floral biology and crossing techniques in greengram
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MANJAPPA S GM. Sc. Scholar
Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding
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Widely cultivated in India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri lanka,
Philippines Thiwan
In India cultivated throughout
the plains & up to elevation of
1820m
Cultivated in all three seasons-
kharif, rabi & zaid.
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Indian subcontinent (De Candol, Vavilov & Zukovskij)
Maximum diversity is limited to upper western Ghats & Deccan hills
Secondary centers of diversity exist in the Bihar(India)
Vigna radiata var. sublobata is the probable progenitor of mungbean
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Yadav et.al.(1986): developed amphidiploids of
Mungbean X Black gram
The early generation hybrids were vigorous in growth
& development, vegetative parts are bigger than in
the parents.
But as segregation advances amphidiploids lost their
initial vigour & revert back to parental types gradually
in morphological appearance & chromosome number
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Dried & green stalks & leaves as fodder
Green pods as vegetable Seeds- eaten after being
boiled & also as sprouts Rich in vitamin B
( regarded as a remedy for Beriberi)
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Nutritional component Range (%) of total seed wt.
Protein 20-26
Fiber 3-8
Starch 46-54
Sugar 4-10
Ash 3-4
K, Na, Mg, P, Ca Trace
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International: AVRDC( International vegetable research & development centre), Thiwan
National: IIPR (Indian institute of pulse research),Khanpur
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Ronburgh (1832): Phaseolus mungo Wilczek : Vigna radiata
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Phaseolus Vigna References
Stipule tunicate Stipule cordate & prolonged
Wilczech(1954)
Keel spirally twisted
Keel erect & in curved
Hepper (1956)
Style without apical appendages
Style with distinct appendages
Hepper (1956)
Fruit not septet Septet Hepper (1956)
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Kingdom: Plantae Division : Spermatophyta Sub division: Angiosperm Class: Dicotyledon Family: Leguminaceae Sub family Papilionaceae Genus: Vigna Sub genus: Ceratotropis Species: radiata
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Characters V. radiata V. mungo
Stem Mostly erect / sub erect
Mostly spreading / prostrate
Leaves Mostly green / dark green
Mostly yellowish green
Stipules Broad & ovate Narrow & falcate
Pubescence Plant sparsely pubescent
Densely pubescent
Pods Spreading, long with short hairs & shatter readily
Sub erect, short with long hairs & don’t shatter much
Seeds Medium & globose Large & oblong
Hilum Flat Concave
Cotyledon Dirty yellow White11
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A large conc. of protein(hence N) in
seeds may require early mobilization of
protein of leaves, thus impairing their
capacity for prolonged photosynthesis.
The maintenance of symbiotic N2 fixation
in root nodules requires prolonged use
photosynthate & thus may reduce energy
available for storage in seeds.
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Habit: annual, herbaceous, erect/semi erect
Root: tap root system, provided with nodules for atm. N2 fixation
Stem: erect /sub erect, sometime twinning in upper branches, furrowed & branches moderately/sparsely haired
Leaves: trifoliate, entire ovate & rarely lobed with long petiole
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Inflorescence: axillary or terminal raceme with 10-20 flowers crowded on long peduncle
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Flower: hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, either lighter yellowish olive/olive yellow
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Floral diagram:
Floral formula:
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Pods: immature pods are usually green, mature pods are iron gray/olive gray/snuff brown color, round slander with short & moderate pubescence.
Dehisces by both (dorsal & ventral) sutures into two halves.
It contains 9-16 seeds
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Seeds: globular, green, surface has fine wavy ridges. Hilum is white, more or less flat
Germination is epigeal
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Anthesis: self pollinated, sometime cleistogamy is
prevalent
Cross pollination is 0.5-3%
Flower open between 6.00-8.00am, remain till
about 11.00am. Close between 2.00-4.00pm
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Emasculation -4.00-6.00pm For emasculation the young bud is
keep between thumb & forefinger Point of dissecting needle is
inserted just under the standard in an oblique position along the top of the bud
The left side of standard & wing petal are pushed outwards & held with thumb
The left hand of keel is removed in pieces with forceps
Pistil & stigma are then exposed & removed with forceps
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Pollination done in morning (8-11am) collect mature anthers from open flowers & gently pressing the ripe anthers against stigma
Flower may be bagged after pollination until pods are matured
% of flower shed is very high -69%
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Collection & evaluation of variability: Chandel & Pant (1982) were conducted evaluation on large number of lines at NBPGR New Dehli
Breeding for- Increased variation Higher yield Different maturity duration Resistance to pest & diseases Resistance to shattering Better quality (protein, Methionin content) Screening of germplasm for resistance to
pest & diseases
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Selection Hybridization Wide hybridization:
Black gram X green gram
F1: hybrid seeds were small, shrunken, plants were weak & semi sterile
Reasons for break down of hybrids in seedling stage is due to-
1.Lethality of hybrids at various stages of devt.
2.A high degree of pollen sterility 25
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Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV)
Cercospora leaf spot (colletotrichum canescens)
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) Root & stem rots (Rhizoctonia
bataticola & R. solani) Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas
phaseoli) rust
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White fly: Bemisia tabaci (vector for 25 different diseases)
Hairy catterpillar Semilooper pulse beetle
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Kopergaon, BR 2, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, G 65, Pusa baisaki, Pusa 105, PS 16, P 37, T 44, T 51, China mung, Selection 4, Pant mung 2 & 3
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