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REPORT ON

GHAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES

BYM.A. HALIM AND GULZAR M. KHAN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

AND MUSEUMS

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

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REPORT ONGHAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES

BY

M.A. HALIM AND GULZAR M. KHAN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGYAND MUSEUMS

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

GRAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA 2

3. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENTS 2

4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3

5. KNOWN SITES IN THE PROJECT AREA 35.1 General 35.2 Palaeolithic Tool Sites 45.3 Petroglyphs 45.4 Buddhist Sites 45.5 Muslim Monuments 5

6. NEW DISCOVERIES 56.1 General 56.2 Palaeolithic Artefact (Cleaver) 56.3 Petroglyphs 66.4 Hasanpur 66.5 Musa II 76.6 Pindanwala Tibba 76.7 Musa I 86.8 Musa III 86.9 Patri near Dakhner 9

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97.1 Conclusions 97.2 Recommendations 9

REFERENCES

(i)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates Description

I Pool Area on River Indus

II A Confluence of Indus and Haro RiversII B Rock Outcrops at Kamra

III Rock Outcrops at Dakhner

IV Arid Area between Rumian and Dakhner

V Fertile Plain of Chhachh

VI Soft Sandy Area west of Kamra Village

VII Palaeolithic Quartzite Tool

VIII Erratic Boulders at Barotha

IX A Erratic Boulder at GarialaIX B Erratic Boulder in the Bed near Indus-Haro

Confluence

X Erratic Boulder with Petroglyph at Gariala

XI Details of Petroglyphic Figures on the Boulder atGariala

XII Work of Idle Grazers on Rocks near Khadi Baba

XIII A Hasanpur. Ancient MoundXIII B Hasanpur. Remains of Pebble Wall

XIV A Hasanpur. Remains of Disturbed WallsXIV B&C Hasanpur. Pottery Wares

XV A Musa II. Ancient MoundXV B Musa II. Top Surface showing Modern Graves

XVI A Musa II. Pottery WaresXVI B Pindanwala Tibba. General View of Ancient Mound

XVII A Pindanwala Tibba. Showing eroded sectionsXVII B Pindanwala Tibba. Showing Heavy Concentration of

Cultural Material

XVIII Pindanwala Tibba. Ceramic Collection from Surface

XIX A Musa I. General View of Ancient MoundXIX B Musa I. Showing Disturbed Portion of the Mound

XX A Musa I. Fragments of Stucco SculpturesXX B Musa I. Pottery Wares

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Plates Description

XXI A Musa III. General View of Buddhist Stupa SiteXXI B Musa III. Fragments of Schist Stone Sculptures

XII A Musa III. Fragments of Stucco SculpturesXII B Patri. Dakhner Hills on Indus occupying Remains

of Buddhist & British Period

XXIII A Darwazai. Village opposite Patri on Right Bank ofIndus

XXIII B Patri. Remains of a Buddhist Monastery

XXIV A Patri. Monastery Wall in Semi-Ashlar MasonryXXIV B Patri. Remains of British Period Watch Tower

XXV Patri. Remains of British Period Watch Tower

Drawing 1 Base Map of Ghazi-Gariala Hydropower Project

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ACKNiOWLEDGEMENT

It has been a matter of great privilege for our association withthe Project of National importance. We are greatly indebted toDr. Ahmad Nabi Khan, Director General of Archaeology & Museums,Government of Pakistan for providing this opportunity. We expressour gratitude to Mr. Naquib A. Farooqui, Senior Geologist andManager Field Operation, PHC for making meticulous logisticarrangements during our field work. Our grateful thanks are alsodue to Mr. Tehseen, who accompanied us for the familiarization ofthe Project area. We cannot forget Mr. Ijaz Ahmad, Surveyor, PHC,a youngman with lot of zeal and enthusiasm who worked with usuntiringly during the explorations. We may take this opportunityto thank Mr. Nazir Ahmad, the Driver of the field vehicle, whodaringly drove us through the difficult terrains.

In the last we will be failing in our duty if we do not recordthe services of Mr. Muhammad Iqbal, who was responsible fortyping this report from the draft to final stage.

M.A.H. & G.M.K

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Authors affiliations.

