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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Respiratory organsNose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses

Pharynx, larynx, and trachea

Bronchi and smaller branches

Lungs and alveoli

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Organs of the Respiratory System

Figure 21.1

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The Nose

Provides an airway for respiration

Moistens and warms air

Filters inhaled air

Resonating chamber for speech

Houses olfactory receptors

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The Nose

Size variation due todifferences in nasal

cartilages

Skin is thincontains

many sebaceous glands

Figure 21.2

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The Nasal Cavity

External nares

nostrils

Divided bynasal septum

Continuous with nasopharynx

Posterior nasal apertures

choanae

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Nasal Cavity

Two types of mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa

Near roof of nasal cavity

Houses olfactory (smell) receptors

Respiratory mucosa

Lines nasal cavity

Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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Basic Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 21.3b

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Respiratory Mucosa

Consists of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Goblet cells within epithelium

Underlying layer of lamina propria

Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly

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Nasal Conchae

Superiorand middle nasal conchae Part of the ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal conchae

Separate bone

Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal

cavity

Particulate matter

Deflected to mucus-coated surfaces

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The Paranasal Sinuses

Figure 7.11a, b

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The Pharynx

Funnel-shaped passageway Connects nasal cavity and mouth

Divided into three sections by location

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Type of mucosal lining changes along its length

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The Nasopharynx

Superior to the point where food enters Only an air passageway

Closed off during swallowing

Pharyngeal tonsil(adenoids) Located on posterior wall

Destroys entering pathogens

Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic

tube(auditory tube)

Tubal tonsil

Provides some protection from infection

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The Oropharynx

Arch-like entranceway

fauces Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis

Epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx

Palatine tonsilsin the lateral walls of the fauces

Lingual tonsilscovers the posterior surface of

the tongue

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The Laryngopharynx

Passageway for both food and air Epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Continuous with the esophagus and larynx

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The Larynx

Three functions Voice production

Provides an open airway

Routes air and food into the proper channels Superior opening is

Closed during swallowing

Open during breathing

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Nine Cartilages of the Larynx

Thyroid cartilage Shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence

(Adams apple)

Three pairs of small cartilages

Arytenoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

Cuneiform cartilages

Epiglottis

Tips inferiorly during swallowing

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The Larynx

Vocal ligaments of the larynx Vocal folds(true vocal cords)

Act in sound production

Vestibular folds(false vocal cords)

No role in sound production

Epithelium of the larynx

Stratified squamoussuperior portion

Pseudostratified ciliated columnarinferiorportion

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Anatomy of the Larynx

Figure 21.5a, b

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Movements of the Vocal Folds

Figure 21.6ad

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The Larynx

Voice production Length of the vocal folds changes with pitch

Loudness depends on the force of air across the

vocal folds

Sphincter function of the larynx

Valsalvas maneuverstraining

Innervation of the larynx

Recurrent laryngeal nerves (branch of vagus)

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The Trachea

Descends into the mediastinum C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open

Carina

Marks where trachea divides into two primary

bronchi

Epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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The Trachea

Figure 21.7a, b

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Bronchi in the Conducting Zone

Bronchial tree Extensively branching respiratory passageways

Primary bronchi (main bronchi)

Largest bronchi

Right main bronchi

Wider and shorter than the left

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Figure 21.8a

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Secondary(lobar) bronchi Three on the right

Two on the left

Tertiary(segmental) bronchi

Branch into each lung segment

Bronchioles

Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter

Terminal bronchioles Less than 0.5 mm in diameter

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Structures of the Respiratory Zone

Consists of air-exchanging structures Respiratory bronchiolesbranch from terminal

bronchioles

Lead to alveolar ducts

Lead to alveolar sacs

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Figure 21.9a

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Figure 21.9b

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Alveoliconsist of Type I cells and basal laminae

Scattered among type I cells

Cuboidal epithelial cellstype II cells

Secrete surfactant

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PowerPointLecture Slides

prepared by Leslie Hendon,

University of Alabama,

Birmingham

HUMANANATOMY

fifth edition

MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM

21

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Benjamin Cummings

TheRespiratory

System

PART 3

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Anatomy of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane

