CLASSIFICATION

Organization of things/organisms into related groups based on similarities

Taxonomy

• Branch of Biology concerned with…

• Grouping and naming of organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history

HISTORY-ARISTOTLE

• First to classify organisms

• Greek Philosopher• 350 B.C.

Aristotle’s Classification

Plants

BY SIZE• Trees

• Shrubs• Herbs

Animals

BY HABITATo Watero Lando Air

Carolus Linnaeus 1700’s

• Swedish botanist• Parents wanted him to

be a priest like father• Studied medicine and

many other things• Noted for being

instrumental in classifying organisms

Linnaeus and Classification• Used morphology (form and structure) to group

Ex- flowering plant’s reproductive systems – asexual or sexual reproduction

• 2 groups - plants and animals

• Used Scientific Names ( Latin)• Binomial Nomenclature: 2 name naming system• Genus and species

Why Latin?

• Language of educated in his day

• Still use it because no longer spoken language so it will never change

• No slang words

• Universal understanding

What is it?

Cougar, Puma, Panther, Mountain Lion, Catamount

Common Name-Common Name

-confusing/misleading

Ex. Polecat

-doesn’t show relationships

-more than one name

Scientific Name

LatinStandard name -show relationshipsEx: Felis concolor Puma concolorItalics or underlineGenus capitalized

Why Classify?

• 1. Shows relationships between living and once living things

• 2. Brings order to diversity

• 3. Explains evolutionary patterns

• 4. Gives organisms specific names

• 5. Provides means to identify unknown organisms

Classification Categories (taxa)7 levels of organization

• Each one is smaller than the previous one (fewer types of organisms)KingdomPhylumClassOrder-FamilyGenusSpecies-single organism that can reproduce with one another

Varieties -subset of species - peaches, nectarinesSubvarieties-variation of a species in diff geographic areas

Human Taxa

• Kingdom animalia

• Phylum chordata

• Class mammalia

• Order primate

• Family hominidae

• Genus Homo

• Species sapiens

Use of Evolution to determine Relationships

• Check it out!!

Phylogenic Trees

• Shows evolutionary history of species

• Determined by shared characteristics:

structures: larval forms and embryos

biochemistry: # amino acids in common

behavior patterns: habitats and mating calls

cell organization: prokaryote/eukaryote

Problems with classifying

• Many organisms have similar structure

• Isolation may make organisms unique

• New discoveries made constantly

• Organisms may fit into more than one category

• Man-made system (human error)

Linking organisms together

• The more categories in common the closer the relationships

6 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Protista Fungi

Plants Animals

Key Terms

• Prokaryote- unicellular, without membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus

• Eukaryote-organism with membrane bound organelles

• Autotroph-organism capable of making organic nutrients directly from inorganic

• Hetertroph- organism that gets energy from other sources other than itself

Monerans ( 5 kingdom system)

Archaebacteria ( in 6 kingdom)

Eubacteria ( in 6 kingdom)

Archaebacteria

• Unicellular, prokaryote, anaerobic, and aerobic

• Adapted to extreme environments (temp, acidity, salinity)

• Binary fission• Some autotrophic

(chemosynthesis)

Eubacteria• Unicellular, prokaryotes,

anaerobic and aerobic• Binary fission• Heterotrophs , some

photosynthetic or chemosynthetic

• Cell walls (different from plants)

• Bacteria and blue green bacteria

Protista• Eukaryotes (membrane bound

organelles)• Single celled and multicellular• Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like• Lack specialized tissue• Live in moist areas• Autotrophic and heterotrophic• Some with cell walls• Sexual and asexual reproduction• Ex: amoeba, paramecium, euglena

algae

Fungus

• Heterotrophic, unicellular (yeast) and multicellular eukaryotes

• Absorbs nutrients-dead matter• Cell wall chitin• Sexual/asexual reproduction• Mostly terrestrial• Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts,

smuts, mildew, mold

Plantae

• Multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic

• Mostly terrestrial• Specialized tissues and organs• Cell walls of cellulose• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts• Alternation of generations

between diploid and haploid • Ex: moss, ferns, conifers,

flowering plants

Animalia• Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes• Specialized tissues, some have organs and

organ systems• Nutrition by ingestion• Sexual reproduction based on meiosis• No cell walls or chloroplasts• Sensory structures or organs• Muscle systems for movement• Aquatic or terrestrial