research tools and techniques introduction to research lecture 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Tools and Techniques
Introduction to Research
Lecture 2
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What We Are Going To Cover In This Lecture
• The Difference Between Applied and Basic Research.
• Knowledge about External and Internal Research Consultants.
• Ethics in Business Research.
• Eight Characteristics of Scientific Investigation.
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TYPES OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
• Applied research: “A type of business research to solve a current problem
faced by the managers in his/her work setting demanding a timely solution”.
Example: A product (water heater) is not selling well for an organization (PEL appliances)
• Basic/fundamental/pure research: “The research done to generate a body of knowledge to
understand how certain problems that occur in the organization can be solved”.
Example: Research done by a college professor to find out leave taking behavior in organizations.
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WHY BASIC RESEARCH IS DONE
• More knowledge is generated• Such knowledge can be applied later• Theories can be built on it
Examples Research into the causes and consequences of
global warming Research done by a college professor to
understand job involvement & interest.
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MANAGERS & RESEARCH
• A manager has to understand, predict and control events for which research knowledge is necessary.
• Research enhances managerial problem solving abilities especially problems of a minor nature.
• Research helps in troubleshooting.• Research is basically a process of finding
solutions to a problem.• Research sharpens the sensitivity of managers
to the myriad of variables in a given situation.• Research is a useful decision making tool.• By research knowledge the vested interests of a
group can not prevail i.e. Data camouflaging can be reduced.
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THE MANAGER AND THE CONSULTANT RESEARCHER
• From Where to Locate and Select a Researcher:Organizational consulting firms.Business colleges.
• The Manager Researcher Relationship:The roles and expectations of both parties should be made explicit.Relevant philosophies and value systems of the organization should
be clearly stated & constraints if any communicated.A good rapport should be established between all concerning parties.
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INTERNAL Vs EXTERNAL CONSULTANTS
• Internal Consultants
a. Management Services Department
b. Organization & Methods Department
c. Research & Development Department
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF THE INTERNAL CONSULTANTS
• Advantages of Internal Consultants1. Readily accepted2. They require less time to understand the organizational environment3. They are available for the implementation of the research findings as well4. Costs less
• Disadvantages of the Internal Consultants1. Stereotyping of the organization2. Influence of the powerful coalitions within the organization3. False perceptions about the internal consultants4. Biases by the internal consultants
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EXTERNAL TEAM ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES• Advantages• More experienced• More knowledge of current sophisticated problem solving models
• Disadvantages• The cost of hiring is more• It takes time for them to adjust with the organization environment
• Charge additional fee for assistance in implementation
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ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH• Malpractices by the Researcher vis-à-vis Data
Collection & Presentation + Errors and Negligence in Data Collection + Data Supporting Self Serving Assumptions + Wrong Presentation of the Facts• Malpractices by the Researcher vis-à-vis the Subjects
of Research + Human Subjects Review Board + Identification of the Subject + Subjects Placed at Risk of Criminal Liability,
Employability, Reputation or Mental or Physical Harm etc.
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WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONScientific research focuses on solving problems and pursues a step by step, logical, organized and rigorous method to identify the problems, gather data, analyze them and draw valid conclusions therefrom.
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• Scientific research is not based on hunches, experiences & intuition (though these may play a part in final decision making)
• It has comparable findings.• Scientific research is applied to both basic & applied research.
• Lack of time is the hindrance in undertaking step by step scientific research.
• In such cases probability of making wrong decisions rises.
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THE HALLMARKS/CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH1.1.PURPOSIVENESSPURPOSIVENESS2.2.RIGORRIGOR3.3.TESTABILITYTESTABILITY4.4.REPLICABILITYREPLICABILITY5.5.PRECISION AND CONFIDENCEPRECISION AND CONFIDENCE6.6.OBJECTIVITYOBJECTIVITY7.7.GENERALIZABLILTYGENERALIZABLILTY8.8.PARSIMONYPARSIMONY
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THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHThese are the main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research
•We expound them with the help of example Example: “A manager is interested in increasing the employee commitment to his organization”.
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1. PURPOSIVENESS• The scientific research has a definite aim or purpose (why
we are doing it)
Have less turnover, less absenteeism less turnover, less absenteeism and better better performanceperformance
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2. RIGORCarefulness, scrupulousness and a degree of exactitude.
RIGOR
DEVELOPING GOOD THEORATICAL
BASE
HAVING A SOUND METHODOLOGICAL
DESIGN
1. Right variables identification
1. How many questions to be asked from a set number of employees
2. The way or pattern in which the questions should be asked
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3. TESTABILITY
• The hypothesis developed from a good theoretical The hypothesis developed from a good theoretical foundation can be tested by applying statistical tests to foundation can be tested by applying statistical tests to the data collected.the data collected.
• ExampleExample Those employees who perceive greater opportunities for Those employees who perceive greater opportunities for
participation in decision making would have a higher participation in decision making would have a higher level of commitment.level of commitment.
Correlational analysisCorrelational analysis Chi-square testChi-square test T-testT-test• Do data support what we are saying?Do data support what we are saying?
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4. REPLICABILITY
From testing the data we can prove again and again the similar results (for the same hypothesis) over time and over different locations – Provided conditions remain constant.
Research TopicGovt. of Pakistan “Reasons of Poverty in Southern Punjab Region”.
UNICEF
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5. PRECISION & CONFIDENCE• Precision: Precision refers to the closeness of the findings to reality based
on a sample.
• Absenteeism:1. Actual number of working days lost in an organization = 35
2. Scientific research = 30-40 days/year are lost in an organization
3. Findings of ordinary investigation = 20-50 days/year are lost in an organization
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CONFIDENCE:• Confidence refers to the probability that our findings are
correct.• We say that 95% of the time our results would be true and
there are only 5% chances that we may be wrong.• In social sciences this %age is acceptable.
alpha = 0.05
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6. OBJECTIVITY:• Conclusion drawn on the basis of facts not
based on subjective values• A research finding “The involvement in decision making will
improve the commitment level of employees proves false”
• But in spite of this conclusion, the researcher advocates this statement loses objectivity
• The more objective our interpretation the more scientific research is
• The findings should be stripped of personal values and bias
• Objectivity not subjectivity should be our focus
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7. GENERALIZABILITY:• If the conditions are same in different organizations; the
research findings can be applied to others as well.• Applied research is less generalizable than basic
research.
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8. PARSIMONY:
• Simplicity in explaining the phenomena is preferred to a complex research framework
• If 2 to 3 factors can explain 80% of phenomena and the rest 7 factors explain the 20% then one can skip the 7 factor to make the research simple
• Economization within the research model• Parsimony in selection of identifiable variables with the
situation
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Example:
VARIABLE 1 SELECTED
VARIABLE 2 SELECTED
VARIABLE 3 REJECTED X
VARIABLE 4 SELECTED
VARIABLE 5 REJECTED X
VARIABLE 6 REJECTED X
VARIABLE 7 SELECTED
VARIABLE 8 SELECTED
NUMBER OF VARIABLES INITIALLY SELECTED
8
AFTER FURTHER INVESTIGATION
5
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SOME OBSTACLES IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN THE MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
Management (scientific research) 100% scientific = x
Because• Feelings/emotions/attitudes/perceptions are hard to measure
• Difficulty in obtaining the representative sample