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Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of CO 2 in Asia N.S.F. USA East‐Asia Pacific Summer Institute (EAPSI) Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Leonardo Calle, Benjamin Poulter, Prabir Patra

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Page 1: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Regionaltrendsinlanduse/landcoverchangeemissionsofCO2 inAsia

N.S.F.USAEast‐AsiaPacificSummerInstitute(EAPSI)

JapanSocietyofthePromotionofScience(JSPS)

Leonardo Calle, Benjamin Poulter,Prabir Patra

Page 2: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

RECCAP/IPCC:Budget equations

The net land‐to‐atmosphere C flux (Fc) for carbon budget :

FC = FNPP + FRH + FLUC + FFire + Friver + FFF C flux changes in the biospheric (NPP‐net primary production, RH‐heterotrophicrespiration) , land‐use change (LUC), fire emissions, riverine export, fossil fuel (FF)

The South Asian Carbon Budget: Patra et al. 2013

Toatmosph

ere 

To land 

1PgC = 1015g                      1TgC = 1012g

Page 3: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Synthesis of regional land fluxes from TDIs and DGVMs  

Figure 6.15, IPCC‐AR5‐WG1, analysis by P. Patra

Top‐down(Inversion) fluxes include all CO2component

Bottom‐up (DGVMs ‐ dynamic global vegetation models) do not include LUC

Page 4: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

H20 CO2

H20 CO2

Nutrients H20

Plant & Soil – Biophysics, Biogeochemistry ( carbon, water, and nutrient budgets )

Leaf‐levelphotosynthesis(Farquhar1980)Temp.feedbacks(todo:H2O)N‐limitations(rubisco)Canopylightmodeleddifferently

Leaf‐levelenergybudgetLatent&sensibleheatflux

DGVMs:LeaftoGlobe

Page 5: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

TheAnthropocene

Page 6: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

LandUseChangeandLM

Stockeretal.2014

Page 7: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Geographic areas for this study

Defined by the Asia Pacific Network (APN) for Global Change Research 

(Project id:ARCP2013‐01CMY‐Patra/Canadell).

East Asia

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Page 8: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Carbon Emissions from Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC)

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1980−1989 1990−1999 2000−2009

0.0

0.2

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0.6

Land

Use

Flu

xP

gCy

r1

ModelsJULESLPJLPJGLPXVISIT

Southeast Asia

CarbonFlux: DGVMvariability

Calle et al., ERL, submited

Page 10: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Carbon in total biomass (above + below‐ground)

Estimated by the DGVMsThe Forest Resource Assessment report (FRA2010), Tier 1 methods

Page 11: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Carbon in aboveground biomass

Estimated by the DGVMs ; Baccini et al (2012) biomass datasetThe Forest Resource Assessment report (FRA2010), Tier 1 methods

Calle et al., ERL, submited

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Carbon Emissions from Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC)

Calle et al., ERL, submitedIPCC

 AR5

 CO2Flux

Someone on Day 1mentioned Myanmar is 3rd on the list of forest loss (FRA2015)

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JAMSTEC: BenchmarkDGVMC‐fluxes1. C‐fluxesfrom8‐DGVMs(TRENDY) asboundaryconditionsin

theCCSR/NIES/FRCGCatmosphericcirculationmodel(ACTM)2. Compareto:

• Up‐lookingTCCONobservationsofX‐CO2•Down‐lookingGOSAT(IBUKI)SatelliteobservationsofX‐CO2

3. EvaluatedSeasonalAmplitudeandInter‐hemisphericfluxrate4. EvaluateconfidenceindetectingLand‐UseChangesignalfrom

models

Page 14: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Conclusions

• Land‐use and land cover change (LULCC) now modelled by theDGVMs

• We estimated the LULCC emissions from 3 populous Asia regions

• LULCC in Southeast Asia is among the highest in the world (20%)

• This reduces the gap in our understanding of the regional carbonbudget, reported in IPCC AR5

• We are now trying to find ways to evaluate the DGVM fluxes for LULCC, separately from NEE

Page 15: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Thank you

Page 16: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

DGVMCarbonFluxesCarbon fluxes due to LUC are calculated as the difference between a simulation with and without LUC

o This method of calculation helps isolate carbon fluxes from LUC, while accounting for effects due to a changing climate and increases in CO2

Legacy fluxes are delayed carbon fluxes that occur after LUCo These include carbon fluxes from soil respiration and decomposition of 

downed wood, for example, after deforestation and before the forest regrows to previous levels

o Legacy fluxes are implicitly included in the DGVM LUC flux estimates, but currently, none of the DGVMs quantify the magnitude of legacy versus immediate fluxes

Biomass Turnovero Carbon in Soil and Litter decomposes to CO2 at daily or annual rates which 

vary with temperature and soil‐moistureo A few models include coupled Carbon‐Nitrogen cycles that modify the 

decomposition rates

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DGVMCarbonFluxesfromLULCCDeforestation

o Generally, the majority of the carbon in vegetation (wood, leaves, roots) gets converted to CO2 in one year, but a fraction goes to Litter pool for delayed decomposition

Wood Harvesto 40% of harvested woody carbon (incld. all of leaves and roots) goes to 

Litter for decompositiono 60% of woody carbon is split into ‘product pools’, decomposing at annual 

rates of 1, 10, and 100 yrs• Product pools reflect wood products of fuel wood, paper products, 

wood for furniture or homes (i.e., short‐term and long‐term storage)

Crop and Pasture (Managed Lands)o Many models treat crop and pasture as annual grasslands, with annual 

harvest of the vegetation.o Only a few models simulate fertilization and irrigation, fewer models 

include crop plant functional types

Page 18: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

Howdoplantsrespondtochange?Rate of C

arbo

n Assim

ilatio

nDisturbance : Competition : Climate

Lambers etal.2008.PlantPhys.Ecology.

Page 19: Regional trends in land use/land cover change emissions of ...lcluc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/lcluc_documents/Regional_trends_Patra.pdf · Regional trends in land use/land cover

CarbonFlux: LandUseChangeAll RegionsEast AsiaSouth AsiaSoutheast Asia 44% of Global Emissions

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10

20

30

40

50

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

LU

LCC

flux

: Reg

iona

l / G

loba

l (%

)

Calle et al., ERL, submited