Report:COMPUTER HARDWARE AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND

SYSTEMPresented by: Karl Jason

PiocosMaureen Debatian

I. COMPUTER SYSTEMi. COMPUTER HARDWAREWhat is Computer?- It is a special machine that performs tasks, such

as calculations, data processing and handling, electronic communication etc. under the control of a set of instructions called a PROGRAM. A computer can keep huge amounts of data and save in memory of computer.

4 main functions of computer:- Accepts data- Processes data- Produces output- Stores Result

ii. Basic Parts of a Computer- Monitor - displays information in visual form,

using text and graphics.- Keyboard -  is used mainly for typing text

into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys.

- Mouse - is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.

- Modem - To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. 

A computer can do billions of actions per second. Failures are usually due to human error, one way or another.

Main component of a Typical Computer- CPU (Central Processing unit) – The

microprocessor “BRAIN” of the computer system- Memory – This is a very fast storage used to

hold data. It connects directly to the microprocessor.

- Types of memory:- RAM (Random – Access Memory) – Used to

temporarily store information.- ROM (Read – Only Memory) – A permanent type

of memory storage.

-BIOS (Basic input/output System) – A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on.

- Caching – The storing of frequently used of data in extremely fast RAM.

- Virtual Memory – Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM.

- Motherboard – This is the main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to.

- Power supply – An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by the computer.

- Hard Disk – This is large – capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents

- Operating System – This is the basic software that allows the user to interface with the computer.

- Integrated Drive Electronics(IDE)Controller – The primary interface for the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk.

- Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI)Bus – The most common way to connect additional components to the computer.

- SCSI – Pronounced “scuzzy”, the small computer system interface is a method of adding additional devices .

- AGP(Accelerated Graphic port) – a very high speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer

- Sound Card – This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting along sound into digital information.

- Graphics Card – This translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor.

- 2 Main Parts of Computer- Hardware - are the parts of computer itself

including the CPU.- Software – is a collection of computer

programs and related data that provide the instruction telling a computer what to do and how to do it.

- Categories of Software- Application Software – Software that help

us do some type of useful work.Eg. Word processing, Spreadsheets, Database

etc.- System Software – Software that controls all

of the hardware and makes it easier to use the application software.

Eg. Operating System, Operating Environments, Utility programs etc.

iii. Types of Computer as to use (General Performance Level)- Personal or Micro – Computers for personal

use come in all shapes and sizes, from tiny PDA’s (Personal Digital Assistant) to PC (Personal Computer) towers.

- Server – refers to a computer’s function rather than to a specific kind of computer. A server runs a network of computers.

- Processing – is the special ability of the computer.

- Calculations- Comparisons- Decisions

iv. Input DevicesPointing Devices:- Mouse – a ball underneath rolls as the mouse

moves across the mouse pad.PDA- A Personal Digital Assistant is a handheld

computer also known as a palmtop computer. Currently a typical PDA has a touch screen for entering data, a memory card slot for data storage and at least one for connectivity.

Terminals – consist of keyboard and a screen so it can be considered an input device.

- Display Terminals- Video Display TerminalsSound Input – recording sounds for your

computer requires special equipment.General Devices - Page Scanner- Hand Scanner- Bar Code Reader- Optical Marks

Input/output Devices – when you enter a new data, the keystroke must be stored until the computer can do something with the new data.

Main memory – this is were the computer stores the data and commands that are currently being used.

Primary Storage Devices – this are storage devices which can store data by means of transferring the data from the computer to an external device. Example of these is Flash drives

Computer Communication – is the transmission of data and information over a communication channels between 2 two computers.

- Types:- Data communication- Telecommunication- Teleprocessing

II. Computer Software and SystemComputer Software - is a collective term in I.T used to describe the

function or the contributions of the set of commands, procedures in computer system. The computer software executes commands depending on the direction of the user or programmer.

- Types of software:- There are particularly 3 types of software

that are distinguished according to its function and according to the manner it processes the system:

- System Software- Programming Software- Application software

- Application software is very useful for nurses. This benefits the nursing from doing a manual preparation of reports and documents.

Software- The software is the information that the

computer uses to get the job done. Software needs to be accessed before it can be used.

- Basic types of software- Commercial- Shareware- Open source Software- Examples of Software Programs:- OS- DOS- Windows 9x/Millenium/XP- UNIX

Computer Network- A computer network is a group of

interconnected computer systems. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources. Network maybe classified according to a wide variety of characteristics.

- Types of Computer Network- PAN(Personal Area Network) – used for

communication among computer devices close to one person .

- LAN(Local Area Network) – are a computer network covering a small physical area.

- WAN(Wide Area Network) – is a computer network that covers a broad area . It is a network that uses routers and public communication links. The largest and well-known example of a WAN is the INTERNET.

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