Reading Quiz“Instructional Design”

Ashley Hungerford503 - 4174

Table of Contents• SLIDE 1- Title Slide• SLIDE 2- Table of Contents• SLIDE 3 - A visual metaphor about the history of ID• SLIDE 4 - A brief statement about the history of Instructional Design (ID), a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 5 - A visual metaphor about the definition of ID• SLIDE 6 - A definition of ID, a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 7 - A visual metaphor for the notion of “systematic.”• SLIDE 8 - A definition of "systematic" and a statement about why ID implements a systematic approach, and a brief explanation of the

visual metaphor.• SLIDE 9 - A visual metaphor for the notion of guiding “models”• SLIDE 10 -Why an instructional designer might use an ID model, and a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 11 - A visual metaphor for the notion of “constructivism”• SLIDE 12 - An explanation of the philosophical perspective of constructivism, and a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 13 - A visual metaphor for the notion of “empiricism”• SLIDE 14 - A brief explanation of the philosophical perspective of empiricism, and a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 15- A visual metaphor for the notion of “behaviorism”• SLIDE 16 - A brief explanation of the learning theory of behaviorism, and a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 17 - A visual metaphor for the notion of “information processing theory”• SLIDE 18 - A brief explanation of the learning theory of information processing theory, and a brief explanation of the visual metaphor.• SLIDE 19 - A visual metaphor for the notion of “educational technology”• SLIDE 20 - How ID relates to educational technology. • SLIDES 21 - APA-style citations

The History of ID

The Constitution Metaphor• I chose to represent the history of ID with the

U.S. constitution because I consider this document to be an ever changing collection of ideas. As the world changes, psychology and research advance, world events take place, and technology takes the forefront in our culture, the constitution changes with it. Just as the basic principals of ID still exist today, the basic principles of the founding fathers still exists in the constitution today. Although many changes have been made to the constitution, amendments added and subtracted, the purpose or goal of the document is the same. The history of ID was all about growth and change and the constitution is no different. The technology boom caused major changes in instructional design and the speed of growth caused those changes to happen very quickly; the same can be said about the constitution, which is still trying to catch up with technology.

A summary of the history of ID• The history of ID is believed to have begun around World

War 2. It began as a military training program by psychologists, and later developed into an educational resource. Over the decades it underwent many changes, and additions. New concepts in education, research, world events, and psychology created many of these changes. The overall format of instructional design that we currently have was a built gradually; it started with simply defining objectives, then testing criterion, and eventually elements of analysis and evaluation were given their place in the design. Eventually, these designs took the shape of models, and in the 1970’s a systematic approach to instructional design flourished. The idea of using a systematic approach spread across many different career fields and types of businesses, and it continued to grow through several decades. Ultimately the biggest change or addition to instructional design was the technology boom of the 1990’s. Technology and instructional design have a natural connection. Technology eventually had such an impact on the field of instructional design that it got its own “spin-off” now known as instructional media. The field of instructional design is fluid in nature, and will likely always change (Reiser, 2001).

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What is ID

The Bridge Metaphor• I chose this picture of a bridge as a metaphor for

instructional design, because I see a bridge as a carefully planned, well executed design, that requires structure and creativity, beauty and function. The building of a bridge requires research, reflection, and a systematic application of design principles. The bridge is also a metaphor for the journey that takes place in a design. A bridge, much like a design, is an intermediary it is the middle of the journey. A bridge will take you from your starting point (the initial idea) to your ending point (the final product). If the bridge is poorly designed you will never reach the end point, just as you will never teach a concept with poorly designed instructional material. A bridge is carefully designed using tools and materials (design models) that best suit its function (various industries). Each bridge is unique, just as each design is unique. Most importantly, bridges are regularly tested for safety and are constantly being reinforced and repaired as necessary.; instructional design is no different. It is an ongoing process that requires constant evaluation and reparation.

Definition of ID• “The term instructional technology refers

to the systematic and reflective process of translating principals of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation (Smith & Ragan, 2005).”

• To me Instructional design is an ongoing process, a cycle if you will, of planning, testing, and revision with the ultimate goal of educating and instructing an audience of learners through a series of products or resources.

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Systematic

Hogwarts Train Station Metaphor• I choose the Hogwarts Train Station as a metaphor

for something that is systematic. I choose this metaphor because when I read that systems are the engines that drive ID; I thought about how the train drove industry. The train station is set up on a series of systems, based on specific designs and each input leads to the next output. Train stations, like ISD grew out of a necessity and changed the structure of our society. If it weren’t for the efficiency needed to maintain the function of a train we wouldn’t have time zones.

• Train stations use maps to tell people what train will take them where, schedules to tell them when to be there, and signs to show them how to find their train. They follow a system that keeps them operating, keeps them efficient, and allows them to have success in their function. I chose the Hogwarts train station specifically because of the element of surprise, invention, creativity, and well “magic”. Sometimes I feel that even the most systematic design process requires invention, creativity, and even a little magic to make it successful.

