eia kaigah hydropower project

8/10/2019 EIA Kaigah Hydropower Project

1/236

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

REPORT

K IG H HYDROPOWER PROJECT

FEBRUARY 2014


2/236

545MW Kaigah Hydropower Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table of Contents

Sr. No. Descript ion Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 9

1.1. General................................................................................................................. 9

1.2. Objective of Study.............................................................................................. 9

1.2.1. Scope of Work..................................................................................................... 9

1.3. Project Location................................................................................................ 10

1.4. Accessibi li ty ...................................................................................................... 10

1.4.1. Air Route............................................................................................................ 11

1.4.2. Communication Services................................................................................. 11

1.5. Post Flood Site Condit ions.............................................................................. 11

1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)....................................................... 12

1.7. Project Categorization...................................................................................... 13

1.8. Scope and Limitations of the EIA.................................................................... 17

1.8.1. The Scope.......................................................................................................... 17

1.8.2. Limitations......................................................................................................... 18

1.9. Approach and Methodology ............................................................................. 18

1.9.1. Review of Previous Studies............................................................................. 18

1.9.2. Acquis it ion of Secondary Data........................................................................ 19

1.9.3. Collection of Primary Data............................................................................... 19

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 23


3/236


2.2.6. Headrace Tunnel............................................................................................... 26

2.2.7. Powerhouse....................................................................................................... 27

2.2.8. Tailrace Tunnel.................................................................................................. 27

2.2.9. Access Roads ................................................................................................... 27

2.2.10. Auxi liary Faci li ties Areas................................................................................. 28

2.3. Project Alternatives Analysis.......................................................................... 28

2.3.1. General............................................................................................................... 28

2.3.2. No Project Option............................................................................................. 28

2.3.3. With Project Option.......................................................................................... 29

2.3.4. Al ternatives for Project Si te............................................................................. 29

2.4. Layout of Feasibility Report............................................................................. 30

2.4.1. Composition of EIA Report .............................................................................. 30

3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.................................................. 32

3.1. General............................................................................................................... 32

3.2. Environment Regulatory Authorities.............................................................. 32

3.2.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Council.................................................. 32

3.2.2. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development........ 36

3.2.3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)........................................................ 36

3.2.4. Provincial Level Institutions............................................................................ 36

3.3. National Conservation Strategy (NCS)............................................................ 36

3.4. Environmental Legislation............................................................................... 37

3.4.1. Environmental Protection Act, 1997................................................................ 37

3.4.2. EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000................................................................ 38


4/236


3.4.9. Labour Laws...................................................................................................... 41

3.4.10. Penal Code 1860............................................................................................... 41

3.4.11. Local Government Ordinance 2001................................................................. 41

3.4.12. Regulations of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948.. 42

3.4.13. Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965......................................................................... 42

3.4.14. Factories Act, 1934........................................................................................... 42

3.4.15. Highways Safety Ordinance 2000.................................................................... 42

3.4.16. Explosive Act, 1884.......................................................................................... 42

3.4.17. Wild Life Act 1975............................................................................................. 42

3.4.18. The Forest Act , 1927 and Later Amendments ................................................ 42

3.4.19. Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949.............................................. 433.4.20. The Local Government Ordinance, 2001........................................................ 43

3.4.21. Draft National Forest Policy 2001.................................................................... 43

3.5. Environmental Assessment Procedures........................................................ 43

3.5.1. Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental

Assessments..................................................................................................... 43

3.5.2. Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports ....... 43

3.5.3. Guidelines for Public Consultation................................................................. 44

3.5.4. Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas.................................................... 44

3.5.5. Sectoral Guidelines: Major Sewerage Schemes ............................................ 44

3.5.6. Solid Waste Management Policy..................................................................... 44

3.5.7. KPK Province.................................................................................................... 44

3.6. Major Items of Pakistan Environmental Legislation...................................... 45


5/236


3.8. International Treaties and Conventions.......................................................... 52

3.9. International and National Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)........ 54

4. BASELINE CONDITIONS.................................................................................. 56

4.1. Physical Environment...................................................................................... 56

4.1.1. Physiography.................................................................................................... 56

4.1.2. Climate............................................................................................................... 56

4.1.3. Precipitation...................................................................................................... 57

4.1.4. Temperature...................................................................................................... 59

4.1.5. Geology.............................................................................................................. 66

4.1.6. Seismology........................................................................................................ 67

4.1.7. Landslides, Erosion and Sedimentation......................................................... 67

4.1.8. Land Use............................................................................................................ 68

4.1.9. Soils ................................................................................................................... 68

4.1.10. Soil Pollution and Contamination.................................................................... 69

4.1.11. Agricu lture......................................................................................................... 69

4.1.12. Livestock........................................................................................................... 70

4.1.13. Historic Flows and Flooding in Kandiah River............................................... 71

4.1.14. Surface Water.................................................................................................... 72

4.1.15. Air Quali ty .......................................................................................................... 72

4.2. Biological Environment.................................................................................... 74

4.2.1. Flora................................................................................................................... 74

4.2.1.1. Pastures and Grazing Lands............................................................................ 79

4.2.1.2. Endangered, Threatened or Vulnerable Species of Flora............................. 79


6/236


4.3.2. Health Facilities................................................................................................. 82

4.3.3. Educational Infrastructure............................................................................... 82

5. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

MEASURES........................................................................................................ 83

5.1. General............................................................................................................... 83

5.2. Impact Assessment Procedure........................................................................ 84

5.2.1. Sensitivity .......................................................................................................... 84

5.2.2. Magnitude.......................................................................................................... 84

5.3. Impacts During Construction Phase............................................................... 85

5.3.1. Impacts on Topography................................................................................... 86

5.3.2. Impact of Seismicity......................................................................................... 86

5.3.3. Impact on Geology............................................................................................ 86

5.3.4. Impacts on Landslides..................................................................................... 87

5.3.5. Impacts on Land Use........................................................................................ 87

5.3.6. Impacts of Excavated Material......................................................................... 87

5.3.7. Impacts on Infrastructure................................................................................. 88

5.3.8. Impacts on Climate........................................................................................... 89

5.3.9. Impacts on Hydrology...................................................................................... 89

5.3.10. Impacts on Surface Water................................................................................ 89

5.3.11. Impacts on Sedimentation............................................................................... 90

5.3.12. Impacts on Flooding......................................................................................... 90

5.3.13. Impacts on Groundwater.................................................................................. 90

5.3.14. Impacts on Air Quality...................................................................................... 90


7/236


5.3.22. Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety.................................................. 94

5.3.23. Impacts on Resources...................................................................................... 95

5.3.24. Impact of Roads Traffic.................................................................................... 95

5.3.25. Impacts on Communication............................................................................. 96

5.3.26. Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology............................................. 96

