report of nerves tissue
TRANSCRIPT
RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Animal Structure experiment with title “Nerves tissue”
which written by:
Name : Sureni Hikmawati s
ID : 081404176
Group : VI
Class : D (Biology ICP)
After checked by assistant and coordinator assistant, this report accepted.
Makassar,
Coordinator Assistant Assistant
(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) ( Andi Anna Ariana )
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
Every human being has ability for answering to stimulus, not only from
inside area but from outside area too. This ability to have because in the human
being provided with sensitive body appliance to environment. The appliance to
collectively make a system which to know with nerves system. Nerves system of
human being containing at least 10 billion. Nerves cell is basic component of
nerves tissue. Nerves system covering of brain, ganglion backbone marrow and
nerves. The structural and functional units from nerves system are nerves cell and
neuron. Centre nerves system consists of brain and ganglion backbone marrow,
while edge nerves system consists of all nerves which located outside of brain and
inside of backbone marrow. Nerves tissue is compiled by nerves cells which
called neuron. Neuron has typical characteristic with existence of cytoplasm
sticking out till reach very distance far. Neuron is deliverer of communication
between environmental with body. Cell body containing nucleus. Every
excitement will bring to cell body passing dendrite. Nerves system have two
especially functions are for detecting , analyzing, using and sending all
information which generated by sensory stimulus, and mechanical and chemical
change which happen in inside environmental and also outside environmental.,
and for organizing and arranging, either trough is direct and also indirect most of
function of body, especially motoric activity , visceral, endocrine, and bounce.
Nerves tissue is tissue which have histology structure which immeasurable
and for knowing histology structure from nerves tissue ( Nerves tissue at the Cow
nerve cell smear, Nerve cell and nerves tissue at the Human sympathetic nerve ) ,
so we did this experiment.
B. Purpose
This practicum to purpose for observation structure of nerves tissue histology
at the Cow nerve cell smear, Nerve cell and at the Human sympathetic nerve.
C. Benefit
Can to observation and knowing farther about histology structure of nerves
tissue, besides can extending our knowledge about nerves tissue.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEV OF LITERATURE
Nerves tissue or nerves system guarantying sensitivity of animal to
environmental energy. So that cans self consciousness arid and its environment. Can
awakening and also control muscle movements, and also gland secretion, also play a
part in instinct behavior and things studied. Nerves tissue of parenchyma consists of
neuron which supported by neuralgia. Neuron is set of functional morphology and
also nerve activity also representing nutritive unit, because indirectly can maintaining
life of cells in organs which it. Because neuron can not performing again of mitosis to
pascanatal life. So it ages enough length. All system of nerves is solidarity of
morphology system and functional. So according to concept divided in centre nerves
formatting and Ferrier nerves formatting ( Delmann , 1989 )
Nervous tissue is one of four major classes of vertebrate tissue. (The others being
connective tissue, muscle tissue and epithelial tissue.). The function of the nervous
tissue is in communication between parts of the body. It is composed of neurons,
which transmit impulses, and the neuroglia, which assist propagation of the nerve
impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neuron. Every time you get pinched, part
of your nerve tissue is damaged. All nervous tissue of a living organism makes up its
nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the
organism. Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells that come in many varieties, all of
which are distinctly characteristic by the axon or long stem like part of the cell that
sends action potential signals to the next cell, All living cells have the ability to react
to stimuli. (Anonin, 2009 )
Centre nerve system including in brain and backbone marrow. Ferrier nerves
system consist on complete nerves and ganglia and which is the biggest in all body,
including cranial nerve, and spinal nerve. Nerves system woke up by components of
nerve cells or neuron, ganglia cells ( Szechwan cell, oligodendrocite, microglia,
ependym, astrosit, satellite cells ) and real cartilage tissue ( Adnan, 2008 )
Nerve tissue is the most complex tissue in the body. It is the substance of
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Nerve tissue requires more oxygen and
nutrients than any other body tissue. The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the neuron .
This highly specialized cell receives stimuli from, and conducts impulses to, all
parts of the body ( Anonym , 2009 )
Nerves tissue share in stimulus acceptance and forwarding of stimulus. In
embryology, this tissue come from ectoderm layer. This tissue there are in centre
nerves system ( brain and backbone marrow ) and at the edge nerves system. It’s two
kinds of nerves cells, there are nerves cells and support cell ( glia cells ). Neuron
containing of body cells, nucleus and sticking out or fiber. One type of sticking out is
dendrite, which share in accepted signal from other cells and continue to cell body.
