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Legume Research,38 (4) 2015:496-502Print ISSN:0250-5371 / Online ISSN:0976-0571

Residual effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on macro and micronutrient status of rabi greengram under rice-greengram cropping systemCH.S. Rama Lakshmi*, P. Chandrasekhar Rao, T. Sreelatha, M. Madhavi, G. Padmaja and P.V. Rao

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad–500 030, India.Received: 26-12-2014 Accepted: 18-02-2015 DOI:10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00113.7

ABSTRACTStudies on cumulative and residual effects of Integrated Nutrient Management of khraif rice on soil fertility status of rabigreen gram was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle during rabi 2009 and 2010. Resultsrevealed that irrespective of the treatments, the organic carbon content observed under cumulative effects were higher thantheir corresponding residual treatments and the contents were higher in second year than first year. All the treatments meantfor cumulative effects recorded higher available nutrient status than their corresponding residual treatments. The increase inmean available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents after harvest of greengram due to cumulative effects was 5.6 &5.18, 14.36 & 16, 4.14 & 4.3 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In case of micronutrients, the percent increase during2009 and 2010 in cumulative effects over residual effects was, 5.1 & 11.54 (Zn), 2.6 & 5.45 (Fe), 9.5 and 10.1 (Cu) and 2 &3.53 % (Mn), respectively. Among cumulative and residual effects, cumulative effects performed better and between twoyears build up was more in second year than first year. Among different treatments, the treatment which received 75 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable market waste @ 2.5 t ha-1 to kharif rice and 50 % chemical fertilizersto rabi greengram) recorded significantly higher available macro and micronutrient status and it was on par with 50 %chemical fertilizers+ vegetable market waste vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 to kharif rice and 50 % recommended dose ofchemical fertilizers to rabi greengram) and 75 % chemical fertilizers+weed vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 to khraif rice and 50 %chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram). The treatment with 100 % chemical fertilizers to kharif rice and 50 % chemicalfertilizers to rabi greengram recorded significantly lower available nutrient status, which was significantly lower than theintegrated nutrient treatments, but was superior to absolute control.

Key words: INM, Nutrient status etc., Residual effect, Rice-greengram.

*Corresponding author’s e-mail: sitaramalakshmi20@yahoo.com. Address: RARS, Anakapalle-531001, Visakhapatnam district.

INTRODUCTIONRice-Pulse cropping system is an important cropping

system in Andhra Pradesh, more so in its coastal belt. Growingconcern about the sustainability of rice based cropping systemhas led to renewed interest in organic manuring by recyclingof different organic wastes. Integration of organic sources inthe nutrient management of rice can help to maintain orimprove the soil productivity. The approach to improve theproductivity, profitability, soil health and quality of producethrough the locally available resources will attract the farmersto adopt their application readily. Vermicompost preparedfrom different organic wastes can be utilized effectively inrice based cropping systems. A study was made to find outthe cumulative and residual effects of integrated nutrientmanagement practices of kharif rice on soil nutrient statusafter succeeding rabi greengram.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was made at Regional Agricultural

Research Station, Anakapalle to study the cumulative andresidual effects of INM of kharif rice on rabi greengram underrice-pulse cropping system. Both the crops were raised duringkhraif and rabi 2009 and 2010 consecutively for two yearson the same field with rice and green gram as test crops.There were 10 treatments of integrated nutrient managementimposed on preceding rice crop that formed that main plotsand each plot was divided into two halves and 50 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers of greengram i.e10 and 20 kg N and P ha-1 were applied to one half, while thecrop in the other half plot was studied under the residual effect.The main treatments include T1- 50 % recommended dose ofchemical fertilizers + 2.5 t ha-1 cane trash compost, T2-50 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + 2.5 t ha-1 weed

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TABLE 1: Initial properties of experimental soil