5.3.27. Impacts on Women and Indigenous Peoples................................................. 96

5.3.28. Summary of Construct ion Stage impacts ....................................................... 97

5.4. Impacts during Operation Phase..................................................................... 98

5.4.1. Impact of Seismicity......................................................................................... 98

5.4.2. Impacts on Geology.......................................................................................... 98

5.4.3. Impacts on Landslides..................................................................................... 98

5.4.4. Impacts on Land Use........................................................................................ 99

5.4.5. Impacts of Dismantling Material...................................................................... 99

5.4.6. Impacts on Infrastructure............................................................................... 100

5.4.7. Impacts on Climate......................................................................................... 100

5.4.8. Impacts on Hydrology.................................................................................... 100

5.4.9. Impacts on Surface Water.............................................................................. 101

5.4.10. Impacts on Sedimentation............................................................................. 101

5.4.11. Impacts on Flooding....................................................................................... 102

5.4.12. Impacts on Groundwater................................................................................ 102

5.4.13. Impacts on Air Quality.................................................................................... 103

5.4.14. Impacts on Agricul ture and Terrestrial Vegetation...................................... 103

5.4.15. Impacts on Flora and Fauna.......................................................................... 103


8/236


6.1. Mitigations Management Plan (MMP)............................................................ 107

6.2. Management of Mitigation Measures............................................................ 107

6.3. Inclusion of Environmental Management in Contract Documents............ 107

6.4. Institut ional Requirements............................................................................. 108

6.4.1. Establishment of Project Environment Management Committee.............. 108

6.4.2. Establishment of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit.... 108

6.4.3. Provision of Grievance Resolution Framework........................................... 109

6.5. Construct ion Stage MMP............................................................................... 110

6.6. Operation Stage MMP..................................................................................... 111

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN........................................................ 119

7.1. General............................................................................................................. 119

7.2. Monitoring During Design Stage................................................................... 120

7.3. Monitoring during Construction Stage......................................................... 120

7.4. Monitoring during Operation Stage............................................................... 121

7.5. Reporting of Monitoring Results ................................................................... 121

7.5.1. Internal Monitoring......................................................................................... 121

7.5.2. External Monitoring........................................................................................ 121

7.6. Institut ional Requirements............................................................................. 122

7.6.1. Institutional Responsibilities......................................................................... 122

7.6.2. Institutional Arrangements............................................................................ 122

7.6.3. Clearances from EPA and other Agencies................................................... 122

7.6.4. Land Acquisi tion and Compensation Tasks................................................ 123

7.7. Environmental Audit....................................................................................... 123


9/236


8.6. Carbon Credits................................................................................................ 134

8.7. Baseline and Monitor ing Methodologies...................................................... 134

8.7.1. Baseline Emissions Calculation for Kaigah HPP......................................... 135

8.8. Quantity and Value of Carbon Benefits........................................................ 136

8.9. Durban Conference 2011................................................................................ 136

8.10. Anticipated Revenue...................................................................................... 138

8.11. Conclusions.................................................................................................... 138

9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE................... 139

9.1. General............................................................................................................. 139

9.2. Stages of Public Consultation ....................................................................... 139

9.3. Techniques and Tools used for Public Consul tation.................................. 139

9.4. The Consul tation Process.............................................................................. 140

9.4.1. Visits to Government Offices, Line Agencies and NGOs............................ 140

9.4.2. Interviews with Well-Informed Persons........................................................ 140

9.4.3. Interviews with Affected People in the Project Area................................... 141

9.4.4. Scoping Sessions in Affected villages......................................................... 141

9.4.5. Women Survey................................................................................................ 141

9.5. Outcome of the Consul tations....................................................................... 141

10. LAND ACQUISITION, RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION................. 144

10.1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 144

10.2. Project Af fectees............................................................................................. 144

10.3. Need for a Resettlement Plan........................................................................ 144

10.4. Land Acquisition............................................................................................. 145


10/236


10.6. Tentative Compensation Procedure.............................................................. 146

10.6.1. Compensation under the Land Acquisit ion Act ........................................... 146

10.6.2. Compensation under WAPDA Procedures................................................... 147

10.7. Tentative Compensation Eligibili ty............................................................... 147

10.7.1. Eligibili ty under Government of Pakistan Policy ......................................... 147

10.7.2. Eligibility under World Bank Policy............................................................... 149

10.8. Cut-off Date..................................................................................................... 149

11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT COST............................. 150

11.1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 150

12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................... 152

12.1. General............................................................................................................. 152

12.2. Findings........................................................................................................... 152

12.2.1. Physical Environmental Impacts................................................................... 152

12.2.2. Biological Impacts.......................................................................................... 152

12.2.3. Socio-Economic Impacts............................................................................... 153

12.3. Environmental and Social Costs................................................................... 153

12.4. Recommendations.......................................................................................... 153

12.5. Conclusions.................................................................................................... 154

13. REFERENCES................................................................................................. 156

ANNEXURES........................................................................................................................ 157


11/236


LIST OF TABLES


Table 1: Pakistan National EIA Categor ization of Proposed Projects ........................ 14

Table 2: Salient Features of the Project ........................................................................ 23

Table 3: National Envi ronmental Quali ty Standards (NEQS) ....................................... 33



Table 6: Major International Conventions and Treaties Signed By Pakistan ............. 53

Table 7: Long Term Climatic Stations in the Region .................................................... 57

Table 8: Floods at Kandiah River in Different Return Periods .................................... 72

Table 9: Ambient Air Quality of the Area ....................................................................... 73

Table 10: Traffic Countin the Project Area (Average of 24 Hours)................................ 73

Table 11: Noise Level observed in the Project Area ...................................................... 74

Table 12: Vegetation in Project Area ............................................................................... 75

Table 13: Population in Affected Villages ....................................................................... 82

Table 14: Envi ronmental Checklist .................................................................................. 83

Table 15: Summary of Construct ion Stage Impacts....................................................... 97

Table 16: Envi ronmental Impact Matrix for Operation Stage ..................................... 105

Table 17: Constitu tion of Project Environment Management Committee .................. 108

Table 18: Constitu tion of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit ....... 109

Table 19: Proposed Project Grievance Resolution Commit tee ................................... 110

Table 20: Environmental Management Plan for Construct ion Stage .......................... 112


12/236


LIST OF FIGURES


Figure 1: Regional Geological Map.............................................................................. 67

Figure 2: Landslide in Project Area.............................................................................. 68

Figure 3: Agricultural Fields.......................................................................................... 69

Figure 4: Livestock of Kandiah Valley.......................................................................... 70

Figure 5: Livestock of Kandiah Valley.......................................................................... 70

Figure 6: Common Plant Species Growing in the Project Area................................. 79


13/236

Feasibility Study of 545 MW

Kaigah Hydropower Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report

ABBREVIATIONS

A AmperesAAR Alkali aggregate reactionAAUs Assigned Amount UnitsAC Alternating currentACSR Aluminum core steel reinforcedADB Asian Development BankAF Acre-feetASR Alkali silica reactionASTM American Society of Testing MaterialsATL Associated Technologies (Pvt) LimitedB/C Benefit/costBCR Benefit cost ratioCCGT Combined cycle gas turbineCDM Clean Development MechanismCEF Carbon Emission FactorCERs Certified Emission ReductionsCFRD Concrete faced rock fill dam

CFC Chlorofluoro CarbonCh Chainage (distance measured along a construction work)CIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

