regents review topic 1: similarities and differences among living organisms
TRANSCRIPT
Regents ReviewTopic 1: Similarities and Differences
Among Living Organisms
Plant vs Animal Cell
Plant Animal
Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplast, and huge vacuole
Organelles
Nucleus – “brain”, contains DNA, controls cell
Vacuole – “storage”, stores water, food,
waste
Mitochondria – “powerhouse”, produces energy for cell through respiration
OrganellesChloroplast – “food”, green color, makes glucose
for plant through photosynthesis
Cytoplasm – “jelly”, provides shape of cell, transport
Ribosome – “protein”, uses amino acids to make proteins
Cell membrane – “gatekeeper”, selectively permeable, fluid-mosaic
OrganellesDNA – “info”, genetic material that codes for all
activities of the cell (NOT AN ORGANELLE)
Cell Wall – “rigid”, stiff outer layer of plant cell, helps cell keep shape
Lysosome – “recycling center”, breaks down dead organelles and waste
The Cell Membrane1.Separates contents of
cell from environ.
2.Control transport in and out of cell
3.Recognize and respond to chemical signals
Transport
Passive Transport – transport of molecules into and out of the cell that does not require energy, molecules move from high to low concentration
Ex. Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion through the Membrane Lab
Diffusion Movement of molecules from high concentration
to low concentration A natural process, molecules want to spread out
Ex. Mom baking cookies, aroma reaches you after a few minutes…molecules spreading naturally from high concentration (kitchen) to low concentration (living room)
Osmosis Diffusion of water Water molecules move from high to low
concentration
Active Transport Transport of molecules from low to high
concentration. Requires Energy!!! (ATP)
Ex. Desert Plants absorbing water
Transport
Recognizing Signals
How do cells receive and understand messages from the body?
Proteins found in the cell membrane can receive chemical messages.
Hormone Produced in endocrine glands. Chemicals responsible for communication
between cells. If hormone production is slowed, stopped,
blocked…homeostasis can be effected.
Craig ????
Receptor Molecule Proteins found in cell membranes. Can detect hormones, chemicals from
nerve cells that will stimulate the cell to respond.
Receptor Molecules
Target Cell Specific type of cell that signal is supposed
to reach.
Endocrine System A series of small organs that produce the
hormones (messengers) of the body Include thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.
Endocrine System
Levels of Organization Cell – contain organelles Tissue – groups of specialized cells Organs – different types of tissues
combined Organ System – several organs working
together Organism
Levels of Org
Single Celled Organism An organism that is only one cell, yet
undergoes all of life functions. Organelles of single cell org are much
simpler than organ system of a human, but capable of same function.
Ex. Vacuole vs Digestive System
Body Systems Endocrine – sends chemical messengers
(hormones) to body systems through blood stream (pancreas, ovaries/testes)
Respiratory – exchange of gasses between blood of circ system and the environment (lungs, nose)
Body Systems Excretory – removal of all waste from body
cells (kidney, lung, sweat gland, anus)
Nervous – sends signals along nerves, co-ordinates movement of body (brain, spinal cord)
Body Systems Immune System – detect and destroy
invaders found in the body, increases body’s immunity
Immunity – ability to resist disease
Body Systems Digestive – ingest, break down food,
nutrients absorbed into blood stream (esophagus, stomach, intestines)
Skeletal – provide foundation for body
Muscular – contract to move bones body
Body Systems Circulatory – transport materials such as
oxygen, waste, and nutrients throughout your body (heart, arteries, blood)
Life FunctionsRespiration – break down nutrients to release
energy (mitochondria)
Regulation – responding to internal and external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis
Reproduction – produce more of own species
Life FunctionsGrowth – increasing the size or number of
cells
Excretion – removing waste
Nutrition – obtaining nutrients from environment and breaking them down for transport
Life Functions
Transport – move materials throughout organism
Circulation – blood vessels are the highway of the human body
Life FunctionsSynthesis – TO BUILD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- combining simple substances into complex substances
Metabolism – all chem reactions that take place in the cell
Homeostasis – BALANCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!- maintaining internal stability of organism
Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Photosynthesis: Plant Cells Chloroplast H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2
Sunlight Glucose
Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Respiration: All cells mitochondria C6H12O6 + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O
Glucose Energy
A Cycle!!
Inorganic vs OrganicInorganic Do not contain both
H and C Include salts,
acids/bases, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen
Organic Contain both H and
C Include DNA,
protein, fat, carbohydrates, enzymes
Biochemistry
Carbohydrates – store energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
Simple Sugars – monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule), glucose
Biochemistry
Proteins – made of amino acids (coded for by DNA), essential in just about every process that occurs in an organism
Enzymes – speed up bio reactionsHormones – chemical messengersAntibodies – find and destroy invadersAntigens – stimulate immune responsePigments – different colors (chlorophyll)
Biochemistry
Lipids – fats, essential for life (cell membranes)