Definition of Systematic, and Why ID Implements It?• “The basic engine of ISD models is the systems

approach: viewing human organizations and activities as systems in which inputs, outputs, processes (throughputs), and feedback and control elements are the salient features (Molenda 2003).”

• In my opinion systematic, as it relates to instructional design is about helping create an organized and efficient tool for designers, a series of basic steps to follow to ensure the proper outcome. The generalized steps can become more complex and differentiated depending on the goals for instruction. This systematic approach is carried out by using various models, which outline the steps to be followed, each major step includes an evaluation of the process and an opportunity to make changes to the instruction based on success or failure of instructional materials to carry out their function.http://www.travel.ezinemark.com

ModelsCellular Respiration Metaphor• To me models are like the process of cellular respiration. To

begin with, models are not wholly linear, just as the process of cellular respiration is not wholly linear. Both consist of several stages all relying on one another to function, they are almost cyclical in nature and never ending. Cellular respiration has 4 primary stages, and many steps that take place under each stage. ADDIE and similar models are structured in much the same way, major stages each consisting of multiple steps. Cellular respiration is working towards an end product, much like models. The first stage of cellular respiration (glycolysis) is all about getting ready for the final product, the design is very intricate and requires a great deal of change along the way. The next two phases are sending messages throughout the cell telling them what needs to happen to get to the end result, much like the instruction phase in ADDIE. The final stage in the electron transport chain is just like evaluation. The ETC evaluates what it has been given, and works to get as much success out of the product as it can. In an ideal cell the ATP produced would be 38, but many cells under-produce at about 30 ATP, not unlike many instructional design programs. Poorly functioning cells, and poorly functioning ID materials produce sub par end results.

Why are ID Models Useful?• ID models are useful as guidelines or

principles to guide design. They provide a framework for the designer, a template on which to build upon. ID models are tools to provide structure, much a like a the template I am using to create this PowerPoint provides structure. I can be as creative with color, backgrounds, animations etc.. as I choose. As Smith and Ragan suggest the model is only the framework, and no one model is inherently better than the others. They recommend understanding the principles that guide design. “A solid foundation in theory, models, and design principles” provides the knowledge needed to select and alter certain elements from a variety of ID models. They recommend using this model to develop a mental framework that will guide the process of “building your own model,” (Smith & Ragan, 2005).

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ConstructivismWicked Metaphor

• This metaphor was an easy one for me. After reading about constructivism, I immediately made the connection to the story, turned musical theater masterpiece “Wicked”. The story is about a young witch, Elphaba, born looking different than everyone else. Her physical appearance had a direct impact on her life experiences. Everyone approached her as though she were wicked because she looked different, but she was more pure of heart than the “good witch” Glinda. The constructs of her life experiences helped her to see good in others, and to recognize those treated unfairly for their differences. She also had an uncanny ability to see the bad in people that others judged as good due to their life constructs. The philosophy that we perceive information in different ways based on different experiences is, in my opinion, a very valid theory; however, I do not believe that all education must then be experiential., nor do I believe that there re multiple realities. I believe that having experiences can broaden our viewpoints, but it isn’t necessary for learning to take place. I can learn about the subtleties of the story “Wicked” without ever having experienced witchcraft, alienation, or physical abnormalities.

Philosophical Perspective of Constructivism

• Constructivist theory basically states that we use our experiences as a filter to our education. In other words we each see information being provided differently because we have different life experiences. In this theory there would be no one reality, but each individual would have their own personal reality (Smith & Ragan, 2005). For example, I might hear the story of the Three Little Pigs and have sympathy for the wolf, because I have a background knowledge of animal behavior and I know that the wolf is just attempting to survive through the biological imperatives innate to his breed; and yet, he is known as the Big Bad Wolf carrying with him the stigma of the negative connotation of his title.

• In a review of the philosophical perspectives of instructional design, Smith and Ragan share the possible hazards of the constructivist theory as having the potential of “slipping into the activity for activity’s sake mode, (Smith & Ragan, 2005).”

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Empiricism

A Christmas Story Metaphor• Ralphie from A Christmas Story, is the

perfect example of empiricism. Ralphie, is a young boy that wants a red rider bb gun for Christmas so badly that he focuses an entire school essay on his desire for the gun. Throughout the movie he hears from everyone “you’ll shoot your eye out”, and yet he knows that if he could just get that gun he could save his family from bandits and be a big hero. He eventually gets the gun and he does in fact shoot his eye. He wasn’t going to learn that particular lesson without experiencing it first hand. It wasn’t until he felt the pain of the bullet that he processed that he had just shot his eye. He even has an internal monologue with himself about how he can’t let anyone know what happened because they had told them and he hadn’t truly processed the possible consequences of shooting that gun.

