Slide 1

Revolutions and Time Between The Wars (1918-1939)

Slide 2

Russia Russia in the 1700s Czar (Russian king) controls everything Peter the Great and Catherine the Great attempt to modernize Russia Need warm- water ports for trade Russia in the 1800s Czar controls everything Industrial Revolution comes late to Russia Europe fears Russias large army Russia still a feudal society (nobles/serfs) while the rest of Europe has industrialized but are Serfs are eventually freed (200 years after the rest of Europe) Russia is still backwards (has not improved/developed) and hasnt changed much since the 1700s.

Slide 3

Early 1900s Romanov Dynasty had ruled since 1613 Czar (means monarch) Nicholas II was on the throne People started to lose faith after Bloody Sunday massacre in Jan 1905 1905 Russia is defeated by Japan in the Russo- Japanese War Russian peasants protest peacefully, but are shot by czars soldiers A widespread revolt forces the czar to allow more rights, but he quickly cancels them

Slide 4

World War I Russia enters to back Serbia, they join the Allied Powers With little industry they are not prepared to fight the 1 st modern war (lack technology & ability to make weapons on mass scale) Shortage of supplies- Russian railroads cant deliver supplies to cities Lack of food and coal Czar Nicolas I attempts to lead the troops personally, but fails miserably Czarina handles the government (she is German, and not trained to rule) Leaves control in the hands of Rasputin They lose the most people with 5.5 million casualties

Slide 5

Rasputin and the Royal Family Rasputin (Mad Monk) called to heal the Prince of hemophilia (blood disease), succeeds and gains family confidence Royal family members worry about the power in the hands of the untrustworthy Rasputin Plan to have him assassinated The conspirators invited Rasputin over to royal palace and feed him cake and wine laced with poison Rasputin talks on for hours Conspirators become nervous and shoot him, after they thought he was dead he leaps up and he is shot again His body is dumped in the near frozen river Cause of death: Drowning

Slide 6

What led to the Revolutions? ***Causes were very similar to French Revolution*** Rigid social class with a large peasant population Denied the majority (peasant class) basic rights Peasant class = farmers and factory workers Spreading of liberal ideas New ideas changed how people thought about their government Russian Czars were very harsh Russian Czars attempted to westernize Russia, without importing French revolutionary liberal ideas. Czars tried to retain power by harsh and oppressive rule. Increased discontent against absolute monarchy Declining Economy Czars spent too much on luxury (ex. City of St. Petersburg) Unable to industrialize efficiently (ex. transportation poor) Too many losses in wars, especially World War I

Slide 7

Revolt of March 1917 March: Czar Nicholas taken out of power Revolt started over: Failure of 1905 reforms shortages in food, fuel and housing too many defeats during World War I Czar abdicates (gives up) his throne A provisional (temporary) government led by the middle class are put in place, they promise democracy Soviets- groups of workers and soldiers revolted in the major cities and ruled themselves that support riots The Duma, or parliament created a temporary provisional government to rule run by Alexander Kerensky This new government continued to fight Germany and Austria- Hungary

Slide 8

1917 November: Communist Revolution Provisional government prove to be very ineffective, people still poor, hungry, and dying in WWI Bolsheviks (communist), want to overtake government & make everyone equal (**no more poor vs. rich**) 1918 Russia pulls out of WWI (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) Lenin and other communists are secretly shipped to Russia by Germany They are called Bolsheviks, communists that wanted revolution Lenin promises Peace, land and bread in protest in Russia 1918-1921 civil war breaks out Red Army (communist) vs. White Army (Czar supporters). Reds win. Soldiers riot and are helped by soviets Lenin tries immediately to end the war

Slide 9

Communist Russia under Lenin (1917- 1928) Background: Lenins family background instilled in him a hatred of the Czar and Czar government policies. He was influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx and as a young man he helped spread Marxist ideas. Main Features Leads Russian communists called Bolsheviks First years are spent fighting a civil war- Reds vs Whites Sets up a dictatorship to help triumph in the war Red Army set up by Leon Trotsky Secret police to catch bourgeois traitors