M.A. HalimDeputy Director

Sub Regional OfficeDepartment of Archaeology

Taxila

Gulzar M. KhanCurator

Lahore Fort MuseumLahore

GHAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES

1. INTRODUCTION

Ghazi-Gariala Hydropower Project (Project) is a joint venture ofWater and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and World Bank. Theproposed Project is of great national importance because afterits completion it would help in coping with the ever-increasingenergy and power requirements of a developing country likePakistan. The primary objective is to generate approximately 1200mega watts power by channelizing water from the Indus. It is,however, a multipurpose project to boost social conditions andimprove economic structure of the peoples by giving fillip to theindustrial development of Pakistan, thereby solving problem ofunemployment in the region, to a greater extent.

The Project envisages construction of a barrage on the Indusriver to create a water pool and reservoir about 6 kilometerdown-stream of Tarbela Dam and just above Ghazi village inHaripur Tehsil of North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) (P1.I).From the left bank of the pool, about sixty thousand cusecs ofwater would be carried through 53 kilometer long power channelrunning 1100 feet above mean sea level. The proposed powerchannel will run through Haripur Tehsil and Attock down tovillage Barotha (Drawing 1). Near village Barotha, a PowerComplex has been designed by utilizing a natural fall of about200 feet necessary for the power generation, where sufficientspace for tail race is also available before the water rejoinsthe river Indus about 4 kilometer north of the confluence ofriver Indus and Haro (P1.II).

The WAPDA and World Bank appointed Pakistan Hydro Consultants(PHC) to examine feasibility, design study and economic viabilityof the Project. But equally important aspect of the assignment ofthe PHC was to undertake environmental study and make assessmentof the area covered by the Project, with a view to document andmap archaeological and cultural wealth likely to be affected orcompletely obliterated after its commissioning. It is in thisbackground that on the request of the PHC, the Department ofArchaeology and Museums (DAP) undertook archaeological survey andexploratory scanning of the area within the proposed area coveredby the pool, power complex and to the extent of 500 metres alongboth the banks of the Power Channel.

Before the commencement of the archaeological explorations,familiarization trips were undertaken within the pool area andalong the alignment of the Power Channel from village Ghazi toBarotha. It was necessary to have a clear picture of the area tobe subjected to the archaeological scanning which helpedprecisely in determining the targets and quickening the pace ofwork.

1

Regular survey of the Project area was started on 10th January,1991 and was completed on 26th January, 1991. During the courseof the survey, the area in question was thoroughly explored, anda few archaeological cultural mounds representing Buddhist stupasand settlement sites were recorded.

Here it may be emphasized that the Project area is a part ofGandhara region, welknown for richness of the Buddhistmonasteries, stupas and settlements.

2. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA

The Project area is partly located in the south western corner ofHaripur Tehsil of NWFP and almost in the centre of Attock Tehsilof district Attock in the Punjab (Drawing 1). On the north, thearea in question is bounded by Tarbela Dam in Hazara Hills whileriver Indus runs all along its western and southern boundaryline. On the east, area is cordoned by the Gandgarh hills runningdown almost due south for almost half of the length graduallydying out near Lawrencepur. Further east, the area is bounded byriver Haro which runs deep below the general topographicalsurface level before it joins Indus below village Gariala.

3. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENT

Interesting variations in physical and topographical featureswithin the Project area were observed. Mostly, the Project areais plain containing sandy silt and loessic deposits ofconsiderable thickness. The area from Tarbela to Isa and south ofDakhner is marked by the presence of gravel conglomerates, whilerock out-crops are present at Kamra (Pl.IIB) and from Rumian toDakhner (P1.III & IV). Numerous hill torrents from Gandgarh hillshave almost eroded the loessic deposits and formed deep gulliesand undulating surface rendering it unfit for agriculturalactivities and thus inhospitable for human settlements. It isonly near the Indus bank that solid ground with annual silting isavailable for agricultural pursuits in the area generally knownas Chhachh plains (Pl.V). Even today, almost all the modernvillages are located in the western half of the Project area uptoKamra hills (Drawing 1 and Pl.V). The area on the east of theproposed Power Channel is almost built up of non-metamorphic softsedimentary rocks eroded from Gandgarh hills due to weathericchanges and rain action. This heavy erosion have rendered theland unsuitable for any kind of agricultural activity especiallyduring ancient period of history, although with the introductionof modern machinery it has become somewhat possible now, to makecertain areas cultivable.