FloraCM Combined MarginCNG Combined MarginCOP Conference of the Parties

CPM Critical path methodCPP Capacity costCPT Cone Penetration TestCusec Cubic foot per secondCVC Conventionally vibrated concreteCW Cooling waterDBE Design basis earthquakeDC Direct current

DNA Designated National AuthorityDEM Digital elevation modelDeg Degreed/s DownstreamDSL Detailed scan line surveyEARI Economic accounting rate of interestEB Executive Board EHS Extra high strength


14/236


FRC Fibre reinforced shotcreteFSL Full supply level

FSD Food Supply DepartmentFt FeetFWO Frontier Works OrganizationG Acceleration due to gravityGCB Generator circuit breakerGDP Gross domestic productGERCC Grout enriched roller compacted concreteGEVR Grout enriched vibrated concreteGHG Green House GasGIB Gas insulated busbarsGIL Gas insulated lineGIS Geographical information systemGLOF Glacial lake outfall floodGOP Government of PakistanGpa GigapascalGPS Global Positioning SystemGSI Geological Strength Index

GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germen Agency forTechnical Development)

GWh Gigawatt hoursGWh/a Gigawatt hours per annumGWP Global Warming PotentialHa Hectare = 10,000 m2HEPO Hydro Electric Planning OrganizationHr Hour

HRT Headrace TunnelHV High VoltageHVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air-ConditioningHVAC High Voltage Alternating CurrentHVDC High Voltage Direct CurrentHz HertzICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain DevelopmentID Internal diameter

IDC Interest during constructionIET International Emission TradingIDC Interest during constructionIET International Emission TradingIEE Initial Environmental ExaminationIFC International Finance CorporationInSAR Interferometric synthetic aperture radar


15/236


Km Kilometrekm Square kilometers

km/h Kilometres per hourKP Kyoto ProtocolKPK Khyber Pakhtun KhwahKt Knots (nautical miles per hour)kV KilovoltKVF Kandiah Valley FaultkW KilowattkWh Kilowatt hourL LitreLb Poundlb/ft3 Pounds per cubic footLAA Land Acquisition ActLCDP Least cost development planLLO Low level outletLRMC Long run marginal costLV Low voltageM Million

M Metrem/s Metres per secondm2 Square metresm3 Cubic metresm3/s Cubic metres per second (cumecs)Max MaximumMbtu Million British thermal unitsMCE Maximum credible earthquake

Min MinimumMIV Main inlet valveMKT Main Karakoram ThrustMLO Mid-level outletMOL Minimum operating levelMONENCO Montreal Engineering CompanyMMP Mitigation Management PlanMMT Main Mantle Thrust

Mpa MegapascalMP Monitoring PlanMSA Maximum size of aggregateMt Million tonnes (megatonnes)MUV Manufacturing unit value (World Bank)MV Medium voltageMVA Megavolt ampere


16/236


ODA Official Development AssistanceOD Outside diameter

OD Operational DirectiveOP Operational PolicyOM Operating MarginO&M Operation and maintenancePARC Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilPAP Project Affected PersonsPC Project ConsultantsPDD Project Design DocumentPEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection ActPEPO Pakistan Environmental Protection OrdinancePEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection CouncilPEPCO Pakistan Electric Power Company (Pvt) LimitedPESMU Project environment and social management unitPF Power factorPFA Pakistan Forest ActPGRC Project Grievance Resolution CommitteePKR Pakistani rupees

PLC Power Line CarrierPM Project ManagementPMD Pakistan Meteorological DepartmentPOE Panel of ExpertsPOT Peak over thresholdPPE Personal protective equipmentPPIB Private Power and Infrastructure Boardppm Parts per million

PSS Power system stabilizersPTDC Pakistan Tourist Development CorporationPWD Pakistan Works DepartmentQ Rock mass qualityRAP Resettlement action planRCC Roller compacted concreteRCNLIP Regional centre of the Northern Light Infantry of PakistanRMC Regional Meteorological Centres

RMR Rock mass ratingROW Right of wayRQD Rock quality designationSC Series compensationSCOM S pecial Communication OrganizationSCADA Supervisory control and data acquisitionSCF Standard conversion factor


17/236


T TonnesT/km Tonnes per square kilometre

TBM Tunnel boring machineTCR Total core recoveryTCSC Thyristor controlled series compensationTDS Total dissolved solidsT/L Transmission lineTOR Terms of ReferenceTVI Television interferenceUCS Unconfined compressive strengthUK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUPS Uninterruptible power supplyu/s UpstreamUHVDC Ultra-high voltage direct currentUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUPFC Unified power flow controllerUS United States centUSBR United States Bureau of Reclamation

USD United States DollarUSGS United States Geological SurveyVar Volt Ampere ReactiveVs VersusVERs Voluntary Emission ReductionsVSC Voltage source converterVT Voltage transformerWAPDA Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority

WB World BankWCD World Commission on DamsWHO World Health OrganizationWPPO WAPDA Power Privatization OrganizationWWF World Wildlife FundYr Year


18/236


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Kaigah Hydropower Project is a proposed on River Kandiah as a run of river hydropowerproject located in Kandiah valley, District Kohistan in the province of KPK. This project will

have an installed capacity of 545 MW. This project forms part of WAPDAs strategic vision

program to the year 2025. The aim of Vision 2025 is to improve hydropower generation

capacity in the country to meet the ever growing electricity demands and expansion of

economic activities. An accelerated power production especially hydroelectric generation

is under focus through medium term power generation projects. Private sector is being

encouraged to make investment to develop and produce hydropower wherever suchpotential exist in the country.

Kaigah Hydropower Project scheme was taken over by Private Power Infrastructure Board

(PPIB) to be offered as an Investment Power Project (IPP) to the private sector on Public

Private Partnership basis.

Access to the Project site is through Dasu town which is located about 340 kilometers

from Islamabad. The main accessibility to Dasu town from down country is through the

Karakoram Highway. Kaigah power house site is located near Thauti village about 8

kilometers upstream from confluence of Kandiah and Indus Rivers. Dam site is accessible

from Dasu town by a jeepable road. Karrang village is located on Kandiah Kalam Road

about 26 kilometers from Kandiah Bridge and connected to the latter through a jeepable

road which has been badly damaged by flashy floods of 2010.

The major Project feature consists of the construction of an asphalt faced rockfill dam on

River Kandiah about 200 meters downstream of the Karrang Village. This will be a 90

meters high Dam from the river bed and will create a reservoir extending up to 3-4 km

upstream of the Dam Site at the level of 1500 masl. The reservoir is planned to be

contained within the narrow river canyon which will submerge neither substantial natural

vegetation nor any productive land significantly. But it will affect the population in Karrang,

Birti and Dong villages in the Project area,

The power intake structure will be constructed on the left bank of the river immediately

upstream of the Dam Site. This power intake structure will be largely submerged and

located at the left bank of the proposed reservoir and divert river water into headrace

tunnel. From the 17.2 Km long headrace tunnel the water is dropped through an


19/236


would fall within the category A projects having significant impacts on the environment

and requiring a full scale EIA.

The EIA seeks to identify the environmental, ecological and socio-cultural changes arising

from the development of the project. These may have a positive or negative outcome and

include:

Direct and indirect effects on the local population

Undesirable changes such as increased pollution, loss of natural resources and

loss of habitats for native flora and fauna

Direct and indirect effects on the socio-economic and cultural system as well as on

environmental components such as soil, water and air.