Slide 10

Lenin (adaptation of Marxist) ideas: Russia had a lack of large population of urban workers Lenin called for a/an elite group to lead a revolution. (Bolsheviks) According to Lenin only revolution could bring about change NOT small steps

Slide 11

Communism (1917- 1921) One Party Government Communist party the only legal party allowed. Government structured with a constitution and elected legislature. THE REAL POWER IS HELD BY THE PARTY not the people. People controlled by force (Military and Secret Police) Created a new system where the government owned business Farmers had to give their crops to the government Distribute land to the peasants Give workers control of the factories

Slide 12

New Economic Policy (1921) During the Civil War the Bolsheviks took back control of the factories. Lenin sets up New Economic Policy (NEP) Government controlled all banks, large industry and foreign trade. Some privately owned business were allowed (This form of selective capitalism was to assist in the economic recovery and not meant to be forever)

Slide 13

Soviet Union By 1922 Lenin gains control over most of Russia and creates the Union of Soviets Socialists Republics (USSR) Soviet Union Moscow = Capital Lenin Organized the nation into several self governing republic, under the control of the central government. Bolshevik party renamed the Communist Party-Held total power Lenin established a Dictatorship By 1928, USSR farms and factories were producing as much as before WWI. Lenin dies suddenly in 1924. A power struggle emerged for control of the Communist Party and the USSR.

Slide 14

Communist Russia under Stalin Background Real name Joseph Djugashvili, from poor family and educated in the Priesthood. Lived a very harsh existence in his younger years. Became a radical Revolutionary Socialist after reading Karl Marx. By 1900 he joined the Bolsheviks and took the name Stalin. (Means Man of Steel) By 1920 he works his way into becoming general secretary of the party. He appoints loyal friends into key jobs which gave Stalin allies in the Government when he needed them. Lenin did not want Stalin to be his successor. Told followers to beware of him.

Slide 15

New Party Leader: Stalin competes with Trotsky (leader of Red Army and Lenin ally), after Lenin Dies, to succeed Lenin. Trotsky vs. Stalin: Trotsky scholar, great speaker, key figure in Revolution and Civil War (Well respected) Stalin Street smart, lacked people skills and had a minor role in the revolution. Stalin forces Trotsky into exile by isolating Him in the party. Installs supporters as key members in the Government. Stalin takes control and begins his plans to modernize Russia.

Slide 16

Stalinism: Stalins version of Communism Five Year Plans: Stalins idea to set production quotas / Goals that needed to be achieved in 5 years. Focus was Industry & Agriculture Hammer & Sickle Symbol of Communism and also the Soviet flag

Slide 17

The Soviet Union implemented the first 5 year plan in 1928, but they never achieved their quotas despite the propaganda and Stalins words. Slackers were punished severely and strictly. Industry focused on steel, machinery and Iron made goods. Agriculture focused on Wheat.

Slide 18

Collectivization: (Also called Collective Farming) Stalin NATIONALIZED all farmland (arable land) and made it property of the government. This went against Lenins promise to give land back to the peasants. Peasants (especially in Ukraine) were placed on large communal farms called collectives. These were run and financed by the state. (Government) Crops would be taken by the government and this left the peasants with very little of the crops. There was no incentive to work hard. In 1934, Stalin punished Kulaks and peasants in the Ukraine with a forced starvation in which 10-20 million starved to death.

Slide 19

The Great Purge- Stalins Version of the Holocaust Stalin suffered from paranoia, or a fear of others. Stalin conducted Purges (systematic eliminations) of people who challenged Stalins ideas or were thought by Stalin to conspire against him. Major Groups targeted in Stalins Purges Kulaks Government Officials Friends Intelligentsia Army Officers (by 1938, 90% 0f Russian military officers were purged) Approximately 25 million purged, killed or were exiled to Siberia. (Northern Russia mostly above the Arctic Circle Cold, harsh environment) Those exiled worked in forced labor camps called Gulags. Most starved or froze to death Similar to Nazi concentration camps or Chinese labor camps under Mao Zedong.