Type of sticking out the other nerves cells called axon, which share in continue signal
of body cells to other neuron. Some axon has very long is long from brain until to
under abdomen sides ( long is ½ meter or more ). Signal transmission from neuron,
found support cells too, like glia cells ( Campbell, 1999 )
The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that communicate
information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information
and causes reactions in other parts of the body. It is composed of neurons and other
specialized cells called glia, that aid in the function of the neurons. The nervous
system is divided broadly into two categories: the peripheral nervous system and the
central nervous system. Neurons generate and conduct impulses between and within
the two systems. The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory neurons and
the neurons that connect them to the nerve cord, spinal cord and brain, which make
up the central nervous system. In response to stimuli, sensory neurons generate and
propagate signals to the central nervous system which then processes and conducts
signals back to the muscles and glands. The neurons of the nervous systems of
animals are interconnected in complex arrangements and use electrochemical signals
and neurotransmitters to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. The
interaction of the different neurons form neural circuits that regulate an organism's
perception of the world and what is going on with its body, thus regulating its
behavior. Nervous systems are found in many multicellular animals but differ greatly
in complexity between species ( Anonym , 2009 )
Nerve tissue is composed of celis and fibres enclosed by connective tissue and
supplied with bloodvessels and lymphatics ; it controls all the other tissues, it is not
contractile, but generates and propagates. various impulses. The fibres and cells are
arranged in masses called 'Nerve Centres,' or in cords called nerves. The former
contain fibres and cells ; they generate, receive and transmit nervous impulses ; the
latter are composed wholly of fibres which only transmit impulses. They have been
likened to a galvanic battery ; the battery, like the nerve centres, generates, receives
and transmits the electric current, while the wires, like the nerves, only conduct to
and from the battery. They consist of small bundles of fibres called funiculi, bound
together by a delicate sheath of membrane neurilemma ; these small bundles are
again bound into large ones called fasciculi, the whole nerve being at last enclosed in
a common sheath of connective tissue. Cellular tissue, owing to its colour, is called
gray substance ( Adnan, 2007 )
CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM MTEHOD
A. Time and Place
Day/Date : Thursday, April 23th , 2009
Time : At 02.00 – 04.00 pm
Place : In Eastern Biology Laboratory of FMIPA of Makassar State
University (UNM)
B. Tool and Materials
1. Tool
a. Microscope
2. Materials
a. Observation I : Nerve cells
b. Observation II : Cow nerve cell smear
c. Observation III : Human sympathetic nerve
C. Work Procedure
1. Observation I
a. Prepared a nerve cell ( brain )
b. Observed carefully parts of brain tissue histology, there are molecular
layer, purkinye cells layer, and granular layer. Watched satellite cells,
purkinye cells, and granula cells too.
c. Drew the observation result.
2. Observation II
a. Prepared a Cow nerve cell smear
b. Use 10 x 40 enlargement, then observed nerve cell at the prepared. Mark
at the nerves cell , watched cell body, nucleus , dendrite and acxon.
c. Drew the observation result
3. Observation III
a. Prepared a Human Sympathetic nerve
b. Use 10 x 40 enlargement , then observed nerves fiber , perinerium,
adipocyte tissue at the perinerium, connective tissue interfasiculer,
satellite cells, fibroblast, and ganglia cells.
CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSION
A. Result
Observation I : Nerves tissue of Nerve cell ( brain )
Enlargement : 10 x 10
Notes:
1. Molecular layer
2. Purkinye layer
3. Granular layer
4. Satellite cells
5. Purkinye cells
Comparing Picture
Observation II : Nerves tissue of Cow nerve cell smear
Enlargement : 10 x 40
Notes:
1. Dendrite
2. Cell body
3. Nucleus
4. Schwann cell
5. Myelin shroud
6. Renvier nodus
7. Neurite
8. Axon
9. Cytoplasm
Comparing Picture
Observation II : Nerves tissue of Human sympathetic nerve
Enlargement : 10 x 40
Notes:
1. Adipocyte cell
2. Nerve fiber
3. Fibroblast
4. Glia cells
5. Perinerium
6. Intravascular connective
tissue
Comparing Picture
B. Discusion
1. Observation I : Nerves tissue of nerve cell
At the nerves tissue of Nerve cells, consists from molecular layer,
purkinye cell, granular cell, satellite cell, and purkinye cells. Molecular layer
is the outside layer, like smooth fiber which meeting compile. Purkinye layer
which containing juts out of axon is visible more strong, the nucleus less
solid. The juts out of axon is a long process and the general not branching and
visible like tree with form and size are different. Beside that containing juts
out of axon too and located in satellite cell which have size bigger than other
cells. As for purkinye cells usually certain period interlude with satellite cells
which residing it around.