Figure 21.10b

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Anatomy of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane

Figure 21.10c, d

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The Respiratory Zone

Features of alveoli Surrounded by elastic fibers

Interconnect by way of alveolar pores

Internal surfaces

A site for free movement of alveolar macrophages

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The Pleurae

A double-layered sac surrounding each lung Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Potential space between the visceral and parietalpleurae

Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity

Central mediastinum

Two lateral pleural compartments

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Diagram of the Pleurae and Pleural Cavities

Figure 21.11

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Location of Lungs in Thoracic Cavity

Figure 21.12a, b

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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Major landmarks of the lungs Apex, base, hilum, and root

Left lung

Superior and inferior lobes Fissureoblique

Right lung

Superior, middle, and inferior lobes

Fissures

oblique and horizontal

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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Anterior View of Thoracic Structures

Figure 21.13a

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Bronchopulmonary Segments

Figure 21.15 (1 of 2)

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Bronchopulmonary Segments

Figure 21.15 (2 of 2)

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Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs

Pulmonary arteries Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood to the heart

Innervation

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensoryfibers

Parasympatheticconstrict airways

Sympathetic

dilate airways

PowerPoint Lecture Slides

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PowerPointLecture Slides



Birmingham

HUMANANATOMY

fifth edition


21



TheRespiratory

System

PART 4

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Transverse Cut through the Superior Thorax

Figure 21.13c

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The Mechanisms of Ventilation

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation Inspirationinhalation

Expirationexhalation

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Inspiration

Deepinspiration requires Scalenes

Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis minor

Erector spinaeextends the back

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Expiration

Quiet expiration

chiefly apassive process

Inspiratory muscles relax

Diaphragm moves superiorly

Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

Forced expirationan active process

Produced by contraction of

Internal and external oblique muscles

Transverse abdominis muscles

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Changes in Thoracic Volume

Figure 21.16a

c

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Changes in Thoracic Volume

Figure 21.16d


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Birmingham

HUMANANATOMY

fifth edition


21



TheRespiratory

System

PART 5

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Neural Control of Ventilation

Most important respiratory center VRGventral respiratory group

Located in reticular formation in the medulla

oblongata

Neurons generate respiratory rhythm

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Respiratory Centers in the Brain Stem

Figure 21.17

l l f il i

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Neural Control of Ventilation

Respiratory center Generates baseline respiration rate

In the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata

Chemoreceptors

Sensitive to rising and falling oxygen levels

Central chemoreceptorslocated in medulla

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Aortic bodies

Carotid bodies

L i f P i h l Ch

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Location of Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Figure 21.18

Di d f L R i S

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Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures

Bronchial asthma A type of allergic inflammation

Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress

Asthma attacks characterized by

Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle

Secretion of mucus in airways

Di d f L R i S

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult

Obstructive emphysema

Chronic bronchitis

History of smoking

Al l Ch i E h

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Alveolar Changes in Emphysema

Figure 21.19

Di d f L R i t St t

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Cystic fibrosis(CF)

inherited disease

Exocrine gland function is disrupted

Respiratory system affected by

Oversecretion of viscous mucus

Di d f U R i t St t

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Disorders of Upper Respiratory Structures

Epistaxis

nosebleed

Epiglottitisinflammation and swelling of the

epiglottis

Th R i t S t Th h t Lif

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The Respiratory System Throughout Life

By week 4 of development Olfactory placodes appear

Invaginate to form olfactory pits

Laryngotracheal bud

Forms trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions

Reaches functional maturity late in development

Th R i t S t Th h t Lif

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The Respiratory System Throughout Life

Figure 21.20a, b

Aging of the Respirator S stem

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Aging of the Respiratory System

Number of glands in the nasal mucosa declines

Nose dries

Produces thickened mucus

Thoracic wall becomes more rigid Lungs lose elasticity

Oxygen levels in the blood may fall

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