Parameter StatuspH 7.10EC (dS m-1) 0.210OC (%) 0.51Avail.N (kgha-1) 241Avail.P2O5 (kgha-1) 27.45Avail.K2O (kgha-1) 309Avail. Zn (mg kg-1) 0.74Avail. Cu (mg kg-1) 1.10Avail. Fe (mg kg-1) 8.2Avail. Mn (mg kg-1) 10.5

compost, T3- 50 % recommended dose of chemicalfertilizers + 2.5 t ha-1 vegetable market waste compost,T4- 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + 2.5t ha-1 rice straw compost, T5-75 % recommended dose ofchemical fertilizers + 2.5 t ha-1 cane trash compost, T6-75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + 2.5 tha-1 weed compost, T7- 75 % recommended dose ofchemical fertilizers + 2.5 t ha-1 vegetable market wastecompost, T8- 75 % recommended dose of chemicalfertilizers + 2.5 t ha-1 rice straw compost, T9- 100 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers and T10- Control.Different vermicomoposts viz., cane trash, weeds vegetablemarket waste and rice straw vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1

were used along with different levels of chemical fertilizersi.e 50 % RDF (40 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O ha-1)and 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (60kgN, 45 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O ha-1) in rice and latergreengram was grown.

Initial and post harvest soil samples were driedunder shade, pounded, to pass through a 2 mm sieve. Soilreaction (pH) and Electrical Conductivity (dS m-1) wasdetermined in 1:2.5 soil : water suspension using pH meterand EC meter (Jackson 1967). Organic carbon (%) in 1mm sieve soil was determined by wet digestion methodby Walkley and Black (1934) as described by Jack son(1967). Available nitrogen (kg ha -1) in the soil wasdetermined by alkaline potassium permanganate methodas described by Subbaiah and Asija (1956). AvailablePhosphorus (kg ha-1) was extracted from soil by Olsen’sreagent. The blue colour was developed following ascorbicacid method of Watanabe and Olsen (1965) and theintensity of blue colour was determined usingspectrophotometer at 420 nm. Available potassium (kgha-1) was extracted from soil by using neutral normalammonium acetate (Murh et al., 1965) and was determinedusing an Elico flame photometer as described by Jackson(1967). DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu andMn) were extracted from soil by using DTPA reagent asper the procedure of Lindsay and Norvell (1978) usingatomic absorption spectrophotometer.

The data on Initial soil analysis presented Table 1revealed that the soils were neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.22)with non saline conductivity (0.210 dSm-1). The organiccarbon content was 0.51 % and the available nitrogen contentwas low (241 kg ha-1), available phosphorus was medium instatus (27.45 kg ha-1) and available potassium content washigh (309 kg ha-1). The data on initial micronutrient statusrevealed that the available zinc, copper, manganese and ironwas 0.74, 1.10, 8.2 and 10.5 ppm, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSoil reaction and Electrical Conductivity (dSm-1): The pHand electrical conductivity of the post harvest soil samplesvaried with in a narrow range among different treatments andthe differences were statistically non significant (Table 2).

Organic carbon (%): Among the cumulative treatmentsorganic carbon content after harvest of rabi greengram rangedfrom 0.43 to 0.57 % and 0.41 to 0.60 %. Organic carboncontent of soil with an initial value of 0.51 % had increasedsignificantly and attained a maximum value of 0.57 and 0.60% during first and second year, respectively, which wasrecorded in the treatment T7 (75 % RDF + vegetable marketwaste compost @ 2.5 tha -1 to khraif rice and 50 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram.This could be ascribed to the contribution from annual use ofvermicompost consecutively for two years, and it was on parwith T6 i.e plots which received weed vermicompost. Whereas in absolute control treatment it was decreased to 0.43 %during first year and it was further decreased to 0.41 % insecond year from its initial value of 0.51 %. The treatmentT9 (100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to khraifrice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers torabi greengram) recorded mean organic carbon contents of0.52 and 0.53 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively, whichwas inferior to all the Integrated Nutrient Managementtreatments, but was superior to absolute control. Thedifference in mean organic carbon contents betweencumulative and residual effects was 0.01 and 0.03 % during2009 and 2010, respectively. Among the residual treatmentsmean organic carbon content after harvest of rabi green gramwas 0.52 and 0.53 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively.Irrespective of the treatments, the organic carbon contentobserved under cumulative effects were higher than theircorresponding residual treatments and the contents werehigher in second year than first year. It may be attributed tohigher contribution of biomass to the soil in the form of cropstubbles and residues. The subsequent decomposition of thesematerials might have resulted in enhanced organic carbon