2. Observation II : Nerves tissue of Cow nerve cell smear
At this observation, it observed is structure histology of nerves tissue at
the Cow nerve cell smear. At this observation we can see existence of nerves
cell body, nucleus, dendrite and axon. According to Delmann, cell body or
pericardium from a neuron consists from nucleus, cytoplasm and plasmalema
which surround nucleus. Nucleus from a neuron make form like ellipse or
circular, big relative and have character of eukromatik. Dendrite is long
cytoplasm channel, branching wide of , Especially at multipolar neuron.
Dendrite which out from body cell, branch’s like tree. Especial jetty of
dendrite have organelle look like cell body. At small branch of dendrite many
there are micro reed, with neurofilamen, mitochondria, small bunch and cell
of ribosome. Axon as a rule length, in form of cylinder and seldom branch. if
there are any branch as a rule emerge is vertical of axon referred called
collateral.
3. Observation III : Nervous tissue of Human sympathetic nerve
At this observation, we can see nervous fiber, adipocyte tissue,
intravascular connective tissue, ganglia cells, satellite cell and myelin fiber
with fibroblast. Nervous fiber have is the biggest Conductivity there are easy
accepting kinds of physically stimulus and bring from one place to other
place. A nervous is a fold axon from a number of neuron covered up by
perinerium having extension into binding mentioned as endonerium. Nervous
fiber containing ganglia cells, while adipocyte tissue is outside layer from
human sympathetic nerve and limited by intravascular connective tissue.
Satellite cells located under perinerium which have size is bigger then other
cells. In Structural nerve fiber containing myelin fiber with fibroblast, where
this fiber is shroud encircling axon from a neuron, which consist from lipoid
substations. This fiber to surround too by a shroud membrane called
Szechwan cells.
CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
1. Nerve tissue consists on nerves cells which called neuron. This nerve tissue
have branch’s structure to other part of body for arranging activity. Nerve cell
consist on cell body , neurit, dendrite, nucleus , axon, cytoplasm, myelin
shroud, sechwan cell, renvier nodus, and akson terminal.
2. At sympathetic human nerve, located at parts like adipocyte cell, nerve fiber,
perimerium, connective tissue, intravascular tissue and ganglia cells.
3. Histology structure of nervous tissue at Nerve cells consist from molecular
layer, purkinye layer and granular layer.
B. Saran
1. We hope so that the prepared tools like preparat must more so that the
practicum can doing be good
2. We hope to every practicing so that we can know the subjet be good before
doing observation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan. 2007. Struktur Hewan. Jurusan Biologi. FMIPA UNM. Makassar
Adnan, dkk. 2008. Penuntun Praktikum Struktur Hewan. Jurusan Biologi. FMIPA
UNM. Makassar.
Anonym. 2009. http:/id.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Nervous tissue, accepted at 29 April
2009
Campble. 1999. Biologi. Erlangga: Jakarta
Delmann, Dieter, H. 1989. Histology Veteriner. UI. Jakarta.
Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue is composed of celis and fibres enclosed by connective tissue and supplied with bloodvessels and lymphatics ; it controls all the other tissues, it is not contractile, but generates and propagates. various impulses. The fibres and cells are arranged in masses called 'Nerve Centres,' or in cords called nerves. The former contain fibres and cells ; they generate, receive and transmit nervous impulses ; the latter are composed wholly of fibres which only transmit impulses. They have been likened to a galvanic battery ; the battery, like the nerve centres, generates, receives and transmits the electric current, while the wires, like the nerves, only conduct to and from the battery. They consist of small bundles of fibres called funiculi, bound together by a delicate sheath of membrane neurilemma ; these small bundles are again bound into large ones called fasciculi, the whole nerve being at last enclosed in a common sheath of connective tissue. Cellular tissue, owing to its colour, is called gray substance.
