rethinking migration and mobility in the late roman … · fuentes metamórficas de bajo grado...

1
RETHINKING MIGRATION AND MOBILITY IN THE LATE ROMAN WEST WITH CERAMIC PETROGRAPHY Vince Van Thienen [1,2] , Wim De Clercq [1] 1. Ghent University (Belgium), department of Archaeology, Historical Archaeology Research Group 2. Yale University (USA), department of Anthropology, Council on Archaeological Studies Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, © Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, © References /Referencias [1] Ammianus Marcellinus. The surviving books of the History, transl. J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge (Loeb Classical Library 1963).; [2] Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge university press.; [3] Burmeister, S. (2000) Archaeology and Migration. Approaches to an Archaeological Proof of Migration. Current Anthropology, 41(4), 539-567.; [4] Horsfall, G. A. (1987) Design Theory and Grinding Stones, in Hayden, B. (ed), Lithic Studies Among the Contemporary Highland Maya. University of Arizona Press, 332-377.; [5] Sellet, F. (1993) Chaîne opératoire; the concept and its applications. Lithic technology, 18 (1-2), 106-112.; [6] De Paepe, P. & Van Impe, L. (1991) Historical Context and Provenancing of Late Roman Hand-Made Pottery from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. Archeologie in Vlaanderen, 1, 145-180.; [7] Van Thienen, V. (2016) Abandoned, neglected and revived. Aspects of Late Roman society in Northern Gaul. PhD Dissertation. Ghent University.; [8] Van Thienen, V., Goemaere, E., De Clercq, W. Investigating Germanic migrations and Gallo-Roman continuityin Northern Gaul by means of petrographic analyses of late Roman handmade pottery (in prep). Geography and Chronology Late Roman period c. AD 250-450 North of Gaul in the Roman Empire and adjacent Germanic territories Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, west Germany, northern France (Europe) Geografía y Cronología Antigüedad Tardía c. 250-450 d. C. La Galia septentrional en el Imperio Romano y territorios germánicos adyacentes Bélgica, Países Bajos, Luxemburgo, Alemania occidental, norte de Francia (Europa) Theory and application Culture of the private [2;3] There is a distinction in the expression of identity in the external and internal cultural domain The internal domain or private sphere is not directly connected to external conditions Traditions are most likely to persist in and through social practices and household products First generation migration is reflected in material culture that has not been submitted to processes of transformation or assimilation First houses and functional settlement elements Traditional domestic objects Material culture brought along from the emigrated area Profiling the material Everyday objects [3] Little effect on outsiders Lacks social significance Cannot be adopted for prestige or fashion Found in private space Settlement context, for domestic use In small numbers, often fragmented Research methods Style and decoration can be misleading [4] Social practice in the ‘chaîne d’opératoire’ [5] is more representative for cultural traditions Investigate ceramic production and identify ceramic recipes Teoría y aplicación Cultura de lo privado [2;3] Existe una distinción en la expresión de la identidad en el dominio cultural externo con respecto del dominio cultural interno El dominio interno o esfera privada no está directamente relacionado con las condiciones externas Es más probable que las tradiciones persistan en y gracias a las prácticas sociales y los productos domésticos La migración de primera generación se refleja en la cultura material que no ha sido sometida a procesos transformación o asimilación Primeras casas y elementos funcionales de asentamiento Objetos domésticos tradicionales Cultura material traída desde el lugar de origen Perfilando el material Objetos cotidianos [3] Poco efecto sobre los extraños Carece de significado social No puede ser adoptado por prestigio o moda Encontrado en el espacio privado Contexto de asentamiento, para uso doméstico En pequeñas cantidades, a menudo fragmentado Métodos de investigación El estilo y la decoración pueden ser engañosos [4] La práctica social en la ‘chaîne d’opératoire’ [5] es más representativa de las tradiciones culturales Investigue la producción de cerámica e identifique las recetas de cerámica Methodology To understand the nature and impact of