Philosophical Perspective of Empiricism• Empiricist philosophy suggests that

learning happens through sensory based experience, as opposed to experiences through a “mental life” (Smith & Ragan, 2005). It also suggests that through these physical experiences we come to know only one reality. The empiricist believes that each life experience adds knowledge, and that knowledge is objective and needs to be broken down to its most basic parts. Much like a small child that burns his hand on a stove. You can tell him that it is hot and it will hurt if he touches it, but it isn’t until he touches it and his sensory experiences tell him that he is hurt that he learns the lesson.

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Behaviorism

Abuse Metaphor• Growing up, my mother was a psychologist and I

often heard her counseling women on the cycle of abuse. She would say that that women that had abusive fathers would often marry abusive husbands because they had been conditioned to believe that abuse was normal. She would say that even the abuser was often conditioned to believe that abusing his wife was his job as the husband. I remember a particular story she once told me about a man whose father had abused his mother and had trained him from youth to keep the women in the house in line by popping his belt. He had told his son that regularly popping his belt prior to a beating would let the woman know that she had stepped out of line, and for more minor infractions merely popping the belt without the beating would have the same effect on the woman’s behavior. The environment that he had grown up in conditioned him to be abusive, he was taught to be an abuser and the women in his family were conditioned to react to violence.

Theory of Behaviorism• The behavioral viewpoint postures that

environment influences learning (Smith & Ragan 2005). This particular theory is often first associated with Pavlov and his dogs. He would condition his dogs to salivate when they heard a bell. Pavlov created an environment where the dogs were exposed to a bell every time they were being fed, this led them to salivate at the sound of the bell. Future behaviorists emphasized positive and negative reinforcement as a way to condition a learner. Many teachers use these theories to this day, although it is less often associated with learning information in the classroom than it is with learning proper behavior. Perhaps the most prevalent form of information associated conditioning is the grading system, you get an A if you show you learned something you fail if you don’t.

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Information Processing Theory

Computer Memory Metaphor• I used the central processing unit of the

computer as the most logical metaphor. The CPU process information that it is fed through a series of information transfers. The short term memory of a computer is fast and easily accessible but can only store a certain amount of information (chunks). If the memory is to be stored for long term use it must be transferred. Long term storage is slower to access, but it can hold much more information. Computer memory is widely varied and can at times be volatile, just like a human’s memory. A human’s capacity to remember information is based on the construction of that persons brain (cells, DNA, genetics, and environmental factors). The same can be said for a computer, the materials used to build it, the quality, and the environmental factors all effect computer memory.

What is the learning theory of information processing?• The Learning theory of information

processing states that knowledge is attained through a series of information transformations in the brain. The basic flow of information is as follows: – The information comes in through the

receptors goes to the working memory.– Information then flows to the short-term

memory, where it is limited to chunks of information.

– Finally, important knowledge flows to long-term memory where the knowledge can be recalled through certain stimuli.

• The basic principal behind this theory is that we process information rather than merely reacting to stimuli.

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Educational Technology

Evolution Metaphor• Evolution is the metaphor I chose to

represent the relationship between educational technology and ID. As I stated in the paragraph to the right, technology is evolving, and our instruction needs to evolve with it or we will loose our grip on reality. I love how the human looks back and doesn’t recognize his old self. We as educational technologists need to evolve in the same way the cartoon character did, we need to be able to look back and say wow, who is that person and how did they ever accomplish “teaching” with those materials? The design for the human form changed only slightly, it was built up from the same mold as the prehistoric primates, just as the future of ID will be built upon the same models as the past. But it will evolve to be more efficient and more productive in its current environment.

How does ID relate to educational technology?• Instructional design is directly related to

educational technology because education has taken to the internet, and classrooms have taken to technology. Education is evolving. Education is about engaging students in order to help them learn, and students engage in technology, but they are too savvy to accept poorly designed learning materials. Students now are not impressed by simple websites, they don’t marvel at the idea that you can take classes online, and they will not be engaged if they feel underestimated in their mental or technological ability. The ability to design instruction in an effective and engaging way is essential to educational technology. Technology is evolving and ID is evolving with it. According to the article by Reiser, ID for media has its own genre of ID. Technology is changing the way we learn, the way we teach, and the way we design our instructional material (both in form and function). If we as educational technologists don’t recognize the evolution and change our instructional design to accommodate we might be left wondering what happened?

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Citations

• Molenda, Michael. (2003). The ADDIE Model. Educational Technology: An Encyclopedia, pp. 1–5.

• Reiser, Robert A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II: A History of Instructional Design. ETR&D, 49, pp. 57–67.

• Smith, P. L., & Ragan, T. J. (2005). Instructional design (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley & Sons.