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content of the soil. Under cumulative effects, the increase inorganic carbon due to use of fertilizers can also be attributedto higher contribution of biomass to the soil in the form ofstubbles and residues. This also indicates that, substantialimprovement in soil health can be expected by applicationof 50 % of the chemical fertilizers to the succeedinggreengram crop. These results are in conformity with thefindings of Ramesh et al. (2006), Bhikane et al. (2007) andSutaria et al. (2010).

Macro nutrient status (kg ha-1):Available nitrogen: Continuous use of different types ofvermicomposts consecutively for two years tended to increasethe available nitrogen content of the soil. Data presented inTable 3 indicated that all the cumulative treatments recordedhigher available nitrogen content than their correspondingresidual treatments. The difference in mean available nitrogencontent between cumulative and residual effects was 10 and12 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Significantlyhighest available nitrogen content under cumulative (274 and282 kg ha-1) and residual treatments (262 and 268 kg ha-1)were recorded in the treatment with 75 % recommended doseof chemical fertilizers with vegetable market wastevermicompost @ 2.5 tha-1 had been applied during 2009 and2010, respectively, and it was on par with all the Integratednutrient management treatments (T1 to T6). Further it wasalso observed that the available nitrogen content in soilincreased with the increasing levels of fertilizer applicationfrom 50 % to 75% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers.Significantly lower available nitrogen content was recordedin absolute control treatment. The available nitrogen content

was decreased significantly in 100 % RDF treatment (250and 252 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively) ascompared to all the INM treatments. With the same level offertilizer and compost application vegetable market wastecompost recorded highest available nitrogen contentcompared to other sources of vermicomposts as the vegetablemarket waste contains highest initial nitrogen status.

Available phosphorus: Irrespective of the treatments, theavailable phosphorus contents observed under cumulativeeffects were higher than their corresponding residualtreatments and the contents were higher in second year thanfirst year. Among the cumulative treatments availablephosphorus contents after harvest of rabi greengram rangedfrom 17.10 to 42.60 and 17.4 to 44.10 kg ha-1 with a meanvalues of 35.00 and 38.04 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010,respectively. The available phosphorus content recordedwith absolute control was significantly lower than rest ofthe treatments. The treatment with 75 % recommended doseof chemical fertilizers + vegetable market waste compost@ 2.5 t ha-1 to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose ofchemical fertilizers to rabi greengram recorded significantlyhigher available phosphorus content of 42.60 and 44.10 kgha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The treatment with100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to khraifrice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers torabi greengram recorded available phosphorus contents of32.51 and 35.10 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively,which was inferior to all the Integrated NutrientManagement treatments, but was superior to absolutecontrol.

TABLE 4: Cumulative and residual effects of INM of kharif rice on micronutrient status (ppm) in post harvest soils of greengramduring rabi 2009 and 2010

