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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Respiratory organsNose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
Bronchi and smaller branches
Lungs and alveoli
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Figure 21.1
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The Nose
Provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms air
Filters inhaled air
Resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors
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The Nose
Size variation due todifferences in nasal
cartilages
Skin is thincontains
many sebaceous glands
Figure 21.2
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The Nasal Cavity
External nares
nostrils
Divided bynasal septum
Continuous with nasopharynx
Posterior nasal apertures
choanae
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Nasal Cavity
Two types of mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa
Near roof of nasal cavity
Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
Respiratory mucosa
Lines nasal cavity
Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Basic Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 21.3b
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Respiratory Mucosa
Consists of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cells within epithelium
Underlying layer of lamina propria
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly
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Nasal Conchae
Superiorand middle nasal conchae Part of the ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal conchae
Separate bone
Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal
cavity
Particulate matter
Deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
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The Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 7.11a, b
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The Pharynx
Funnel-shaped passageway Connects nasal cavity and mouth
Divided into three sections by location
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Type of mucosal lining changes along its length
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The Nasopharynx
Superior to the point where food enters Only an air passageway
Closed off during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsil(adenoids) Located on posterior wall
Destroys entering pathogens
Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic
tube(auditory tube)
Tubal tonsil
Provides some protection from infection
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The Oropharynx
Arch-like entranceway
fauces Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx
Palatine tonsilsin the lateral walls of the fauces
Lingual tonsilscovers the posterior surface of
the tongue
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The Laryngopharynx
Passageway for both food and air Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
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The Larynx
Three functions Voice production
Provides an open airway
Routes air and food into the proper channels Superior opening is
Closed during swallowing
Open during breathing
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Nine Cartilages of the Larynx
Thyroid cartilage Shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence
(Adams apple)
Three pairs of small cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Epiglottis
Tips inferiorly during swallowing
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The Larynx
Vocal ligaments of the larynx Vocal folds(true vocal cords)
Act in sound production
Vestibular folds(false vocal cords)
No role in sound production
Epithelium of the larynx
Stratified squamoussuperior portion
Pseudostratified ciliated columnarinferiorportion
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Figure 21.5a, b
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Movements of the Vocal Folds
Figure 21.6ad
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The Larynx
Voice production Length of the vocal folds changes with pitch
Loudness depends on the force of air across the
vocal folds
Sphincter function of the larynx
Valsalvas maneuverstraining
Innervation of the larynx
Recurrent laryngeal nerves (branch of vagus)
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The Trachea
Descends into the mediastinum C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
Carina
Marks where trachea divides into two primary
bronchi
Epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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The Trachea
Figure 21.7a, b
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Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
Bronchial tree Extensively branching respiratory passageways
Primary bronchi (main bronchi)
Largest bronchi
Right main bronchi
Wider and shorter than the left
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Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
Figure 21.8a
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Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
Secondary(lobar) bronchi Three on the right
Two on the left
Tertiary(segmental) bronchi
Branch into each lung segment
Bronchioles
Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles Less than 0.5 mm in diameter
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Consists of air-exchanging structures Respiratory bronchiolesbranch from terminal
bronchioles
Lead to alveolar ducts
Lead to alveolar sacs
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 21.9a
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 21.9b
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Alveoliconsist of Type I cells and basal laminae
Scattered among type I cells
Cuboidal epithelial cellstype II cells
Secrete surfactant
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PowerPointLecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMANANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
21
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TheRespiratory
System
PART 3
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Anatomy of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane
Figure 21.10b
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Anatomy of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane
Figure 21.10c, d
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The Respiratory Zone
Features of alveoli Surrounded by elastic fibers
Interconnect by way of alveolar pores
Internal surfaces
A site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
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The Pleurae
A double-layered sac surrounding each lung Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Potential space between the visceral and parietalpleurae
Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity
Central mediastinum
Two lateral pleural compartments
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Diagram of the Pleurae and Pleural Cavities
Figure 21.11
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Location of Lungs in Thoracic Cavity
Figure 21.12a, b
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Major landmarks of the lungs Apex, base, hilum, and root
Left lung
Superior and inferior lobes Fissureoblique
Right lung
Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
Fissures
oblique and horizontal
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Anterior View of Thoracic Structures
Figure 21.13a
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Bronchopulmonary Segments
Figure 21.15 (1 of 2)
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Bronchopulmonary Segments
Figure 21.15 (2 of 2)
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Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
Pulmonary arteries Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood to the heart
Innervation
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensoryfibers
Parasympatheticconstrict airways
Sympathetic
dilate airways
PowerPoint Lecture Slides
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PowerPointLecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMANANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
21
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TheRespiratory
System
PART 4
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Transverse Cut through the Superior Thorax
Figure 21.13c
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The Mechanisms of Ventilation
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation Inspirationinhalation
Expirationexhalation
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Inspiration
Deepinspiration requires Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis minor
Erector spinaeextends the back
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Expiration
Quiet expiration
chiefly apassive process
Inspiratory muscles relax
Diaphragm moves superiorly
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Forced expirationan active process
Produced by contraction of
Internal and external oblique muscles
Transverse abdominis muscles
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Changes in Thoracic Volume
Figure 21.16a
c
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Changes in Thoracic Volume
Figure 21.16d
PowerPoint Lecture Slides
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PowerPoint Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
HUMANANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
21
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TheRespiratory
System
PART 5
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Neural Control of Ventilation
Most important respiratory center VRGventral respiratory group
Located in reticular formation in the medulla
oblongata
Neurons generate respiratory rhythm
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Respiratory Centers in the Brain Stem
Figure 21.17
l l f il i
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Neural Control of Ventilation
Respiratory center Generates baseline respiration rate
In the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptors
Sensitive to rising and falling oxygen levels
Central chemoreceptorslocated in medulla
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Aortic bodies
Carotid bodies
L i f P i h l Ch
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Location of Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Figure 21.18
Di d f L R i S
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Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures
Bronchial asthma A type of allergic inflammation
Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress
Asthma attacks characterized by
Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle
Secretion of mucus in airways
Di d f L R i S
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Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult
Obstructive emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
History of smoking
Al l Ch i E h
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Alveolar Changes in Emphysema
Figure 21.19
Di d f L R i t St t
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Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures
Cystic fibrosis(CF)
inherited disease
Exocrine gland function is disrupted
Respiratory system affected by
Oversecretion of viscous mucus
Di d f U R i t St t
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Disorders of Upper Respiratory Structures
Epistaxis
nosebleed
Epiglottitisinflammation and swelling of the
epiglottis
Th R i t S t Th h t Lif
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The Respiratory System Throughout Life
By week 4 of development Olfactory placodes appear
Invaginate to form olfactory pits
Laryngotracheal bud
Forms trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions
Reaches functional maturity late in development
Th R i t S t Th h t Lif
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The Respiratory System Throughout Life
Figure 21.20a, b
Aging of the Respirator S stem
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Aging of the Respiratory System
Number of glands in the nasal mucosa declines
Nose dries
Produces thickened mucus
Thoracic wall becomes more rigid Lungs lose elasticity
Oxygen levels in the blood may fall