilised base/sub-base courses(PMW-lime-fly ash, PMW-

soil-cement)

2.Construction of test track using municipal wastes

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MODIFIERS and Raw Materials

1. Traffic

2. Climate

3. Cost-effectiveness

4. Performance reports

5. Constructabilit


MATERIALS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS

Roller compacted concrete (RCCP)

1. Faster and economical

2. Can be used for base course and for wearing course

3. Saving of cement by using fly ash and GBFS

Construction of roller compacted concrete

Use of waste materials like Marble slurry dust, Slag, Fly ash, etc

-Use of waste materials to replace aggregates (DLC)

-Use of pozzolanic waste materials to replace part of cement (CC and RCC pavements)

Magnesium oxychloride cement

-As a substitute to OPC in CC pavements

-Used for stabilisation of sand


FUNDAMENTALS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION CONSISTS OF FIVE

TOPICS:

Topic 1: Construction Management Overview

Topic 2: Preliminary Investigations

Topic 3: Setting Out

Topic 4: Earthworks

Topic 5: Roadsides

BRIEF:

Construction Management Overview – the critical issues in construction management including

scheduling techniques, plant and equipment, human resources, materials, project management,

works program, safety and traffic management, quality systems and environmental management.

Preliminary Investigations – the phases of road investigation including land acquisition,

environmental issues, relocation of services and cultural and indigenous heritage management.

Setting Out – covers vertical and horizontal alignments, preparation for earthworks and trimming

sub grades.

Earthworks – includes specifications, definition of earthworks terms, hold points, witness points

and milestones, earthworks planning, plant and equipment, earthmoving operations and

compliance testing and measurement.

Drainage – urban drainage, geo-textiles, surface erosion protection, moisture, permeability, road

drainage systems, construction methods and selection of materials.

Roadsides – items at the roadside including furniture/signs, batter slopes, landscaping,

guardrails, crash barriers and noise fences/barriers


CHAPTER 2

PROJECT LIFE CYCLE


2.1Phases in road construction

2.1.1Feasibility phase

• Generation and development of ideas

• Feasibility studies

• Studies of infrastructure needs

• Layout studies

• Assessment of design data

• Cost estimation

• Construction and procurement scheduling

• Environmental impact assessment

• Social impact assessment

2.1.2Design phase

• Establishment of design basis

• Design data studies

• Geotechnical assessments

• Durability design

• Civil and structural design

• Mechanical and electrical installations

• Operational risk assessment

2.1.3Tender phase

• Development of tender design

• Management of tender procedures


• Value engineering

• Preparation of contract for construction

2.1.4Construction phase

• Construction management

• Quality, environmental and safety management

• Construction risk management

• Interface coordination

• Program and budget control

• Site supervision

• Contract and claims management

2.1.5Operation and maintenance (O&M)

• O&M management system

• Inspection of structures and installations

• Ranking of maintenance and reinvestment needs

• Repair and strengthening design

• Institutional development and training

• Quality management


CHAPTER 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES


3.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):

A work breakdown structure (WBS), in project management and systems engineering, is a

deliverable oriented decomposition of a project into smaller components. A work breakdown

structure element may be a product, data, service, or any combination thereof. A WBS also

provides the necessary framework for detailed cost estimating and control along with providing

guidance for schedule development and control.

WBS is a hierarchical and incremental decomposition of the project into phases, deliverables and

work packages. It is a tree structure, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an

objective; for example a program, project, and contract. In a project or contract, the WBS is

developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into manageable

components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility (e.g., systems, subsystems,

components, tasks, subtasks, and work packages) which include all steps necessary to achieve

the objective.

A work breakdown structure permits summing of subordinate costs for tasks, materials, etc., into

their successively higher level “parent” tasks, materials, etc. For each element of the work

breakdown structure, a description of the task to be performed is generated. This technique

(sometimes called a system breakdown structure is used to define and organize the total scope of

a project.

The WBS is organized around the primary products of the project (or planned outcomes) instead

of the work needed to produce the products (planned actions). Since the planned outcomes are

the desired ends of the project, they form a relatively stable set of categories in which the costs

of the

planned actions needed to achieve them can be collected. A well-designed WBS makes it easy to

assign each project activity to one and only one terminal element of the WBS. In addition to its

function in cost accounting, the WBS also helps map requirements from one level of system

specification to another, for example a requirements cross reference matrix mapping functional

requirements to high level or low level design documents.