Slide 20

Foreign Policy Many nations hated the communist government of the USSR Comintern- group set up to spread revolution all over the world Effects: USSR was isolated for most of the 1920s and 1930s

Slide 21

Worldwide Issues colonies had fought in the war and denied promises of freedom Global Depression strikes in 1929 and quickly effects the entire world European nations do anything to avoid war

Slide 22

Nationalism Between the Wars in Latin America and Africa Africa Problems nations are colonies of Europe and were promised freedom Solutions Nationalist groups begin forming to gain independence Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya Pan- Africanism goal to unite all of Africa

Slide 23

Mexico Problems Most Mexicans are poor farmers working for creole landholders Frequent revolutions and dictatorships Foreign nations intervene to protect their property Solutions Nationalize businesses and land to distribute to the poor PRI formed to help the poor and stabilize the government with a one- party democracy Government begins to provide education to poor

Slide 24

Middle East Between the Wars Building a Modern Turkey Problems The Ottoman Empire lost World War I and was divided His people were behind the modern times Many people wanted an Islamic government Solutions Kemal Ataturk manages to remove Western powers from his nation He changes Turkish culture Separated church and state Bans Islamic dress and traditions like polygamy Instituted a Western calendar, alphabet, schools and government He modernized Turkey Hired Western experts to improve technology Built roads, factories and railroads Created a modern economy

Slide 25

Divisions in Palestine Problems Jews had been moving in since the Zionist movement of the late 1800s began (Zionisms goal is to find a Jewish homeland) After World War I, Britain promises the land to Arab Palestinians and Jews Both sides begin a conflict that has lasted until today

Slide 26

Indian Nationalism Problems economy controlled by Britain couldnt trade freely forced to make and buy British products many fought in World War I and were promised independence British Raj was sometimes cruel Amritsar Massacre- British troops fired an unarmed peaceful demonstration killing 379

Slide 27

Solutions Gandhi Lawyer, who got his start by helping Indians in South Africa oppose unfair laws Promoted Hindu idea of ahisma or non- violence used satyagraha or passive resistance (Civil disobedience) Inspired Indians to make their own goods and boycott British goods Wore traditional clothes, but balanced Indian values with Western ones Encouraged women to make cloth to avoid British taxes Salt March- in 1930 he and many followers avoided a British salt tax by taking it from the sea Independence World War II and Gandhis movement led to independence Success was temporary, since Muslims and Hindus battled one another

Slide 28

China Between the Wars Chinese Problems 1911- 1949 Unstable Government Fall of the Qing Dynasty Warlords- local strongmen rule their areas Civil War fighting, between rival groups. Chiefly the Guomindang and Communists Foreign Invasion Japan is rewarded in the Versailles Treaty with control of Germanys land in China.

Slide 29

Sun Yixian After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, he attempts to lead China with his Three Principles-Nationalism, Democracy and livelihood 1912- He was briefly president of China, but steps down in favor of the stronger, Yuan Shikai 1916- Leads a revolt when Shikai tries to set up a new dynasty 1916- 1925 Created and led the Guomindang, or nationalist party until his death in 1925 Chang Kai- Shek (Jiang Jieshi) 1925- takes over leadership of the Guomindang after the death of Sun Yixian Attempts to unite China, and keep Communists out of power. 1927- Attempts to kill communists by attacking their members in many Chinese cities. He helps battle the Japanese from the early 1930s until 1945. He will lead a civil war against the Communists until he loses and retreats to Taiwan in 1949

Slide 30

Mao Zedong Leader of Chinese Communists He retreats from the stronger Guomindang. 1934- Long March- he is forced to lead his people through the mountains of China, of 100,000 followers, only 20,000 survive Promises peasants land and during his struggle he takes supplies from the rich and gives any left over supplies to the poor. He will be successful and lead China after 1949 until his death in 1976