The institutions associated with environmental matters in Pakistan include government

bodies such as the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development,

the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, and Federal/Provincial Environmental

Protection Agencies (EPAs). The legislation of Pakistan contains many laws in the form of

Acts, and Ordinances which have direct or indirect relevance and implications in the

layout, design, construction and operation of the Kaigah Hydropower Project, including:

the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), the Environmental Protection Act,

1997, the EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 and the National Environmental Quality

Standards 2000. The guidelines of the international funding institutions also define

procedures for Environmental Assessments. All relevant national and international

guidelines and procedures have been followed for preparation of this EIA.

Following methodology was followed in the preparation of this report:

Review of previous reports

Acquisition of secondary data from different organizations

Collection of primary data with reference to physical features, environmental and

social issues.

St d f fl d f


20/236


Baseline conditions in the project area were identified for physical, biological and socio-

economic parameters, both quantitative and qualitative, based on collected data, field

visits and desk studies.

Impacts of the proposed Project on the baseline conditions are identified and mitigation

measures have been proposed accordingly in addition to the environmental management

and monitoring plan.

The potential benefit to the project of carbon credits under CDM is currently difficult to

estimate and our estimate ranges from zero to around USD 60 million per year. Until thepost Kyoto international agreements are in place, it is very difficult to know how the

projects like Kaigah HPP will be treated under CDM.

About 900 people will be displaced because of the proposed Project and land acquisition

and resettlement of PAP constitutes the major chunk of the environmental management

cost of the Project which is estimated to be around USD 15 Million.

Following can be safely concluded as the result of this EIA report:

The study of the environmental and social setting of the Kaigah Hydropower

Project, and the implications of the proposed interventions, i.e. construction of a

dam, excavation of tunnels, creation of the reservoir, and construction of

underground powerhouse and so on, do not indicate any significant negative

impact of such nature or magnitude that would suggest the project is

environmentally unfriendly.

The study has identified some potential impacts, which are not of serious nature

and can be ameliorated or mitigated within normally acceptable levels through

practicable control and management measures.

The overall findings of the EIA studies show that the Kaigah Hydropower Project is

environmentally and socially viable subject to the development and implementationof a full Environmental Management Plan.


21/236


1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GeneralThe identification of Hydropower Potential was started during 1980s when Canadian

International Development Agency (CIDA) provided financial assistance and engaged a

Canadian engineering consulting firm, Montreal Engineering Company Limited

(MONENCO), to undertake the preparation of an inventory of potential hydropower

generation sites, and their ranking on the three Rivers.

MONENCO conducted a study in the upper reaches of River Indus, Jhelum aboveMangla, and in Swat and Chitral Basins, identifying twenty-five (25) promising potential

sites for hydropower generation including their ranking.

Later on, during eighties and nineties, identification and ranking studies for hydropower

schemes on the Rivers and tributaries of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Khyber

Pakhtun Khwah (KPK) and Northern Areas were also carried out by WAPDA and Sarhad

Hydel Development Organization (SHYDO) (now PHYDO) in collaboration with theGerman Agency for Technical Co-Operation (GTZ). A number of sites for development of

small and medium size hydropower projects, including Kaigah Hydropower Project in the

Kohistan Valley, with power potential of 545 MW were identified.

The main objective of the Project is to provide cheap hydro-electric power to the national

grid system and to lessen the prevailing high cost of power supply mainly through the

thermal powerhouses as base load stations. The proposed Project will eventually become

a part of low cost power generation system.

The scope of the consultancy services for the Kaigah Hydropower Project involves

preparation of a Bankable Feasibility Study Report in sufficient details.

1.2. Objective of Study

The objective of the present study is to prepare a comprehensive EIA study reportencompassing the probable impacts of the selected Project layout and the appropriate

measures to mitigate them effectively.

1.2.1. Scope of Work


22/236


Land and related inventory survey

Vulnerable persons survey

Public community facilities survey

Community participation survey

Stakeholders consultation

Perception survey on relocation and resettlement

Physical environment statistics of Project area including topography, geology, climate,hydrology, temperature, wind speed, water quality, air quality and noise levels.

Biological environment data including terrestrial ecology, flora and fauna, forests and

fruit trees, mammals, birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles and fisheries

Protected areas and socio-economic data

Establishment of baseline conditions for the Project area

Screening and scoping of the Projects potential impacts

Devising applicable mitigation measures for the potential impacts

Formulating environmental monitoring and management plan

Preliminary cost estimation of the environmental procedures to be implemented

1.3. Project Location

The proposed Kaigah Hydropower Project was identified along Kandiah River with dam

near Karrang village and powerhouse site is on left bank of Kandiah River neat Thauti

village (Annexure- A1). Kandiah River has its confluence with the Indus River near

Kandiah Bridge, about 20 kilometers upstream of Dasu town.

The dam site identified near Karrang village has reservoir spread over 4 km in upstream

valley. The dam axis was proposed downstream of confluence of Bangroan Khwar on the

right bank and of Dadli Khwar on the left bank where the Kandiah valley becomes narrow

and the valley slopes become steep and form the entrance of a ravine.

The river bed elevation at dam site has been observed as 1420 m a.s.l and reservoir level

was proposed as 1500 m a s l The headrace tunnel crosses the mountains on the left


23/236


to the latter through a jeepable road which has been badly damaged by flashy floods of

2010.

A jeepable road exists in Kandiah valley on its right bank between KKH upto a few

kilometers upstream of Karrang village. The scheme is recommended to be constructed

before upstream identified project Karrang is developed, therefore the improvement of

existing roads and construction of new access roads between KKH and Karrang are

necessary. The access road must be designed truckable for heavy loads.

The construction of an Indus bridge is necessary to connect the next access road systemin Kandiah valley with the KKH on the left bank of Indus. It is estimated that around 25 Km

of upgraded truckable road is essentially needed, alongwith number of bridges in order to

provide accessibility to various locations of the Project. Post flood 2010 conditions

necessitate to rebuild the damaged portion of road within Kandiah valley.

The terrain is characterized by steep embankments in narrow valleys. The roads and mule

paths are subject to landslides, rockfall and avalanches. Therefore, a good quality of

design and construction of the roads is essential.

It has to be mentioned, that the design of the roads is to be carried out to prevent

blockage of the road by rockfall, landslides or avalanches as far as possible considering a

justifiable expenditure, but it cannot be excluded totally.

1.4.1. Air Route

PIA operates daily flights from Islamabad to Gilgit. Landing in Gilgit depends upon the

weather conditions at Gilgit valley. Sometimes, the passengers are stranded at the two

terminal stations for several days, waiting for weather to clear for flights.

1.4.2. Communication Services

Dasu Town has postal services, telephone and a receiving TV booster. The

communication system is not as good as desired. However, it is possible to communicatewith Peshawar and other cities. Also, mobile phones service is available. Mobile telephone

service is available at Dasu town and near adjoining area but no other communication

service is available at two sites.