3.2 Activity Diagram:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions

with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity

diagrams are intended to model both computational and organisational processes (i.e.

workflows). Activity diagrams show the overall flow of control.

Activity diagrams are constructed from a limited number of shapes, connected with arrows.The

most important shape types:

rounded rectangles represent actions;

diamonds represent decisions;

bars represent the start (split) or end (join) of concurrent activities;

a black circle represents the start (initial state) of the workflow;

an encircled black circle represents the end (final state).

Arrows run from the start towards the end and represent the order in which activities happen.

Hence they can be regarded as a form of flowchart. Typical flowchart techniques lack constructs

for expressing concurrency


CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSTIONS


KNOWLEDGE AREA

4.1 PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT

The project is first conceptualized for a specific segment of customers. The market is understood

and the needs of the segment are analyzed. The location and the environmental factors of the

project are decided based on the previous analysis. In this project, the upper middle class and

higher class of people are selected and the need of status is identified. The project will be located

in a residential area which is well connected to the centrally to the city. The design of the project,

selection of contractors and architects, approval of local municipal laws etc. are decided and

made available. The role of each stakeholder is decided and the cost requirement (Budget) for

completion of the project is determined. This can be done quickly based on the previous

experience of the other similar projects. The risks are identified and the steps are taken to subdue

the risks in order to avoid scope creep.

4.2 PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT

The contracting industry consist of large scale contractors (Rs.500 million and above) about

20 large contractors accounting 40% of construction activities, medium scale contractors

(Rs.100-500 million) is involved about 20% of construction activities and small scale contractors

(Rs.5-100 million) is involved in remaining 40%. This project basically deal with the small scale

contractors.

4.3 PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMNT

This is the stage where the actual work on the plan starts. It is not an easy task for anyone to

convert the plan on paper into reality. This requires expertise in the specific area such as

electrical, plumbing, civil, structural etc. Each task is assigned team to complete the job. These

tasks are sometimes dependent and sometimes overlapping (independent). A proper coordination


between teams is required to avoid any communication gap which can lead to cost overruns and

scope creep. Any team will consist of a project manager who manages and controls the overall

project. Under him the task managers/supervisors are assigned who looks after the progress of

the particular task. Contractors, architects, structural engineers and civil engineers are assigned

for each task and works closely with the task manager/supervisor.

The implementation/construction can be divided into phases depending on the bookings by

customers and the availability of materials and labor. The problem comes with the material

quality and delivery, labor issues, Safety issues, Compliance, Coordination etc. which ultimately

results in the scope creep, cost overruns and hinders customer delivery and satisfaction. Thus in

order to achieve the target, a project manager has to closely monitor the progress and avid

bottlenecks.

4.4PROJECT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT


4.5 PROJECT PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT

In this stage the procurement of the necessary materials are done. This is done through tendering where

various contractors are invited from the qualified contractors. At first the BOQ and tender specifications

are decided by the tenderer. These details are then used for the compilation of the tender. These

tenders are then sent to the selected number of contractors for different tasks and the filled tenders are

received in the time specified by the tenderer. These tenders are then verified and the selection of the

contractor is done. Negotiation takes place and finally the tender is awarded to the successful

contractor.

This stage is one of the most crucial stages of a project. The root cause of any project not completing in

time is majorly due to defaults in this stage. A tenderer has to be very careful about wrong information

filing, faulty tender specifications and BOQ. This causes increase the ordering cost, change in

contractors, increase in project completion time, complexities etc. which actually increases the scope of

the project.

4.6 PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT

Scheduling of the project is done in order to micro manage the project and monitor the progress of the

project. This helps in understanding the variations from the actual plan and a manager can decide how

fast the work has to be done and whether there will be a scope creep. This can be done by preparing

Gantt chart where the start, completion and progress of a project are mentioned.


CHAPTER 5

BIBLIOGRAPHY


WEBSITES

POZAN.COM

http://www.ikb.poznan.pl/fcee/2005.06/full/fcee_2005-06_203-

216_logistics_of_construction.pdf (03-Nov 04:45 pm)

TANDFONLINE

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446190110089691#.Unqcx

XAy1Vo (05-Nov 11:30 pm)

ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT

http://www.dot.state.il.us/const/constbrochure/constbrochure.html (05- Nov

11:45 pm)

EUROPE TRANSPORT

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/projects/doc/nr2c_final_report.pdf

(06-Nov 10:30 pm)

MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT

http://morth.nic.in/ (06-Nov 11:45 pm)

BOOKS:

PMBOK Guide – Fourth Edition

road construction project

Business