The area beyond Kamra to Barotha contains soft sandy silt and isthus unfit for agricultural activities (Pl.IV and VI). Solid landis available only between Dher and Gariala.

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Here it may be pointed out that generally the Project area doesnot possess hospitable topographical and physiographical featuressuitable for any settlement of considerable size. The entire areaexcept the Chhachh plain and plateau of Gandgarh hills withalluvial deposits, is practically without any ancient settlement.It is in the fertile alluvial plains of Chhachh, that smallsettlements and Buddhist monastery and stupa sites have beenrecorded.

Further east in the Gandgarh hills flat plateau have been usedfor the establishment of stupas and monasteries during Buddhistperiod (Khan and Khan, 1986). A number of such establishmentshave already been documented but that have no relevance in thepresent context because they are located far away from theProject area.

4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The Project area being part of the north west regions of Pakistanand located on the routes of the invading tribes and armies, hadremained exposed to their inroads from the time immemorial. Theseinvaders, starting from the Aryans in c.1500 B.C. stormed oneafter another through the narrow defiles that break through thegreat rocky barriers and leads to the plains of the interior,till the establishment of Durand line in 1893. The inflow of theAryans was followed by the Achaemenians in 518 B.C under Darius Iand Alexander the Great in 326 B.C. The subsequent centurieswitnessed successive rise and fall of Mauryians (c.317-232 B.C),Bactrian Greeks (c.190-90 B.C), Scythians (90 B.C - 18 A.D),Parthians (c.18-60 A.D), Kushanas (c.60-460 A.D) White Huns(c.460-470 A.D), Imperial Guptas (320-528 A.D) Hindu Shahias(8th-llth Century A.D), Afghans (1001 A.D), spear headed byMahmud of Ghazna and finally the Great Mughals (1526-1857 A.D)under Zaheeruddin Babur.

5. KNOWN ANCIENT SITES IN THE PROJECT AREA

5.1 General

Although the Project area is located on the route of differentmarching tribes and armies yet, due to its inhospitablephysiography and topographical environments, no sizeablesettlements flourished in the past. However, the researchesalready carried out in the area have brought to light a)palaeolithic stone implements, b)petroglyphs on boulders, c)Buddhist settlements and stupa sites and d) muslim periodmonuments.

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5.2 Palaeolithic Tool Sites

It was in 1935 that during the geological survey of Soan Valleyearly palaeolithic stone implements including choppers choppingtools, bi-facial hand axes and cleavers of quartzite were foundat Gariala in considerably worn condition (de Terra and Paterson,1939, Paterson and Drummond, 1962) . However, during thesubsequent investigations around Gariala did not yield any freshevidence of palaeolithic tools. (Movius 1943, Johnson, 1964,Allchin, 1981).

5.3 Petroglypbs

The presence of large size erratic boulders varying in girth andheight within the area around Gariala were documented in 1935 bythe Yale-Cambridge Expedition (de Terra and Paterson, 1939) whichsupport the supposition that before Indus cut its way throughAttock hills, its course was lain more to the east of the presentriver. These large size boulders appear to have been brought inthe area during catastrophic flooding of Indus lakes in the highmountainious region during the Pleistocene period (Rendell,Dennell & Halim, 1989 ch.3). Some of these faceted boulders bearbrusings depicting crude and abstract renderings of elephant andcamel riders, hunters with bow and arrows and lances (king, 1940p.48). During subsequent explorations, large size boulders withsimilar petroglyphs were recorded at present river level atMandori (Paterson & Drummond 1962 pp. 119-122 Plate III). Thepetroglyphic drawing are punched into the original patina of theboulders with pointed stone tools. Since, there is no evidence ofsubsequent patina over the petroglyphs, it is reasonable topresume that these renderings belong to more recent times.

5.4 Buddhist Sites

The discovery of two Kharoshti inscriptions from Garhi-Matani andKamra (Dobbins, 1975) indicated the presence of importantsettlements during Kushan era under Kanishka and Vajeshkarespectively.