migration and mobility by means of ceramic thin sections, local and suspected non-local handmade household pottery was sampled from the Roman province of Gaul, the Lower Rhine frontier area and in Germanic territories outside the Roman Empire. The following steps were taken to answer the three research questions: 1. Traditional ceramic recipes were identified for each cluster of sites in a shared geographical location 2. Clay provenance was assigned 3. The distribution of ceramic recipes was analyzed and interpreted For non-local pastes The (multi-) directionality and scale of movement was assessed Potential network or routes were reconstructed Push and pull factors for migration, exchange or trade were considered A (micro) regional and chronological differentiation was made For local pastes The continuity and persistence of traditional ceramic recipes was established Transmission to immigrants as part of assimilation was considered 4. Outliers that did not fit in either attested local or non-local ceramic traditions were hypothesized to be a sign of acculturation and interaction revealing a second generation of immigrant material culture Redefining ‘chaîne d’opératoire’: change of environment and raw materials forces immigrants to look for replacements of the original materials and actions Technological and social experimentation: seeking new materials and ways to express the otherness as a resilience to assimilation in private space Results Paste recipes Provenance Interpretation Local Gallo- Roman paste recipe for Northern Gaul Sedimentary clay consisting of mainly quartz minerals with grog, plant and/or shell temper Southern Netherlands, northern Belgium Reflects Gallo-Roman ceramic production tradition in Northern Gaul Non-local paste recipes for Northern Gaul Clays from plutonic and/or metamorphic source Deriving from the glacial landscapes in the northern Netherlands and Germany Small groups of Germanic immigrants over a long period of time Clays from only low grade metamorphic sources Mountainous regions in southern Belgium, northern France or western Germany Small scaled mobility within Roman Gaul and wider Rhine frontier region Clays from volcanic source Eifel region in western Germany Mobility or migration from frontier region or beyond Gallo-Roman recipes outside the Roman Empire Clays from only sedimentary source Southern Netherlands, northern Belgium Indicates return migration of Germanic people or Gallo- Roman mobility or exchange Outliers in Northern Gaul Sedimentary clays with anomalous temper such as metal slag, bone, vitrified grog and large amounts of shell Their distribution is bound within the Roman province Considered as ‘second generation’ immigrant material Resultados Recetas de pasta cerámica Procedencia Interpretación Receta local de pasta galorromana para la Galia septentrional Arcilla sedimentaria compuesta principalmente de minerales de cuarzo con grog, planta y / o degrasante de concha Sur de los Países Bajos, norte de Bélgica Refleja la tradición de producción cerámica galorromana en la Galia septentrional Recetas de pasta no locales para la Galia septentrional Arcillas de origen plutónico y / o metamórfico Derivado de los paisajes glaciales en el norte de los Países Bajos y Alemania Pequeños grupos de inmigrantes germánicos durante un largo período de tiempo Arcillas compuestas solo por fuentes metamórficas de bajo grado Regiones montañosas en el sur de Bélgica, el norte de Francia o el oeste de Alemania Movilidad a pequeña escala dentro de la Galia romana y la región fronteriza más amplia del Rin Arcillas de origen volcánico Región de Eiffel en el oeste de Alemania Movilidad o migración de la región fronteriza o más allá Recetas galorromanas fuera del Imperio Romano Arcillas de solo fuente sedimentaria Sur de los Países Bajos, norte de Bélgica Indica la migración de retorno de personas germánicas o la movilidad o intercambio galorromano Anomalías en la Galia septentrional Arcillas sedimentarias con desgrasantes anómalos, como escoria de metal, hueso, grog vitrificado y grandes cantidades de conchas Su distribución está dentro de los límites de la provincia romana Considerado como material de "segunda generación" de inmigrantes ! 