24/236


The road linking to the Project Site from bridge over Indus River, which was constructed

by FWO, has been totally washed away and therefore, jeepable road access to the Project

Site remains possible for hardly 6 to 7 months per year. The entire locality at Project Siteincluding Thauti village, Chappar, Cool and Aleel villages have been badly damaged.

During recent floods, the Chappar nullah having significant flow has deposited a fan of

boulders/gravel in sufficient height at confluence of Kandiah River where huge landslides

have also occurred at right bank.

Landslides and other types of slope movements along with the Kandiah River particularly

at right bank have occurred which has destroyed almost the whole right bank area of the

valley.

It has been observed that the left bank of the Kandiah River is more stable and rocks are

in good condition. Now the Powerhouse site has been proposed on the left bank near

Thauti Nullah as shown in Annexure- A.2. Additional site investigations have been

conducted to demonstrate the actual geological conditions of the proposed Powerhouse

site to evaluate both the merits and demerits of the location.

1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

The EIA is the planning tool developed in recent years to foresee the environmental

impacts of human intervention in nature arising from development projects. Major

hydropower projects invariably result in many far-reaching environmental, ecological and

socio-cultural changes. Some of these changes benefit human population, while othersthreaten the natural resource based on a short or long term basis.

The undesirable changes are not solely restricted to increasing pollution or loss of natural

resources and habitats for native flora and fauna, but they cover the entire range of

environmental components, such as soil, water, air, and socio-economic and cultural

system. It is now accepted fact that for sustainable economic development, strategies

must be compatible with environmental goals. This requires the incorporation ofenvironmental consideration into the process of development. It is important to make

choices and decisions that will eventually promote sound development by understanding

the environmental functions.

I d ith th P ki t E i t l P t ti A t f 1997 d th P ki t


25/236


The overall objectives of an Environmental Impact Assessment in accordance with the

Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA 1997), and the World Bank guidelines (OP

4.0) include the following:

Help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of projects

Support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision

making process

Promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the

protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and theirfunctions

Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and if not feasible, to assist displaced

persons in improving or at least restoring their livelihoods and standards of living in

real terms relative to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the

beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher

Design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for indigenouspeoples dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness and so that they: (a) receive

culturally compatible social and economic benefits; and (b) do not suffer adverse

effects during the development process

Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or

damage

Assure quality, health and safety in the design and construction of new dams and therehabilitation of existing dams, and in carrying out activities that may be affected by an

existing dam

Enable vulnerable and disadvantaged stakeholder groups to participate in an informed

manner.

1.7. Project Categorization

According to Pakistan Environment Protection Agency regulations for review of IEE andEIA, hydroelectric projects with a generation capacity of over 50 MW and power

transmission lines with a capacity more than 11 kV fall into Schedule-II, i.e. projects

requiring EIA. Similarly, in accordance with the guidelines of the World Bank, the Asian

Development Bank and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation Environmental


26/236


Table 1: Pakistan National EIA Categorization of Proposed Projects

SCHEDULE A

LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING AN EIA

The Projects in Schedule A are generally major projects and have the potential to affect a

large number of people. They also include projects in environmentally sensitive areas. The

impact of such projects may be irreversible and could lead to significant changes in land

use and the social, physical and biological environment.

Agriculture and L ivestock

No EIAs required unless a specific proposal is designated by the Responsible Authority,

which could be the result of significant impacts being discovered at the IEE stage.

Energy

Thermal Power Generation over 200MW

Hydroelectric Power Generation over 50 MW

Petroleum Refineries

Major Power transmission lines (above 11kV) including Grid Stations

Nuclear Power Plants

Manufacturing and Processing

Major manufacturing of chemicals, pesticides or fertilizer

Petrochemical complexes

Major tanning and leather finishing

Man-made fibers and resin projects greater than10 crore (100 million) rupees invalue

Industrial Estates (including export processing zones)

Large scale food processing such as sugar mills, refineries, breweries, distilleries,


27/236


iron, and precious stones

Major smelting plants

Major non-ferrous metals, iron and steel rolling

Transport

Major Ports and Harbours development

Major Airports

Federal or Provincial Highways or major roads greater than 5 crore rupees in value.Maintenance (rebuilding or reconstruction of existing roads is exempted from the

requirement of an EIA).

Major railway works

Water Management; Dams, Irrigation and Flood Protection

Dams and reservoirs with a maximum storage volume greater than 50 million cubicmeters or a surface area greater than 8 square kilometers

Irrigation and drainage serving more than 15,000 hectares

Water Supply and Treatment

Major urban water supply infrastructure, including major head works and treatment

plants.

Waste Disposal

Waste disposal and/or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (including landfill sites,

incineration of hospital toxic waste)

Waste disposal facilities for domestic or industrial wastes, where more than 10,000

cubic meters of waste will handled annually

Urban Development and Tourism

Land use studies and urban plans (large cities)

Large scale tourism developments


28/236


narrow and the issues can be understood and managed through less extensive analysis.

These are projects not generally located in environmentally sensitive areas or smaller

proposals in sensitive areas.

Agricultural and Livestock

Agro-industrial installation: large poultry farms and beef cattle lots

Repacking, formulation or warehousing of agricultural produce

Energy

Thermal Power Generation less than 200 MW

Hydroelectric power generation less than 50 MW

Electrical transmission lines (11kV or smaller), and large distribution projects

Major waste to energy generation projects

Oil and gas transmission systems

Oil and gas extraction including exploration, production, gathering systems,

separation and storage

Manufacturing and Processing

Man-made fibers and resin projects less than 10 crore (100 million) rupees in value

Food processing such as sugar mills, refineries, breweries, distilleries, soft drinks,

milk and dairy products less than than10 crore rupees in value

Sizable ceramics and glass manufacturing

Sizable apparel manufacturing including dying and printing

Manufacturing wood products on a sizable scale.

Mining and Mineral Processing

Commercial extraction of sand, gravel, limestone, clay and other minerals not

included in Schedule A.

Crushing grinding and separating processes


29/236


surface area less than 8 square kilometres

Irrigation and Drainage serving less than 15,000 hectares

Small-scale irrigation systems

Water Supply and Treatment

Minor head works and small systems

Waste Disposal

Waste disposal facility for domestic or industrial wastes, where less than 10,000cubic meters of waste will handled annually

Urban Development and Tourism

Urban development projects, including large rural hotels, schools and universities

Public facilities which have significant off-site impacts (i.e. hospital wastes)

Housing Estates

SCHEDULE C

LIST OF PROJECTS NOT REQUIRING IEE OR EIA

Essentially Schedule C" combines everything not in Schedules A and B. As is the case

for A and B projects, Schedule C projects are also subject to review if they are situated

in an environmentally sensitive or critical area. No attempt is made here to detail these

projects, however some illustrative examples are provided below:

construction of homes, offices and small commercial buildings, subject to compliance

with existing zoning laws;

reconstruction/rehabilitation of roads including sealing;

on-farm dams;

projects promoting energy efficiency; and

lining of existing canals and/or watercourses.