Other sites located on the east of the Project area on theplateau and slopes of the Gandgarh hills include Buddhist stupaand Monastery sites at Khui Khezana, Injulser and. Garhiapproachable through causeway No. 7, 5 & 3 on the oldLawrencepur-Tarbela Railway Track ( Khan and Khan, 1986 ). Thesesites of Kushan period are placed in chronological context of2nd-3rd century A.D on the basis of available epigraphicalevidence (Dobbins, 1975).

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5.5 Muslim Monuments

The Muslim period monuments are mainly Attock Fort, areBegum-ki-Sarai, Behram ki Baradari, Attock Tombs at Attock/ nearand around Attock Bridge and Chitti Baoli near Kamra and SaidenBaoli on the Grand Trunk Road near Hattian. They belong to theMughal period and are protected monuments under the AntiquitiesAct, 1975. Attock Fort and Begum ki Sarai were built by Akbar theGreat (1556-1605 A.D) and Jahangir (1605-1627 A.D), while theremaining monuments on the Grand Trunk Road belong to ShahJahan's period (1627-1656 A.D).

6. NEW DISCOVERIES

6.1 General

The present archaeological explorations within the Project areahas revealed the remains of three Buddhist settlement sites atHasanpur, Musa II and Pindanwala Tibba. Buddhist stupa sites wererecorded at Musa I, Musa III and Patri near Dakhner on the bankof Indus. A large Fort of Hindu Shahia period was located on thehills between present Pehur Pumping Plant and Gala village on theright bank of river Indus. A boulder near the confluence of riverHaro and Indus was noticed with petroglyphs of humanrepresentation.

The details of new sites in the Project area are described belowin chronological sequence :

6.2 Palaeolithic Artefact (Cleaver)(sE. 72'.171.5311 N.33*.501)

The area between Dakhner and Gariala is marked by the presence ofconglomerate horizons, mainly composed of boulders and gravels.But due to lack and failing of cementation these conglomeratehorizons have considerably been eroded. One of such horizon,located in middle of Rumian and Dakhner on the left side ofDakhner Nullah, was examined and only one palaeolithic artefact(Pl.VII) was found at the foot of an eroded gully. Since, ourpresent artifact (cleaver) comes from an eroded gully, it is notpossible either to date it or to correlate it with any otherartefact found elsewhere in the Soan Valley (Rendell, Dannell &Halim, 1989). The artefact is a quartzite pebble tool which hasbeen worked on two sides. From one side four flakes have beentaken off (Pl.VIIA) while from the other side only two flakeswere struck off to obtain the point (Pl.VIIB), leaving enoughsurface with original cortex. It has a thick and broad butt. Theridges formed by flaking are blunt due to its rolling.

In order to obtain secure dating, certainly more investigationsat this locality are required to find artefacts inrelation to theconglomerate horizons.

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6.3 Petroglyphs (E. 72°.15'.07" N 330.461.07"1)

A number of erratic boulders of varying sizes were encountered inthe south western part of the Project area between Dakhner andGariala with major-concentration around Gariala and Barotha(Pl.VIII & IX). Presence of these erratic boulders had alreadybeen noted in this area (Theobold, 1877, Wynne, 1881, Cotter,1933, De Terra and Teilhard, 1936, 794). Some of these facetedboulders bear petroglyphs depicting human and animals in abstractrendering (King,1940:48, Paterson and Drummond, 1962: 119-122,Pl.III). A similar faceted boulder with petroglyphic depicting ofhunters figure with a bow on its three sides (Pl.X & XI) waslocated in the bed of Gariala Nullah at a distance of about 100metres east of the confluence of Haro and Indus. The petroglyphicrendering on the boulder had been punched into the patina of theboulder with pointed stone (Pl.XI). All the three depictions bearclose resemblance with each others (Pl.XI). It may however bepointed out that figure 1 (Pl.XIA) seems to be earlier than thefigures 2 and 3 (Pl.XIB & C), because figure 1 showsindiscernible coating of weatheric varnish; where as other twosare without it. It is therefore reasonable to infer that Figure 2& 3 are recent rendering. It may be of some interest to mentionhere that near the shrine of Khadi Baba three young boys werefound busy in striking on the faceted portion of rock block withsmall stones. This passing time activity of those cattle grazersresulted in making bowl shaped circular cavities on the rock(Pl.XII).