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( Germany France Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg United Kingdom Belgica II Belgica II Germania II Germania II Belgica I Belgica I Germania I Germania I Britannia Britannia Metodología Para comprender la naturaleza y el impacto de la migración y la movilidad mediante secciones delgados de cerámica, se tomaron muestras de la cerámica local y supuestamente no local de la provincia romana de Galia, la zona fronteriza del Bajo Rin y de territorios germánicos fuera del Imperio Romano. Se tomaron los siguientes pasos para responder a las tres preguntas de investigación: 1. Se identificaron recetas cerámicas tradicionales para cada grupo de yacimientos de la misma unidad sociocultural 2. Se asignó la procedencia de la arcilla 3. Se analizó e interpretó la distribución de recetas cerámicas Se evaluó la (multi-) direccionalidad y la escala de movimiento Para pastas no locales Se reconstruyó la red o las rutas potenciales Se consideraron los factores de empuje y arrastre para la migración, el intercambio o el comercio Se realizó una diferenciación (micro) regional y cronológica Se estableció la continuidad y persistencia de recetas de cerámica tradicionales Para pastas locales Se consideró la transmisión a los inmigrantes como parte de la asimilación 4. Se formuló la hipótesis de que los valores atípicos que no encajaban en las tradiciones cerámicas locales o no locales atestiguadas eran un signo de aculturación e interacción que revelaban una segunda generación de cultura material inmigrante Redefinir la ‘chaîne d’opératoire’: el cambio de ambiente y materias primas obliga a los inmigrantes a buscar reemplazos de los materiales y acciones anteriores Experimentación tecnológica y social: búsqueda de nuevos materiales y formas de expresar la alteridad como una resiliencia a la asimilación en el espacio privado Conclusion As suggested in Roman texts [1] and by a previous study [6] , the origin of Germanic pottery found in Northern Gaul was traced to regions north of the Rhine. Yet a better understanding and more insights resulted from carefully targeting material culture from the cultural private sphere. The petrographic study of the ceramic thin sections enabled (1) the distinction between different source areas from multiple provenance directions in and outside the Roman Empire; (2) to estimate the level of continuity of Gallo-Roman traditions in ceramic production by persistence of local communities and/or the transmission of techniques to immigrants; (3) to better grasp the scale and directionality of movement; and (4) to identify certain anomalous features that might reflect the assimilation and integration of immigrants in Gaul. [7;8] Conclusión Como se sugiere en los textos romanos [1] y en un estudio previo [6] , el origen de la cerámica germánica encontrada en la Galia septentrional se remontaba a las regiones al norte del Rin. Sin embargo, de un análisis más detenido de la cultura material de la esfera cultural privada resultaron una mejor comprensión del fenómeno y más ángulos de perspectiva. El estudio petrográfico de las secciones delgadas de cerámica permitió (1) la distinción entre diferentes áreas fuente de múltiples direcciones de procedencia dentro y fuera del Imperio Romano; (2) estimar el nivel de continuidad de las tradiciones galo-romanas en la producción de cerámica por la persistencia de las comunidades locales y / o la transmisión de técnicas a los inmigrantes; (3) captar mejor la escala y la direccionalidad del movimiento; y (4) identificar ciertas características anómalas que podrían reflejar la asimilación e integración de inmigrantes en la Galia [7;8] . Tracing migration through ceramics Antique Roman sources [1] inform us on the migration of Germanic people crossing the Rhine into the province of Gaul during the Late Roman period. How can we attest this with ceramic studies in archaeology? Can we distinguish immigration from trade, exchange or the transmission of ideas? Can we trace the origin of the pots and/or people? Can we see signs of signs of acculturation in the material culture? Rastrear las migraciones a través de la cerámica Las fuentes literarias romanas [1] informan de la migración de pueblos germanos que cruzan el Rin hacia la provincia de la Galia en época tarodantigua. ¿Cómo podemos documentar arqueológicamente este hecho mediante la cerámica? ¿Podemos distinguir la inmigración del comercio, el intercambio o la transmisión de ideas? ¿Podemos rastrear el origen de los recipientes cerámicos y / o los migrantes? ¿Podemos ver signos de aculturación en la cultura material? Contact [email protected] [email protected] Archeologie Ugent @ArcheoUGent