Source: Government of Pakistan Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Policy and procedure


30/236


Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will also be prepared to provide sufficient compensation

and assistance to Project Affected Persons (PAP) for their loss of economic assets and

livelihood. The RAP will be prepared as a separate document containing all details forcompensation that would assist PAP to improve or at least restore their living standard,

income earning or production capacity to the pre-project level.

Main activities carried out for the preparation of the EIA report are as follows:

Collection of baseline information on physical, biological and socio-economic

conditions prevailing in the project area

Impact assessment, mitigation and enhancement measures

Development of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP)

Cost estimate for environmental setup

Public consultation and disclosure

Estimation of carbon credit under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

1.8.2. Limitations

The baseline information documented in the present report reflects the prevailing physical,

biological and socio-economic conditions of the project area. The project is at feasibility

stage and the detailed design and tender documents preparation stages will follow. If the

project is implemented after two years of completion of the design stage then certain

variables such as development of infrastructure, population growth, increase or decreasein the forest, land use, cropping patterns and economic conditions could be changed

significantly.

1.9. Approach and Methodology

1.9.1. Review of Previous Studies

The Environmental Impact Assessment for the Kaigah Hydropower Projecthas not beencarried out at pre-feasibility or identification stage.

Similar studies carried out for other national hydropower projects in the same region or

similar in nature were reviewed to make the current study more comprehensive e.g. the

Basha Diamer HydropowerProject Dasu Hydropower Project and the Neelum Jhelum

545MW K i h H d P j E i l I A R


31/236


1.9.2. Acquisi tion of Secondary Data

The secondary data was collected from various offices and published reports of different

organizations. These organizations included Forest, Agriculture, Fisheries, Wildlife,

Revenue, Industry Departments, Environmental Protection Agency, and International

Union for the Conservation of Nature, District Administration, Tehsil Offices, Food Supply

Department, World Wildlife Fund, Agricultural Research Council andothers.

1.9.3. Collection of Primary Data

The primary data were collected and assessed with reference to different project

components, i.e. dam site, reservoir area, powerhouse, construction camps etc. The data

regarding climate, hydrology, geology, seismology, and other physical features of the

project area were also obtained as part of the preparation of this feasibility study.

a) Vegetation Studies

The assessment area for terrestrial flora and fauna encompasses the terrestrial

environments upstream and downstream of the dam and adjacent areas that may be

affected by the project activities, specifically from the dam to the upper end of the

reservoir impoundment and from the dam to the powerhouse.

The vegetation in the study area is scarce so it was studied by preparation of a floristic

list on visual observation basis. The floristic list is an important tool as it provides a

clue to the species diversity in a community, and indicates the conditionsof the

habitatas each species has its own range of ecological amplitude. The species were

recorded with reference to their existence in the reservoir area, at dam site, auxiliary

works areas and powerhouse site. The growth forms, i.e. trees, shrubs, herbs and

grasses etc., were recorded separately. In preparing such a list, care was taken to

include the rare species and special emphasis was given to the economic species

such as medicinal plants.

b) Wildlife Fauna Studies

Information on wildlife fauna species (mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds etc.) in the

assessment area was compiled based on opportunistic observation, gathering the

existing information and consultation with local experts, community members and



32/236


d) Environmental Flow Study

An environmental flow study was carried out to determine the optimum environmental

flow downstream of the proposed dam for sustainability of the aquatic ecosystem.

e) Social Surveys

The purpose of social survey was to record the present conditions of the people living

in the project area and to assess the expected project impacts on their life,

subsistence systems, and social and cultural conditions. Prior to conducting the field

surveys, the following steps were taken:

Geographic boundaries of the project area were identified and existing villages and

settlements were listed

Decided the sampling procedure in order to draw a representative sample size of

the target population and households

Developed the tools for data collection i.e. questionnaires for household samplesurvey, village profile, women sample survey, community participation and water

use.

In order to obtain comprehensive and detailed information, the following techniques

and tools of data collection were used:

i. Sampling Design

A stratified proportionate random sampling technique was applied to select

adequate and representative samples to generalize survey findings at the project

level. The stratification variables were taken into consideration for enhancing the

representation level for adopting appropriate sampling design.

ii. Stratification Variables

The major objective of the study was to establish baseline socio-economic

conditions for the inhabitants in the proposed reservoir, powerhouse and adjacent

areas of the project. The following factors were taken into consideration for

enhancing the probability of every household being selected in the sample size:


33/236



34/236


socio-economic status of the family and household was obtained from the

respondents.

m) Village Profile

A comprehensive village profile was prepared to document the socio-economic and

demographic data of each sample village in project area.

n) Gender Survey

The consultants developed a separate questionnaire covering various aspects andissues of women in the area. The services of a qualified local female were hired for

this survey. In total, 31 women were interviewed. Respondent women were selected

by applying the same technique as used for socio- economic survey.

o) Data Editing

The filled-in questionnaires and interviewing guides were edited by the same fieldinvestigators, who were involved in the data collection. This was done immediately

after completing the field investigations.

p) Data Analysis

Data sets were processed after the completion of the field survey and editing of socio-

economic information. Analysis of this diversified data and preparation of conclusions

in the minimum possibletime was achieved using statistical techniques of data

analysis.



35/236

g y p w j v p p

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1. Salient Features

Salient features of the project are given in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Salient Features of the Project

Hydrology (Design f lows)

Design discharge 125 m3/s

Mean Annual Flow 68.0 m3/s

Design flood (10,000 Year Flood) 2113 m3/s

Reservoir

Reservoir length 3500 m

Reservoir area 74300 m2

Max. reservoir operating level 1500 m.a.s.l

Min. reservoir operating level 1480 m.a.s.l

Reservoir capacity at 1500 m.a.s.l 40.39 MCM

Reservoir capacity at 1480 m.a.s.l 19.65 MCM

Dam Structure

Dam height 100 m.a.s.l

Dam crest level 1510 m.a.s.l

Dam crest length 400 m.a.s.l

Spillways

No. of Bays 1

Number of gates Ungated

Gate Type N/A

Width of gate -



36/236

g y p j p p

Power Waterways

Power Intake

Type Deep Frontal

No. of gates 2

Gate size (WxH) 5.3 x 6.7 m

Deck elevation 1511.0 m.a.s.l

Intake sill level 1464.0 m.a.s.lLow Pressure Headrace Tunnel

Diameter 7.7 m

Length 17058 m

Surge Tank

Diameter 10.5 m

Height 260 m

Power Generation

Gross head (HWL-Turbine centre line) 527.5 m

Max. Net head 523.9 m

Min. Net head 480 m

Plant Design discharge 125 m3/s

Installed plant capacity 545 MW

Turbine Type Pelton vertical

No. of units 3

Turbine centerline level 972.65 m.a.s.l

Generator 3

Design Annual Energy 2112.0 GWh



37/236

2.2. Project Components

The main components of the project include the construction of a dam and a powerhouse.

The dam includes a asphalt faced rock-fill dam (AFRD), spillways, diversion tunnels,headrace tunnels and tailrace tunnels. The powerhouse includes caverns for the

generating units, transformers and a gate gallery and switchyard.