Treatments Zn Fe 2009 2010 2009 2010

CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean

T1 0.81 0.77 0.79 0.89 0.78 0.81 7.32 7.11 7.22 8.14 7.55 7.85 T2 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.92 0.83 0.85 8.12 8.12 8.12 8.72 7.83 8.28 T3 0.89 0.85 0.87 0.93 0.87 0.88 8.62 8.34 8.48 9.41 8.26 8.84 T4 0.78 0.74 0.76 0.88 0.77 0.79 7.45 7.14 7.30 8.26 7.61 7.94 T5 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.91 0.82 0.84 7.52 7.24 7.38 8.64 7.64 8.14 T6 0.88 0.82 0.85 0.93 0.84 0.86 8.22 8.15 8.19 9.13 8.82 8.98 T7 0.91 0.86 0.89 0.94 0.87 0.89 8.94 8.82 8.88 9.54 8.43 8.99 T8 0.81 0.75 0.78 0.91 0.78 0.81 7.63 7.45 7.54 8.56 7.22 7.89 T9 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.69 0.70 6.94 6.75 6.85 7.17 7.27 7.22 T10 0.59 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.49 0.54 4.61 4.33 4.47 4.53 7.21 5.87 Mean 0.81 0.77 0.79 0.86 0.77 0.80 7.54 7.35 7.44 8.21 7.78 8.00 CD (0.05) M S MxS

0.06 NS 0.07

0.08 0.06 0.011

NS NS NS

0.6 0.5 0.8

CV (%) 6.6 8.6 7.2 5.9

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Among the residual treatments mean availablephosphorus content after harvest of rabi green gram was 30.74and 33.01 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Highestavailable phosphorus content was recorded in 75 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable marketwaste compost @ 2.5 t ha-1 to khraif rice and 50 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram(37.22 and 39.15 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively),which was significantly superior than rest of the treatments.The difference in mean available phosphorus contentsbetween cumulative and residual effects was 4.26 and 5.03kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively.

Available potassium: Among the cumulative treatments theavailable potassium content after harvest of rabi greengramranged from 241 to 346 and 220 to 358 kg ha-1 during 2009and 2010, respectively. The treatment which received 75 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + rice strawvermicompost @ 2.5 tha -1 to kharif rice and 50 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengramrecorded highest available potassium content of 346 and 358kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively the differencebetween first and second year was 12 kg ha-1, which was onpar with all the integrated nutrient management treatmentsand significantly superior than T9 (320 and 323 kg ha-1 during2009 and 2010) and T10 (241 and 220 kg ha-1 during 2009and 2010). Where as in residual treatments availablepotassium content ranged from 230 to 324 and 208 to 338 kgha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Significantly highestavailable potassium content was recorded in T8 which wason par with all the treatments except T9 and T10. Thedifference in mean available potassium content between

cumulative and residual treatments was 13 and 10 kg ha-1

during 2009 and 2010, respectively.

The increase in mean available nitrogen, phosphorusand potassium contents after harvest of greengram due tocumulative effects was 5.6 & 5.18, 14.36 & 16, 4.14 & 4.3% during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Apparently higheravailable nutrient status under INM treatments may be dueto the reason that even after the harvest of rice, certainquantities of vermicompost continue to mineralize releasingnutrients which could add to the available pool. This wasattributed to the initial nutrient status itself more in vegetablemarket waste and the differences in time required formineralization process and release of nutrients. Comparedto cumulative treatments, under residual treatments moredepletion of nutrients was observed and also observed thelower values of available nutrient status in the treatment whichreceived 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizersafter harvest of greengram as compared to Integrated Nutrientmanagement treatments may be due to maximum utilizationof applied nutrients by both the crops in sequence. Amongcumulative and residual effects, cumulative effects performedbetter and among two years build up was more in secondyear than first year. In both the years absolute control plotshowed reduction in the available nutrient status due toremoval of nutrients by crops in the both the years withoutfertilization. The data indicated a declining trend from itsinitial value of available NPK status in absolute control whichindicates considerable mining of available nutrients. Theresults are well supported by the findings of Peda Babu et al.(2008), Upendra Rao et al. (2009), Datta and Singh (2010)and Risikesh et al. (2011).