6.4 Hasanpur (E 72°.35'.46" N 33°.581.4711)

The ancient mound of Hasanpur is located about 200 metres left ofGhazi-Lawrencepur road near village Hasanpur and in the immediatesouthern vicinity of the Afghan Refugee Camp. The mound rises tothe height of 7 metres above the surrounding terraced fields(Pl.XIIIA). The mound has been considerably disturbed duringrecent times (Pl.XIIIB). The stone walls of river pebbles,ranging in thickness from 60 to 90 cms are visible on the slopesof the mound (Pl.XIIIB and XIVA).

The surface collection from Hasanpur mostly comprises plain redpottery ware varying in texture. The notable pottery typesinclude fragmentary rims, necks and bases of large and mediumsize pitchers (Pl.XIVB No. 1-3,5&8) Jars (Pl.XIVB No.4,6 & 7) andpans (Pl.XIV B No. 9-11) and one complete oil lamp (P1. XIVCNo. 1) . Some of the rims of large size jars are externallythickened. Generally the pottery is turned on slow wheel. Thestring marks are evident on the basis (Pl.XIVB No. 12-14). Thesurface decoration includes incised triangles and circles on theshoulders (Pl.XIVC No.2 & 3).

The surface collection of ceramic data from Hasanpur, on thebasis of their forms and types, are comparable with the usualceramic types from the known settlements of Sirkap and Sirsukh inTaxila belonging to Kushana period in the chronological bracket

6

of 3rd-5th century A.D. Other comparable parallels of types havebeen recorded from the ancient city of Shaikhan Dheri andCharsadda in district Mardan.

6.5 Musa II (E 720.29'.271 N 330.521)

Musa II is a small mound rising about 5 metres above thesurrounding field levels (PI.XVA). A portion of its flat top iscovered with the modern graves. (Pl.XVB). Due to intensiveagricultural activities and levelling of land with the help oftractors, the size of the mound had been gradually reduced and itis not possible to determine original size of the settlement.However, presence of pottery in the surrounding fields indicatesrather a larger settlement than what we see today.

The surface collection from the mound and fields includefragments of red-ware pottery representing thick textured jars(Pl.XVIA, No.1-3) pitchers (Pl.XVIA, No.6-10), pans and bowls(Pl.XVIA, No. 13-17). In certain cases, black bands have beenpainted on red (Pl.XVIA, No.9-12). Some potsherds are incisedwith a set of tripple lines below which angular lines have beenincised (Pl.XVIA, No.5).

On the basis of forms and types the pottery collection from MusaII is also comparable with the known pottery types from Taxila,Hasanpur, Charsadda and other related settlements in Gandhararegion belonging to 3rd-5th century A.D. during Kushana period.

6.6 Pindanwala Tibba (E 72°.28'.45" N 330.51'.47")

The ancient mound locally known as Pindanwala Tibba is located ata distance of about one kilometer from Musa II and III, nearvillage Kolithian. The mound conceals a large size settlementwith 6 metre thick cultural deposit (Pl.XVI B and XVII A). It isevident that the settlement remained under human occupation for aconsiderable duration.

The mound rises about 15 metres from the surrounding field levelsin near circular formations (Pl.XVIB) and from the eroded sectionat different points, two burnt deposits were observed throughoutthe mound which indicate that the settlement was put ablaze atleast two times (Pl.XVIIA). It is perhaps this reason that themound is locally known as Pindanwala Tibba suggesting that thesettlement was more than once occupied, destroyed and abandoned.On the surface stone walls of usual thickness of 60 to 90 cms arevisible and in the eroded section there is evidence of mud brickstructural remains also.