2.2.1. Dam

The selected dam axis is located 400 m downstream of confluence of two Bangroan

Khwar with Kandiah River. The dam structures includes: a 100 m high (including

foundations) Asphalt Face Rockfill Dam (AFRD) with overflow spillway, flushing low level

outlets and intake structures for headrace tunnel. The water way leads from the left bank

of the dam site to a powerhouse cavern placed on the left bank of the Kandiah River near

Thauti Nullah.

The Kaigah dam site is located some 28 km upstream of the Kaigah confluence with the

Indus River and 0.40 km downstream of Karrang village. The valley at the dam axis is

about 300 to 400 m wide with moderate to steep slopes (40~60) having slope height in

access of 500 m. An upstream looking of the Dam site is shown in Photo-log attached as

Annexure-B

2.2.2. Diversion Tunnels

During the construction of the dam the river Kaigah is by-passed in a diversion tunnel

through the right bank of the dam site. The tunnel has a length of about 730 m, a gradientof some 4 % and a horseshoe shape in cross section.

2.2.3. Cofferdams

Two cofferdams, one upstream of the main dam and other downstream of the main dam,

will be constructed to divert the river through the diversion tunnels water prior to and

during the construction of the main dam.

2.2.4. Reservoir

The calculation of the reservoir areas and volumes are based on the topographical survey

in scale 1:1,000. The storage volume elevation curve was computed by using the frustum

f l Th i f th h d d f K i h d it i h i th



38/236

The total storage volume at full supply level (FSL) 1500 m a.s.l. is given to 40.39 mi. m3.

At minimum operating level (MOL) 1480 m a.s.l. The storage volume accounts about

19.65 mi. m3and the dead storage of the Kaigah reservoir is 20.74 million m3.

2.2.5. Spillways

For the spilling of floods a side overfall with inclined chute is intended. Floods with an

amount of more than 2113.0 m/s flow are spilled. Three bays each of 10 m width and 12m high are proposed. The uncontrolled ogee-shaped side overfall, which leads into a

steeply inclined chute with a plunge pool, is situated on the right side of the dam and is

able to spill the design flood at a water elevation in the reservoir of 1500 m a.s.l. The

overfall edge is set at elevation 1510 m a.s.l.

2.2.6. Headrace Tunnel

The headrace tunnel would be a low pressure tunnel proposed on the left bank of Kandiah

River. From intake to surge tank area, there will be 5 adits on the way where the tunnel

cross nallahs underneath.



39/236

Length: 17.058 km

Inner diameter: 7.7 m

Lining: Concrete

Roughness kst (Strickler): 125 m1/3/s

Flow velocity at design discharge of 125 m/s: 3.1 m/s

2.2.7. Powerhouse

The suggested powerhouse is planned in the left bank of the Kandian Valley near Thauti

village. The power house location has been chosen on the basis of geological data, so

that the cavern can be founded on solid rock and away from potential landslide zones to

the south. In addition, it has been tried to keep the excavation volume minimal. The

proposed powerhouse area is shown in the figure below.

River Kandiah near Powerhouse Site

2.2.8. Tailrace Tunnel

Restitution of the turbined water to the Kandiah River will be through the tailwater tunnel.

General technical data:

Length: 3.39 km

Size of tunnel: 8 mSlope: 0.1 %

Height difference: 0.5 m

Lining: Concrete



40/236

infrastructure within the valley is to be established in order to materialize the Kaigah

Hydropower Project.

2.2.10. Auxi liary Facil ities Areas

The plain area for construction of auxiliary facilities has been identified near the

powerhouse site (Annexure- F3 & F4) For the dam site relatively small areas is available

near the dam site on upstream of both left and right abutments. These areas will be used

principally for batching, processing and stockpiling of materials for the construction.

Auxiliary services will be required for following purposes:

Client and Engineers offices and residences

Contractor camps

Batching plant

Workshops

Spoil disposal

Quarries

Aggregate stockpiling, batching and processing

Borrow pits

Turbine factory

Water Treatment Plant.

2.3. Project Alternatives Analysis

2.3.1. General

The main purpose of the Analysis of Alternatives is to compare feasible alternatives to the

proposed project and its components (site, technology, design and operation etc.)

including a without project scenario. The potential environmental impacts of each

alternative and the feasibility of mitigation of any impacts along with their suitability under

local conditions are also compared.

2.3.2. No Project Option



41/236

is more expensive, being dependent on the imported oil, and is less environmental friendly

due to high emission rate of GHGs. The power shortfall situation is being tackled through

load management by shedding and supplying the power to various areas and sectorsalternatively. The economy of the country is at stake as number of industrial/commercial

units are either closed or are run far less than the optimum period of time.

Hydropower generation is very attractive for sustainable development of the country as it

reduces the need for imports and can abate substantial amount of GHG emission by

substituting for largely gas and oil based power generation. The no project option would

therefore require the installation of more thermal units which will further aggravate the

economy and will become a major source of environmental degradation.

2.3.3. With Project Option

The Kaigah HPP is designed to generate electricity from a renewable energy source

having almost zero emissions and the power generated will be supplied to the national

grid. The project would therefore be displacing fossil fuelled generation.The expected

power generation from Kaigah HPP (545 MW) will boost the countrys economy withrelatively cheap source of renewable power.

Studies are undertaken during the feasibility stage of the project considered alternatives

for each project component i.e. project site, dam site and powerhouse site. Each

alternative was assessed on technical, economic and environmental basis to determine

the best option.

2.3.4. Alternatives for Project Site

The Government of Pakistan (GoP) launched a project in 1981 with financial assistance

from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), to identify and study

potential sites to maximize water storage and hydropower generation. The GoP engaged

Montreal Engineering Company (MONENCO) to prepare an inventory and to undertake a

ranking study of the potential water storage and hydropower generation sites along the

upper reaches of the Indus and its tributaries. MONENCO submitted its report inNovember 1984 in which Kaigah Hydropower Project was first identified.

The MONENCO study envisaged the development of large portions of the Indus Valley

and therefore changing the impact of particular scheme might have limited a net impact as



42/236

2.4. Layout of Feasibil ity Report

The Feasibility Report is being prepared in fourteen (14) volumes, which are:

a) Volume 1 Main Report

b) Volume 2 Topographic Survey Study Report

c) Volume 3 Hydrology and Sedimentation Study Report

d) Volume 4 Geological and Geotechnical Study Report

e) Volume 5 Neo-tectonic and Seismic Hazard Analysis

f) Volume 6 Hydropower Planning Study Report

g) Volume 7 Dam & Generation Works Study Report

h) Volume 8 Mechanical Equipment & Hydraulic Steel Structures

i) Volume 9 Electrical Equipment Study Report

j) Volume 10 Transportation Study Report

k) Volume 11 Transmission Line Study Report

l) Volume 12 Environmental & Social Impacts Assessment Study Report

m) Volume 13 Cost Estimates & Financial Analysis

n) Volume 14 Project Drawings

2.4.1. Composi tion of EIA Report

This EIA Report is aimed to form the basis for planning and implementing of the KaigahHydropower Project with respect to environmental management. The EIA outlines the

environmental baseline conditions, the anticipated environmental impacts, proposed

mitigation measures, anticipated land acquisition and relocation measures, environmental

monitoring parameters and associated costs. After obtaining the necessary clearance from



43/236

Description of Existing Environmental Settings

Description of Anticipated Potential impacts

Proposed Mitigatory Measures

Proposed Monitoring Programme

Conclusion & Recommendations



44/236

3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1. General

The legislation of Pakistan contains many laws in the form of Acts, and ordinances which

have direct or indirect relevance and implications in the layout, design, construction and

operation of the Kaigah Hydropower Project.The main national and international

instruments of environmental legislation, which have bearing on the project, are discussed

in this chapter. The prevailing operational manuals and guidelines of the World Bank,

the Asian Development Bank and other donors and financial institutions are also

considered. Pakistan is signatory to various international conventions for pollution control

and biodiversity, which are also mentioned.