TABLE 5: Cumulative and residual effects of INM of khraif rice on micronutrient status (ppm) in post harvest soils of greengramduring rabi 2009 and 2010

Treatments Cu Mn 2009 2010 2009 2010 CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean

T1 1.08 1.01 1.05 1.15 1.04 1.10 10.23 9.63 9.93 11.82 9.95 10.89 T2 1.25 1.15 1.20 1.31 1.17 1.24 11.24 10.82 11.03 12.63 11.12 11.88 T3 1.37 1.22 1.30 1.42 1.26 1.34 12.92 11.74 12.33 13.36 12.05 12.71 T4 1.05 1.02 1.04 1.14 1.05 1.10 9.88 9.29 9.59 10.54 9.67 10.11 T5 1.15 1.11 1.13 1.22 1.18 1.20 10.75 10.14 10.45 12.19 11.24 11.72 T6 1.31 1.24 1.28 1.41 1.27 1.34 11.91 11.22 11.57 13.92 12.08 13.00 T7 1.45 1.3 1.38 1.47 1.34 1.41 13.66 12.81 13.24 14.76 13.04 13.90 T8 1.18 1.11 1.15 1.27 1.19 1.23 10.54 9.75 10.15 11.62 10.97 11.30 T9 0.98 0.88 0.93 1.01 0.92 0.97 9.42 9.16 9.29 9.64 9.36 9.50 T10 0.7 0.6 0.65 0.71 0.56 0.64 6.82 6.24 6.53 6.528 6.04 6.28 Mean 1.15 1.06 1.11 1.21 1.10 1.16 10.74 10.08 10.41 11.70 10.55 11.13 CD (0.05) M S MxS

NS NS NS

0.11 0.08 0.14

1.04 1.01 1.12

1.04 0.98 1.11

CV (%) 8.9 5.6 6.6 7.0

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Micro nutrient status (ppm):Available zinc: Irrespective of the treatments, the availablezinc content observed under cumulative effects were higherthan their corresponding residual treatments and the contentswere higher in second year than first year (Table 4). Amongthe cumulative treatments available zinc contents after harvestof rabi greengram ranged from 0.59 to 0.91 ppm and 0.58 to0.94 ppm with a mean values of 0.81 and 0.77 ppm during2009 and 2010, respectively. The available zinc contentrecorded with absolute control was significantly lower thanrest of the treatments. The treatment with 75 % RDF +Vegetable market waste waste compost @ 2.5 tha-1 to khraifrice and 50 % RDF to rabi greengram recorded significantlyhigher available zinc content of 0.91 and 0.94 ppm during2009 and 2010, respectively. The treatment with 100 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to khraif rice and50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabigreengram recorded 0.70 and 0.72 ppm during 2009 and2010, respectively, which was significantly lower than theIntegrated Nutrient Mangement treatments, but was superiorto absolute control. Among the residual treatments meanavailable zinc content after harvest of rabi green gram rangedfrom 0.56 to 0.86 and 0.49 to 0.87 ppm during 2009 and2010, respectively. The difference in mean available zinccontent between cumulative and residual effects was 0.04and 0.09 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively.

Available iron: All the treatments meant for cumulativeeffects recorded higher available iron content than theircorresponding residual treatments (Table 4). Among thecumulative effects the mean available iron content afterharvest of greengram was 4.61 to 8.94 and 4.53 to 9.54 ppmduring 2009 and 2010, respectively. During 2009 and 2010significantly maximum available iron content undercumulative (8.94 and 9.54 ppm) and residual treatments (8.82and 8.43 ppm) were recorded in plots with 75 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable marketwaste compost @ 2.5 tha -1 to khraif rice and 50 %recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengramand it was significantly differ from rest of the treatments.Significantly lower available iron content was recorded inabsolute control treatment. The treatment which received 100% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers during precedingrice crop, recorded mean available iron content of 6.85 and7.22 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively, which wassignificantly differ from all the Integrated NutrientManagement treatments in both the years.