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Page 1: RETHINKING MIGRATION AND MOBILITY IN THE LATE ROMAN … · fuentes metamórficas de bajo grado Regiones montañosas en el sur de Bélgica, el norte de Francia o el oeste de Alemania

RETHINKING MIGRATION AND MOBILITY IN THE LATE ROMAN WEST WITH CERAMIC PETROGRAPHYVince Van Thienen[1,2], Wim De Clercq[1]

1. Ghent University (Belgium), department of Archaeology, Historical Archaeology Research Group2. Yale University (USA), department of Anthropology, Council on Archaeological Studies

Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, ©Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, ©

References /Referencias

[1] Ammianus Marcellinus. The surviving books of the History, transl. J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge (Loeb Classical Library 1963).; [2] Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge university

press.; [3] Burmeister, S. (2000) Archaeology and Migration. Approaches to an Archaeological Proof of Migration. Current Anthropology, 41(4), 539-567.; [4] Horsfall, G. A. (1987) Design Theory and

Grinding Stones, in Hayden, B. (ed), Lithic Studies Among the Contemporary Highland Maya. University of Arizona Press, 332-377.; [5] Sellet, F. (1993) Chaîne opératoire; the concept and its applications.

Lithic technology, 18 (1-2), 106-112.; [6] De Paepe, P. & Van Impe, L. (1991) Historical Context and Provenancing of Late Roman Hand-Made Pottery from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

Archeologie in Vlaanderen, 1, 145-180.; [7] Van Thienen, V. (2016) Abandoned, neglected and revived. Aspects of Late Roman society in Northern Gaul. PhD Dissertation. Ghent University.; [8] Van Thienen,

V., Goemaere, E., De Clercq, W. Investigating Germanic migrations and Gallo-Roman continuity in Northern Gaul by means of petrographic analyses of late Roman handmade pottery (in prep).

Geography and Chronology

• Late Roman period c. AD 250-450

• North of Gaul in the Roman Empire and adjacent Germanic territories

• Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, west Germany, northern France (Europe)

Geografía y Cronología

• Antigüedad Tardía c. 250-450 d. C.

• La Galia septentrional en el Imperio Romano y territorios germánicos adyacentes

• Bélgica, Países Bajos, Luxemburgo, Alemania occidental, norte de Francia (Europa)

Theory and application

Cult

ure

of th

e pr

ivat

e [2

;3] There is a distinction in the expression of identity in the external and internal cultural domain

• The internal domain or private sphere is not directly connected to external conditions

• Traditions are most likely to persist in and through social practices and household

products

First generation migration is reflected in material culture that has not been submitted to processes

of transformation or assimilation

• First houses and functional settlement elements

• Traditional domestic objects

• Material culture brought along from the emigrated area

Prof

iling

the

mat

eria

l Everyday objects[3]

• Little effect on outsiders

• Lacks social significance

• Cannot be adopted for prestige or fashion

Found in private space

• Settlement context, for domestic use

• In small numbers, often fragmented

Rese

arch

met

hods Style and decoration can be misleading[4]

Social practice in the ‘chaîne d’opératoire’[5] is more representative for cultural traditions

Investigate ceramic production and identify ceramic recipes

Teoría y aplicación

Cultu

ra d

e lo

pri

vado

[2;3

]

Existe una distinción en la expresión de la identidad en el dominio cultural externo con respecto del dominio cultural interno

• El dominio interno o esfera privada no está directamente relacionado con las condiciones externas

• Es más probable que las tradiciones persistan en y gracias a las prácticas sociales y los productos domésticos

La migración de primera generación se refleja en la cultura material que no ha sido sometida a procesos transformación o asimilación

• Primeras casas y elementos funcionales de asentamiento• Objetos domésticos tradicionales• Cultura material traída desde el lugar de origen

Perf

iland

o el

m

ater

ial

Objetos cotidianos [3]

• Poco efecto sobre los extraños• Carece de significado social• No puede ser adoptado por prestigio o moda

Encontrado en el espacio privado• Contexto de asentamiento, para uso doméstico• En pequeñas cantidades, a menudo fragmentado

Mét

odos

de

inve

stig

ació

n El estilo y la decoración pueden ser engañosos [4]

La práctica social en la ‘chaîne d’opératoire’ [5] es más representativa de las tradiciones culturales

Investigue la producción de cerámica e identifique las recetas de cerámica

MethodologyTo understand the nature and impact of migration and

mobility by means of ceramic thin sections, local and

suspected non-local handmade household pottery was

sampled from the Roman province of Gaul, the Lower

Rhine frontier area and in Germanic territories outside the

Roman Empire. The following steps were taken to answer

the three research questions:

1. Traditional ceramic recipes were identified for each

cluster of sites in a shared geographical location

2. Clay provenance was assigned

3. The distribution of ceramic recipes was analyzed and

interpreted

For n

on-l

ocal

past

es

The (multi-) directionality and scale of movement was assessed

Potential network or routes were reconstructed

Push and pull factors for migration, exchange or trade were

considered

A (micro) regional and chronological differentiation was made

For l

ocal

past

es

The continuity and persistence of traditional ceramic recipes

was established

Transmission to immigrants as part of assimilation was

considered

4. Outliers that did not fit in either attested local or non-local

ceramic traditions were hypothesized to be a sign of

acculturation and interaction revealing a second

generation of immigrant material culture

Redefining ‘chaîne d’opératoire’:

change of environment and raw

materials forces immigrants to

look for replacements of the

original materials and actions

Technological and social

experimentation: seeking

new materials and ways to

express the otherness as a

resilience to assimilation in

private space

ResultsPaste recipes Provenance Interpretation

Local Gallo-Roman paste

recipe for Northern Gaul

Sedimentary clay consisting of mainly quartz minerals with grog, plant and/or shell temper

Southern Netherlands, northern Belgium

Reflects Gallo-Roman ceramic production tradition in Northern Gaul

Non-local paste recipes for Northern

Gaul

Clays from plutonic and/or metamorphic source

Deriving from the glacial landscapes in the northern Netherlands and Germany

Small groups of Germanic immigrants over a long period of time

Clays from only low grade metamorphic sources

Mountainous regions in southern Belgium, northern France or western Germany

Small scaled mobility within Roman Gaul and wider Rhine frontier region

Clays from volcanic source Eifel region in western Germany

Mobility or migration from frontier region or beyond

Gallo-Roman recipes outside

the Roman Empire

Clays from only sedimentary source

Southern Netherlands, northern Belgium

Indicates return migration of Germanic people or Gallo-Roman mobility or exchange

Outliers in Northern Gaul

Sedimentary clays with anomalous temper such as metal slag, bone, vitrified grog and large amounts of shell

Their distribution is bound within the Roman province

Considered as ‘second generation’ immigrant material

ResultadosRecetas de pasta cerámica Procedencia Interpretación

Receta local de pasta

galorromana para la Galia

septentrional

Arcilla sedimentaria compuesta principalmente de minerales de cuarzo con grog, planta y / o degrasante de concha

Sur de los Países Bajos, norte de Bélgica

Refleja la tradición de producción cerámica galorromana en la Galia septentrional

Recetas de pasta no locales para la

Galia septentrional

Arcillas de origen plutónico y / o metamórfico

Derivado de los paisajes glaciales en el norte de los Países Bajos y Alemania

Pequeños grupos de inmigrantes germánicos durante un largo período de tiempo

Arcillas compuestas solo por fuentes metamórficas de bajo grado

Regiones montañosas en el sur de Bélgica, el norte de Francia o el oeste de Alemania

Movilidad a pequeña escala dentro de la Galia romana y la región fronteriza más amplia del Rin

Arcillas de origen volcánico Región de Eiffel en el oeste de Alemania

Movilidad o migración de la región fronteriza o más allá

Recetas galorromanas

fuera del Imperio Romano

Arcillas de solo fuente sedimentaria

Sur de los Países Bajos, norte de Bélgica

Indica la migración de retorno de personas germánicas o la movilidad o intercambio galorromano

Anomalías en la Galia

septentrional

Arcillas sedimentarias con desgrasantes anómalos, como escoria de metal, hueso, grog vitrificado y grandes cantidades de conchas

Su distribución está dentro de los límites de la provincia romana

Considerado como material de "segunda generación" de inmigrantes

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Germany

France

Belgium

Netherlands

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

B e l g i c a I IB e l g i c a I I

G e r m a n i a I IG e r m a n i a I I

B e l g i c a IB e l g i c a IG e r m a n i a IG e r m a n i a I

B r i t a n n i aB r i t a n n i a

MetodologíaPara comprender la naturaleza y el impacto de la migración yla movilidad mediante secciones delgados de cerámica, setomaron muestras de la cerámica local y supuestamente nolocal de la provincia romana de Galia, la zona fronteriza delBajo Rin y de territorios germánicos fuera del ImperioRomano. Se tomaron los siguientes pasos para responder a lastres preguntas de investigación:

1. Se identificaron recetas cerámicas tradicionales para cada

grupo de yacimientos de la misma unidad sociocultural

2. Se asignó la procedencia de la arcilla

3. Se analizó e interpretó la distribución de recetas cerámicas

Se evaluó la (multi-) direccionalidad y la escala de movimiento Para pastas no locales

Se reconstruyó la red o las rutas potenciales

Se consideraron los factores de empuje y arrastre para la

migración, el intercambio o el comercio

Se realizó una diferenciación (micro) regional y cronológica

Se estableció la continuidad y persistencia de recetas de

cerámica tradicionales

Para pastas localesSe consideró la transmisión a los inmigrantes como parte de la

asimilación

4. Se formuló la hipótesis de que los valores atípicos que no

encajaban en las tradiciones cerámicas locales o no locales

atestiguadas eran un signo de aculturación e interacción

que revelaban una segunda generación de cultura material

inmigrante

Redefinir la ‘chaîne

d’opératoire’: el cambio de

ambiente y materias primas

obliga a los inmigrantes a

buscar reemplazos de los

materiales y acciones anteriores

Experimentación tecnológica y

social: búsqueda de nuevos

materiales y formas de

expresar la alteridad como una

resiliencia a la asimilación en

el espacio privado

ConclusionAs suggested in Roman texts[1] and by a previous study[6], the origin of Germanic pottery found in Northern Gaul was traced to regions north of the Rhine. Yet a better understanding and more insights resulted fromcarefully targeting material culture from the cultural private sphere. The petrographic study of the ceramic thin sections enabled (1) the distinction between different source areas from multiple provenancedirections in and outside the Roman Empire; (2) to estimate the level of continuity of Gallo-Roman traditions in ceramic production by persistence of local communities and/or the transmission of techniques toimmigrants; (3) to better grasp the scale and directionality of movement; and (4) to identify certain anomalous features that might reflect the assimilation and integration of immigrants in Gaul.[7;8]

ConclusiónComo se sugiere en los textos romanos [1] y en un estudio previo [6], el origen de la cerámica germánica encontrada en la Galia septentrional se remontaba a las regiones al norte del Rin. Sin embargo, de un análisismás detenido de la cultura material de la esfera cultural privada resultaron una mejor comprensión del fenómeno y más ángulos de perspectiva. El estudio petrográfico de las secciones delgadas de cerámicapermitió (1) la distinción entre diferentes áreas fuente de múltiples direcciones de procedencia dentro y fuera del Imperio Romano; (2) estimar el nivel de continuidad de las tradiciones galo-romanas en laproducción de cerámica por la persistencia de las comunidades locales y / o la transmisión de técnicas a los inmigrantes; (3) captar mejor la escala y la direccionalidad del movimiento; y (4) identificar ciertascaracterísticas anómalas que podrían reflejar la asimilación e integración de inmigrantes en la Galia [7;8].

Tracing migration through ceramics

Antique Roman sources[1] inform us on the migration of Germanic people crossing the Rhine into the province of Gaul during the Late Roman period.

How can we attest this with ceramic studies in archaeology?

• Can we distinguish immigration from trade, exchange or the transmission of ideas?

• Can we trace the origin of the pots and/or people?

• Can we see signs of signs of acculturation in the material culture?

Rastrear las migraciones a través de la cerámicaLas fuentes literarias romanas [1] informan de la migración de pueblos germanos que cruzan el Rin hacia la provincia de la Galia en época tarodantigua.

¿Cómo podemos documentar arqueológicamente este hecho mediante la cerámica?

• ¿Podemos distinguir la inmigración del comercio, el intercambio o la transmisión de ideas?

• ¿Podemos rastrear el origen de los recipientes cerámicos y / o los migrantes?

• ¿Podemos ver signos de aculturación en la cultura material?

Contact

[email protected]

[email protected]

Archeologie Ugent

@ArcheoUGent