3.2. Environment Regulatory Authorities

The development of statutory and other instruments for environmental protection has

steadily gained priority in Pakistan since late 1970s. The Pakistan Environmental

Protection Ordinance (PEPO 1983) was the first legislation designed specifically for the

protection of the environment. The promulgation of this ordinance was followed in 1984 bythe creation of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) headed by the Chief

Executive of the country as the highest inter-ministerial and multi- stakeholders decision

making body and establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), the federal level government institution dealing with environmental issues.The

Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development is responsible for

policy making and planning in respect of environmental aspects at national level.

3.2.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Council

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) is the highest inter-ministerial

statutory body in the country headed by the Chief Executive for formulation of national

environmental policy, enforcement of PEPA 1997, approval of the National Environmental

Quality Standards (NEQS), incorporation of environmental considerations into national

development plans and policies and to provide guidelines for the protection and

conservation of biodiversity in general and for the conservation of renewable and non-

renewable resources.



45/236

Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

For Municipal and Liquid Indust rial Effluents

(Mg/l, unless otherwise defined)

Sr.No.

ParameterExisting

Standards

Revised Standards

IntoInlandWaters

Into SewageTreatment

Into Sea

1 Temperature/ Temperature increase* 40o C 3oC 3oC 3oC

2 pH value 6 - 10 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 9

3 5-days Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD) at 20oC. (1)

80 80 250 80**

4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)(1)

150 150 400 150

5 Total Suspended Solids 150 200 400 200

6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 3500 3500 3500

7 Grease and Oil 10 10 10 10

8 Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3

9 Chloride (as CI) 1000 1000 1000 SC

10 Fluoride (as F) 20 10 10 1011 Cyanide (as QN) total 2 1 1 1

12 An-lonic Detergents (as MBAS) (2) 20 20 20 20

13 Sulphate (SO4) 600 600 1000 SC

14 Sulphide (S) 1.0 1 1 1

15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40 40

16 Pesticides, Herbicides, Fungicidesand Insecticides (3)

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

17 Cadmium (4) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.118 Chromium (trivalent & hexavalent)

(4)1.0 1 1 1

19 Copper (4) 1.0 1 1 1

20 Lead (4) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

21 Mercury (4) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

22 Selenium (4) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

23 Nickel (4) 1.0 1 1 1

24 Silver (4) 1.0 1 1 125 Total Toxic Metals 2.0 2 2 2

26 Zinc 5.0 5 5 5

27 Arsenic (4) 1.0 1 1 1

28 Barium (4) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5



46/236

1. Summing minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge, lower ratio would attract progressively stringentstandards to be determined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution

means for example, that for each one cubic meter of treated effluent the recipient water bodyshould have 10 cubic meter of water for dilution of this effluent.2. Modified Benzene Alkyl Sulphate; assuming surfactant as bio-degradable.3. Pesticides. Herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.4. Subject to total toxic metals discharge.5. Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80 mg/l is

achieved by the sewer treatment system.6. Provided discharge is not at shore and not within 10 miles of mangrove or other important

estuaries.

SC Discharge concentration at or below Sea concentration.

* The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 3C at the edge of thezone where initial mixing and dilution take place. In case zone is not defined, use 100 meters fromthe point of discharge.

Note: Dilution of gaseous emissions and liquid effluents to bring them to the NEQS limiting valueis not permissible through excess air mixing/blowing into the gaseous emissions or through freshwater mixing with the effluent before discharge into environment.

** The value of BOD and COD is 200 and 400 respectively

Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)For Industrial Gaseous Emission

(Mg / NM

3

, unless otherwise defined)Sr.No.

Parameter Source of EmissionExisting

StandardsRevised

Standards

1 Smoke (1) Smoke opacity not to exceed40% or 2

(Ringlemann scale)

40%

2 Particulate Matter (2) Boilers and furnaces:

(i) Oil fired.

(ii) Coal fired.(iii) Cement Kilns.

Grinding, crushing, clinker coolersand related processes,metallurgical processes, converterblast furnaces and cupolas

300500200500

300500200500



47/236

8Carbon monoxide(3)

Any. 800800

9 Lead (3) Any. 5050

10 Mercury (3) Any.10

10

11 Cadmium (3) Any. 2020

12 Arsenic (3) Any. 2020

13 Cooper (3) Any. 50

50

14 Antimony (3) Any. 2020

15 Zinc (3) Any 200 200

16 Oxides of Nitrogens

Nitric acid manufacturing UnitGas fired.Oil firedCoal fired

400

400

3000400600

12001. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulates is 10 micron or more.2. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants

operating on oil or coal as fuel shall, in addition to national Environmental QualityStandards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standard.

Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Ambient Air Requirements (NEQS)A. SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Sulphur Dioxide Background Levels (g/m3)

Standards

Background Air

Quality (SO2

Basic)

AnnualAverage

(g/m3

)

Max. In 24 HourInterval

(g/m3

)

Criterion I

Max. SO2Emission(Tons/day/Plant)

Criterion II

Max. AllowableGround LevelIncrement ToAmbient (One year

average, g/m3)

U ll t d < 50 < 200 500 50



48/236

3.2.2. Minist ry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development

The Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development is the main

federal level government organization responsible for protection of the environment andresource conservation and is headed by a federal minister. The Ministry works in

collaboration with the PEPC and the federaland provincial Environment Protection

Agencies (EPA).

3.2.3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The EPA is headed by a Director General and has wide ranging functions as given in

PEPA 1997. These include preparation and co-ordination of national environmental policy

for approval by PEPC, administering and implementing PEPA 1997 and preparation,

revision or establishment of NEQS. The EPA issued regulations regarding the

environmental assessment procedures known as Review of IEE and EIA Regulations,

2000 in order to give a firm legal status to the IEE and EIA. The jurisdiction of the EPA is

applicable to the following projects:

On federal land

Military projects

Involving trans-country impacts, and

Bearing trans-province impacts.

3.2.4. Provincial Level Institutions

Each provincial government has its own provincial EPAs and EPDs, which are the

provincial level counterparts of the EPA. The provincial EPAs are formed by the respective

provincial governments headed by a Director General who exercises powers delegated to

him by the concerned provincial government. A separate EPA for the Northern Areas at

Gilgit has also been established. The IEE and EIA reports pertaining to projects falling

within the different provincial boundaries and the Northern Areas are submitted to the

relevant provincial EPA and Northern Areas EPA for approval.

3.3. National Conservation Strategy (NCS)

The Pakistan Nationa