Information TechnologyITBY

Muhammad Akram Muhammad

Defining Information TechnologyInformation Technologies are systems of hardware and/or software that capture, process, exchange, store and/or present information using electrical, magnetic and/or electromagnetic energy.

IT Example: Wireless Internet

Computer OrganizationHardware• Main Hardware• Local HardwareSoftware• Operating System• Application Program

Computer Hardware

Overview of Computer Hardware

MotherboardCPURAMHarddiskCD-ROMFloppy DiskDisplay CardSound CardLAN Card

MotherboardIt is the main circuit board that links all the hardware components together.There are many chips or IC (Integrated Circuit) on the motherboard which contains millions of transistors.

Types of BusSystem Bus

Data transmission between CPU and the main memory via System Bus. It is also known as the Front Side Bus (FSB).

Peripheral BusData transmission between main memory and peripherals via Peripheral Bus.

Main Board or Mother BoardIt is the most important element. The wholePC architecture is build on the main board.• All devices and peripherals are connectedto mother board.• If we have a look at its basic structure wecan easily identify:1. Microprocessor Socket2. BIOS (and Battery)3. RAM memory slots (DIMM, DDR, ...)4. Card Slots (PCI, ISA, AGP, ...)5. Chipset6. Connectors• PS/2 (Keyboard, Mouse)• USB• IDE Bus• Serial and parallel ports (COM &LPT1)• Power supply (CN1

Examples of SloteISA Bus

Old sound cardFaded out already

PCI BusFor most of the interface card like

LAN CardMODEMSound CardCapture Card

Examples of SloteAGP Bus

Designed for Display Card only

USB BusFor most of the peripheral

MP3 Player, Digital CameraKeyboard, MousePrinter, Scanneretc

BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)

•It is a memory (ROM) keeping a groupof routines needed to control systemdevices.•It allows booting process.•System configuration is saved in aCMOS memory needing a battery notto loose the information.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

It interprets and performs instructions of a computer program.The most determining factor in how powerful a computer is.A CPU in a common PC system is known as the microprocessor.

A model of Computer

CPUA CPU consists of two parts, the ALU and the CU.Both the ALU and the CU contains registers, which are

high-speed memory temporarily hold data and instructions during processing.

Different kind of CPUIntel

CeleronPentium 4Xeon

AMDDuronAthlon XPSempronAthlon 64

Common features

Clock rate > 2GHz

DifferencesWord SizeCache Memory SizeFront Side BusNo. of transistors

Main MemoryStorage media installed on the motherboard

store data and instruction to be executed by the CPU

Main memory is classified intoRAMROMCMOS

RAMRAM – Random Access MemoryRAM is volatile

data is lost when the power to the computer is turned off

The instructions and data for the job performing are written to RAM and read from it as needed.

RAMTwo operations of RAM

Loading means copying data from the secondary storage to the main memory Saving means copying data from RAM to the non-volatile secondary storage.

Types of RAMSRAMDRAMSDRAMDDR-RAM

ROMROM – Read Only MemoryROM is non-volatile

Data are stored permanentlyData can only be read but cannot be changed

Store instructions and tells the computer how to load the operations system when booting up

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

CMOSCMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor MemoryIt has the characteristics of both ROM and RAM, ie:

it is non-volatileinformation in CMOS can be changed

In computer, CMOS stores the configuration information about a computer like capacity of the hard disk and the current time and date.

Ports and Interface CardsThe interface between peripheral devices and the CPU.A port is built on the motherboard while an interface card is inserted into slots on the motherboard.Sometimes, an interface card may become a built-in function on the motherboard.