The surface of the mound and its eroded gullies are strewn withcultural material (Pl.XVIIB). Collection from mound mainlyinclude fragments of different pottery types including medium andthick textured pitchers (Pl.XVIII A No.1,3,5-8 & 11), Jars(Pl.XVIIIA No.2,4 & 9) pans (Pl.XVIIIA No.12&13) and bowls

7

(Pl.XVIIIA No.14-16). Others types include specimens of lids withand without knobs (Pl.XVIIIB No.1-3) and miniature pots(Pl.XVIIIB No.4-5). In certain cases, incised decoration has alsobeen employed. Interior and exterior of fragments of openmouthedbowls are coated with dull red slip; whereas decoration of blackband and black vertical lines also appear on some of thepotsherds. Cordon design on the shoulder portion can also beobserved (Pl.XVIII B No.6-9). A singular fragmentary specimen ofpottery mould (Pl.XVIIIB, No. 12) is comparable with the Taxilaspecimen datable to 4th century A.D. Some of the bases of thebowl (Pl.XVIIIC) show prominent string marks. The potterycollection from Pindanwala Tibba also relates to 3rd-5th centuryA.D. ceramic data recorded from the settlement sites of Buddhistperiod at Charsadda and known city settlements at Taxila. In theentire project area, Pindanwala Tibba is archaeologically themost potential settlement site. The thick cultural depositsindicate long and successive human occupation from 2nd-5thcentury A.D.

6.7 Musa I (E 72°.29'.37" N 330.511.4011)

The mound Musa I, about 7 metre above the field level (Pl.XIX A)represents disturbed Buddhist stupa and monastery site. The moundhas been disturbed by the sculpture hunters (Pl.XIX B), becausefrom the clandestine digging area of the mound, fragments ofstucco sculptures have been found (Pl.XXA). Structures of riverboulders are also visible. The stucco fragments of sculptures andfriezes contain traces of red paint (Pl.XXA No.2,5 & 6).Therefore a late date of 4th-5th century A.D. is suggested forthe stupa at Musa I, and are comparable with stucco sculpturesbearing red paint, recorded from the monastery and stupa sites atMohra Moradu and Jaulian in Taxila. It appears that the stupa atMusa I has been completely destroyed by the vandalists.

6.8 Musa III (E 72'.29'.09" N 33*.51'.30")

Musa III is located in the immediate vicinity of Musa I and II,and rises to the height of 10 metres from the surrounding fieldlevels. The mound gradually slopes towards east with top surfacealmost levelled for cultivations (Pl.XXIA). Carved schist stonecollection from Musa III represents fragmentary specimens oftrefoil arched panels (P1.XXIB No.l&b2) and decorative bracketwith Corinthian capital (Pl.XXIB No.3). The stucco collectioninclude fragments of votive stupa decorations (P1.XXIIA No.3-9),pilaster and pieces of drapery fold of sculptures (Pl.XXIIA No.10& 11). On some of the stucco fragments traces of red paint arevisible (Pl.XXIIA No.5-7). As such Musa III is also dated between3rd and 5th century A.D. during the late Kushan period.

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6.9 Patri near Dakhner (E 72¾.14f.26"1 N 33'.500.15"9)

Patri is located south-west of Dakhner village on the hill top(Pl.XXIIB) at the bank of river Indus, just opposite Darwazivillage on the right bank (Pl.XXIIIA). It contains structuralremains of a Buddhist monastery and stupa belonging to Kushanperiod. At places semi-ashlar masonry walls of monastic cells arevisible to the surviving height of one to two metres (Pl.XXIIIB &XXIVA). Later, during the second half of the 19th century, Patriwas occupied by a watch tower (Pl.XXV) most probably constructedduring Anglo-Afghan wars fought in the second half of 19thCentury.

British period structural remains of watch Tower still survivesin a dilapidated condition (Pl.XXV) and over looking the mightyIndus below.

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions

In view of the limited time at our disposal and objective of thePHC, archaeological explorations were confined to thepool/barrage area, both the banks of the Power Channel to theextent of 500 metres and the area of Power Complex. The primaryaim was to determine the presence of the sites to be affected bythe implementation of the Ghazi-Gariala Hydropower Project.Within the Pool/Barrage and Power Complex areas no ancient sitewas found. However, within the power channel and its closevicinity, five ancient sites were encountered at Musa I, II, III,Pindanwala Tibba and at a mound between Rumian and Dakhner. Thesesites represent Buddhist'period stupa and settlement sites atMusa I and III and Musa II and Pindanwala Tibba respectively,while the mound between Rumian and Dakhner, represents apalaeolithic locality.