Available copper: Among the cumulative treatments themean available copper content after harvest of rabi greengramwas 0.70 to 1.45 and 0.71 to 1.47 ppm during 2009 and 2010,

respectively. The treatment T7 which received 75 % RDF+veg.market waste compost @ 2.5 tha-1 to khraif rice and 50% RDF to rabi greengram recorded maximum availablecopper content of 1.45 and 1.47 ppm during 2009 and 2010,which was superior than all the Integrated NutrientManagement treatments. The treatment which received 100% RDF for khraif rice and 50 % Recommended dose ofChemical fertilizers to rabi green gram (T9) recordedavailable copper content of 0.98 and 1.01 ppm during 2009and 2010 and it was inferior than all the INM treatments.Among residual treatments available copper content rangedfrom 0.60 to 1.30 and 0.56 to 1.34 ppm during 2009 and2010, respectively.

Available manganese: All the treatments meant forcumulative effects recorded higher available manganesecontent than their corresponding residual treatments(Table 5). Among the cumulative effects the mean availablemanganese content after harvest of greengram was 10.70 and10.74 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Maximumavailable manganese content under cumulative (13.66 and14.76 ppm) and residual treatments (12.81 and 13.04 ppm)was recorded in T7 during 2009 and 2010, respectively andit was on par with T6. Significantly lower available manganesecontent was recorded in absolute control treatment. Thetreatment T9, which received 100 % RDF during precedingrice crop, recorded mean available manganese content of 9.42and 9.64 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively.

In case of micronutrients, the per cent increaseduring 2009 and 2010 in cumulative effects over residualeffects was, 5.1 & 11.54 (Zn), 2.6 & 5.45 (Fe), 9.5 and 10.1(Cu) and 2 & 3.53 % (Mn), respectively. Among cumulativeand residual effects, cumulative effects performed better andamong two years build up was more in second year than firstyear. The results are well supported by the findings of Rameshet al. (2006) and Banik and Sharma (2008), The higheravailability of micronutrients in soil particularly with use oforganic manures may be ascribed to mineralization, reductionin fixation of nutrients by organic matter and complexingproperties of vermicompost with micronutrients (Prasad etal. 2010). The INM treatments with organic manures eitherincreased or retained the critical fertility status ofmicronutrients. Organic manures on decomposition producea varieties of biochemical substances (organic acids,polyphenols, amino acids and poly saccharides) whichstimulate the solubility, transport and availability of zinc.Effectiveness of organic manures may be ascribed to theirability after degradation to form water soluble complexeswith iron and other ions. Perhaps, humic substances andorganic acids formed after decomposition of crop residue by

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microflora may help in the translocation of micronutrientwhich can be transported only with difficulty within the plant.The most significant influence of organic manures in

increasing the solubility and availability of iron in the soil isthrough by solubilization and mass flow in the immediatevicinity of plant (Prasad et al. 2010).

REFERENCESBanik, P and Sharma, R.C. (2008). Effects of integrated nutrient management with mulching on rice based cropping systems

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on yield, quality, nutrient uptake by cowpea and properties of an alfisol. Journal of Indian Coastal AgricultureResearch. 25 (1): 19-24.

Datta, M and Singh, N.P. (2010). Nutrient Management in rice based cropping systems as influenced by applying cattlemanure alone or in combination with fertilizers in upland acid soils of Tripura. Journal of the Indian Society of SoilScience. 58 (1): 94-98.

Indira, P., Lenin, M and Ravi Mycin, T. (2010). Efficacy of groundnut haulm compost on the growth and yield of blackgram(Vigna mungo L.) var. Vamban 1. Current Botany. 11 (1): 01-03.

Jackson, M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 1-485.Lindsay, W.C and Norvell, A. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science

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Risikesh Thakur, S.D. Sawarkar, U.K. Vaishya and Muneshwar Singh. (2011). Impact of continuous use of inorganic fertilizersand organic manures on soil properties and productivity under soybean –wheat intensive cropping of a vertisol.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 59 (1): 74-81.

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