Nervous system The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body. It is composed of neurons and other specialized cells called glia, that aid in the function of the neurons. The nervous system is divided broadly into two categories: the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Neurons generate and conduct impulses between and within the two systems. The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory neurons and the neurons that connect them to the nerve cord, spinal cord and brain, which make up the central nervous system. In response to stimuli, sensory neurons generate and propagate signals to the central nervous system which then processes and conducts signals back to the muscles and glands. The neurons of the nervous systems of animals are interconnected in complex arrangements and use electrochemical signals and neurotransmitters to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. The interaction of the different neurons form neural circuits that regulate an organism's perception of the world and what is going on with its body, thus regulating its behavior. Nervous systems are found in many multicellular animals but differ greatly in complexity between species.
Nervous system in humans The human nervous system can be described both by gross anatomy, (which describes the parts that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye,) and by microanatomy, (which describes the system at a cellular level.) In gross anatomy, the nervous system can be divided into two systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system, and includes the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cavity holds and protects the spinal cord, while the head contains and protects the brain. The CNS is covered by the meninges, a three layered protective coat. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is also protected by the vertebrae.
Peripheral nervous system The PNS is a regional term for the collective nervous structures that do not lie in the CNS. The bodies of the nerve cells lie in the CNS, either in the brain or the spinal cord, and the longer of the cellular processes of these cells, known as axons, extend through the limbs and the flesh of the torso. The large majority of the axons which are commonly called nerves, are considered to be PNS. The cell bodies of afferent PNS nerves lie in the dorsal root ganglia.
Microanatomy The nervous system is, on a small scale, primarily made up of neurons. However, glial cells also play a major role.
Neurons Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. Neurons are the core components of the brain, the vertebrate spinal cord, the invertebrate ventral nerve cord, and the peripheral nerves. A number of different types of neurons exist: sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli effecting sensory organs and send signals to the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and cause muscle contractions and affect glands, Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord.
Glial cells Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the total human brain, the number of glia is estimated to be roughly the same as neurons. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons. They are thus known as the "glue" of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
Nervous tissueNervous tissue is one of four major classes of vertebrate tissue. (The others
being connective tissue, muscle tissue and epithelial tissue.). The function of the nervous tissue is in communication between parts of the body. It is composed of neurons, which transmit impulses, and the neuroglia, which assist propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neuron. Every time you get pinched, part of your nerve tissue is damaged. All nervous tissue of a living organism makes up its nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the organism. Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells that come in many varieties, all of which are distinctly characteristic by the axon or long stem like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell. All living cells have the ability to react to stimuli. Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissue (as in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body) are all made up of specialized nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are easily stimulated and transmit impulses very rapidly. A nerve is made up of many nerve cell fibers (neurons) bound together by connective tissue. A sheath of dense connective tissue, the epineurium surrounds the nerve. This sheath penetrates the nerve to form the perineurium which surrounds bundles of nerve fibers. Blood vessels of various sizes can be seen in the epineurium. The endoneurium, which consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, surrounds the individual nerve fibers.
The cell body is enclosed by a cell (plasma) membrane and has a central nucleus. Granules called Nissl bodies are found in the cytoplasm of the cell body. Within the cell body, extremely fine neurofibrils extend from the dendrites into the axon. The axon is surrounded by the myelin sheath, which forms a whitish, non-cellular, fatty layer around the axon. Outside the myelin sheath is a cellular layer called the neurilemma or sheath of Schwann cells. The myelin sheath together with the neurilemma is also known as the medullary sheath. This medullary sheath is interrupted at intervals by the nodes of Ranvier.
Neuronal CommunicationNerve cells are functionally made to each other at a junction known as a
synapse, where the terminal branches of an axon and the dendrites of another neuron lie in close proximity to each other but normally without direct contact. Information is transmitted across the gap by chemical secretions called neurotransmitters. It causes activation in the post-synaptic cell.
Classification of NeuronsOn the basis of their structure, neurons can also be classified into three main types:a. Unipolar Neurons
Sensory neurons have only a single process or fibre which divides close to the cell body into two main branches (axon and dendrite). Because of their structure they are often referred to as unipolar neurons.
b. Bipolar NeuronsBipolar neurons are spindle-shaped, with a dendrite at one end and an
axon at the other . An example can be found in the light-sensitive retina of the eye.
c. Multipolar NeuronsMotor neurons, which have numerous cell processes (an axon and many
dendrites) are often referred to as multipolar neurons. Interneurons are also multipolar.
Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue is the most complex tissue in the body. It is the substance
of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Nerve tissue requires more oxygen and nutrients than any other body tissue. The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the neuron (fig. 1-12). This highly specialized cell receives stimuli from, and conducts impulses to, all parts of the body