Amongst the above sites, Musa I and III would be directly hit bythe construction of the Power Channel, whereas, Musa II,Pindanwala Tibba and palaeolithic locality between Rumian andDakhner would be affected indirectly due to their close locationsin the immediate vicinity of the Power Channel.

7.2 Recommendations

Since Musa I and III are located within the area to be excavatedfor the Power Channel, salvage operation should be carried outbefore the commencement of the Project. It is necessary toretrieve and preserve cultural material for the posterity beforethese sites are lost for ever.

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Musa II and Pindanwala Tibba being the most important settlementsites in the near vicinity of the Power Channel, it is stronglyrecommended that the excavated soil should not be dumped on thesesites, so that they remain available for future investigations.

Palaeolithic locality between Rumian and Dakhner should also besaved from the dumping of excavated soil.

During the excavation of Power Channel, two archaeologists fromthe Department of Archaeology & Museums, should make periodicalinspection visits to examine the excavated area.

Any archaeological feature/ancient remains encountered during theconstruction of Power Channel should invariably be brought to thenotice of Archaeological Museum, Taxila - the nearest availableoffice of the Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government ofPakistan.

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REFERENCE S

Allchin, B; The Palaeolithic of the Potwar Plateau, Punjab, Afresh approach Paleorient 7(1): 123-134, 1981

Cotter, G de P; The geology of the part of Attock District westof longitude 72° 45' E Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India,55 : 63-161, 1933

Dani A.H; Excavations at Shaikhan Dheri, Ancient Pakistan 2, 1964

De Terra, H & Teillhard de Chardin, P; Observations on theUpper Siwalik formation and later Pleistocene deposits in India.Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 76:791-822,1936

De Terra, H. and Paterson, T.T; Studies on the Ice Age inIndia and Associated Human Cultures, Washington CarnegicInstitute Publication 493, 1939

Dobbins, K. Walton; The Kamra Kharoshti Inscription of Vasiska,East and West (New series) 25: 1-2: 105-109, 1975

Johnson, E; Notes on the Palaeolithic Site Survey in Pakistan,Asian Perspectives 15: 60-65, 1972

Khan, Gulzar M and Khan, Bahadur; Buddhist sites inDandgarh Hills, Reports with the Department of Archaeology(unpublished), 1986

King C; Rock Drawings on the Indus, Man:XL:83, 1940

Marshall, Sir John; Taxila (in 3 Volumes), Cambridge UniversityPress, 1951

Movius, H.L; Early man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southernand Eastern Asia. Papers of the Peabody Museum of AmericanArchaeology and Ethnology 19(3), 1944

Paterson, T.T. and Drummond, H.J.H; Soan the palaeolithic ofPakistan, Department of Archaeology, Pakistan, 1962

Rendell, H.M. Dennell R.W. and Halim, M.A; New perspectives onthe palaeolithic of Northern Pakistan. In South AsianArchaeology, 1983, Naples: 9-20, 1985

Rendell, H.M. Dennell R.W. and Halim, M.A; Pleistocene andPalaeolithic investigations in the Soan Valley, NorthernPakistan, B A R International Series 544, 1989

Theobeld, W; Occurance of erratics in the Potwar. Records of theGeological Survey of India 10: 140-143, 1877

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Wheeler, Sir R.E.M; Charsada: A Metropolies of the North WestFrontier, Oxford, 1962

Wynne, A.B; On the connection between traveled blocks in theupper Punjab and a supposed glacial period in upper India.Geological Magazine 8:97-99, 1881

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Plate X

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Plate Xl

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B C

Plate XII

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Plate XliII

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B~~~~~~~~~

Plate XIV

A

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B

2

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Plate XVIl

B

Plate XVII

A

B

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Plate XiX

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= = 7 7 =~~~~~~~~~

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B

Plate XX I

A

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Plate XXI I

A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A

A

Plate XXIII

A

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-

Plate XXIV

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B

Plate XXV

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A-~~~. ..

B

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A,~~~~~~~c

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