re- oxygenating - ocean-based.com
TRANSCRIPT
Re-oxygenating the oceans
(and sequestering CO2)
Oxygenator™ patents pending. © 2018 all rights reserved.
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Problem Statement
“The oceans are losing oxygen. Numerous studies at local, regional and global level confirm this trend. For example, a comprehensive data analysis published by Kiel oceanographers at the beginning of 2017 has shown that the oceans have lost two percent of their oxygen content worldwide in the past 50 years. Computer models of the oceans and the Earth system also show this trend and predict an even faster decrease in the future. But the models have a problem. ‘They are not able to reproduce the recent oxygen decline exactly. Instead, they significantly underestimate the observed oxygen loss,’ says Prof. Dr. Andreas Oschlies from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.”
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2018-06-drivers-ocean-deoxygenation.html#jCp
Re-oxygenating the oceans
A. The Oxygenator™ Device1. Design2. Data3. Physics4. Outcomes
B. The Business Model
C. Growth Plan
Re-oxygenating the oceans
The Oxygenator Design
BuoyRopeDownwelling valve
Upwelling tubes (blue)
Downwelling tube (green)
Upwell valves
Downwelling counterweight
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Upwelling DataBermuda 2005 Hawaii 2008
18 total tests from 2005 to 2008....... then pivoted to non-tube and moored pumping models, until 2018.
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Upwelling Physics: Isaac Ginis Study - 2006
“Theoretical and Numerical Investigations of Upper Ocean Cooling by Wave-Driven Pumps and Impact on Hurricanes”
1. Atmocean Pump Efficient In Mixing Because Water Is Released In Parcels
3T
2T
1T
hR
2. Horizontal Spread of the “Cold Pool” at Bottom of Mixed Layer From Gravity
Re-oxygenating the oceansDownwelling Physics:
The salt fountain. Henry Stommel – 1956
“If a long tube were lowered from the surface to depth of low salinity water, and the deep water were slowly pumped to the surface through the tube, and the pump then disconnected, the water would continue to flow, by itself, forever. This remarkable phenomenon occurs because slow motion through the tube allows the water inside to attain the same temperature as the surrounding water. Its salinity, and hence density, is therefore less than that of its surroundings outside the tube, and hence the entire column of water inside the tube is buoyant with respect to the fluid outside at the same level. If the direction of pumping is reversed, so that the fluid initially goes downward, it will of course continue to flow downward forever on account of its excess in density over that of the water outside the tube.“ Stommel H., Arons A. B. and Blanchard D. “An oceanographical curiosity: the perpetual salt fountain. Deep Sea Res. 3, (2), 152-153.
Re-oxygenating the oceansDownwelling Physics:
Sandia National Laboratory CFD Modeling 2018
1. For a 1,000m deep tube, what water velocity is obtained from the salinity density?
2. For a 1,000m tube, what is the velocity for different tube diameters?
3. Does the outlet water come back up, or will it continue to descend as it mixes?
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Potential Outcomes
✓ Re-oxygenation
✓ Planetary heat redistribution
✓ Primary production
✓ Fishery enhancement
✓ Net C export
✓ Biogeochemical & pH effects
Dispersion/dilution enhances phytoplankton blooms in low-nutrient waters. Lehahn et.al. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 8:14868 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14868
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Dissolved Organic Matter Distributed 40°N to 40°S
Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean. Dennis A. Hansell, Craig A. Carlson, Daniel J. Repeta, and Reiner Schlitzer. Oceanography vol 22, No. 4 (2009).
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Business Model: The Corporate Gigaton Challenge.
1. Carbon pricing issues.
2. Where’s the money?
3. Company examples:• BASF• Google
• Proctor & Gamble• American Electric Power
• Salesforce• Honeywell
4. Eligible technologies.
Re-oxygenating the oceansBusiness Model: The Corporate Gigaton Challenge.
Carbon Pricing: Unfair. Opaque, indirect. Jurisdictional issues. Exported emissions. Politicized. Slow.
Where’s the money? Public multi-national corporations. Global market cap $85 trillion. 46,000 listed companies.
The Corporate Gigaton Challenge:
•Direct contract between large emitter and tech provider –borderless, efficient, quick, fair, apolitical.
•Target is four gigatons cumulative CO2 reduction within 15 years.
•Corporation pays in common stock, not cash.
• No impact on quarterly P&L, exec bonuses. Small dilution of shareholders.
• Corporations with higher sustainability profiles are increasingly preferred by investors - bid-up stock price, more than offsetting loss of market cap caused by the dilution. Corporation achieves net-negative carbon footprint while enhancing shareholder value!
• Important other benefits:
•Quickest path to financing massive CO2 reduction.
•Competitive advantage – “bragging rights”.
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Salesforce™ – “the world’s #1 customer relationship management (CRM) platform” and a leader in reducing CO2
emissions.
By subscribing to The Corporate Gigaton Challenge, Salesforce can offset 100% future emissions and reverse over four gigatons past CO2 emissions within 15 years.
Allowing for 15-year trendline growth, share price must increase just over 2% for shareholders to “breakeven”.
Example:
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.0020
2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
Gig
ato
ns
of
CO
2
Salesforce Cumulative CO2 Emissions Scope 1+2+3 Assuming -10%/year
(5.00)
(4.50)
(4.00)
(3.50)
(3.00)
(2.50)
(2.00)
(1.50)
(1.00)
(0.50)
-
2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032
Gig
ato
ns
of
CO
2
Salesforce Scorecard - Net Cumulative CO2 Emissions
Salesforce projected outcomes
15 year Subscription
Net cumulative CO2
emissions(4,339,000,000)
Total cost $26.7 billion
Cost per ton of CO2
removed$6.15
Shareholder dilution 7%
Share price breakeven +2.2%
Re-oxygenating the oceansOther Examples
(5.0)
(4.0)
(3.0)
(2.0)
(1.0)
-
1.0
Gig
ato
ns
CO
2
Cumulative CO2 Emissions
BASF Google AEP Salesforce P&G Honeywell
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
Stock Price Increase For Shareholders To Breakeven
Re-oxygenating the oceans
Growth Plan• 1st commercial project 2020, 1,000 units.• Increase 67% per year thereafter.• Corporate subscriptions double year by year after 2021.• Development funding $3 million.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
-
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
202
0
202
2
202
4
202
6
202
8
203
0
203
2
203
4
203
6
203
8
204
0
204
2
204
4
204
6
204
8
Gig
ato
ns
CO
2Se
qu
est
ere
d
Oxy
gen
ato
r U
nit
s In
Op
era
tio
n
Ocean-based Climate Solutions, Inc.
"Emissions Reduction Potential"
Annual CO2 sequestered Cumulative CO2 sequestered Total Units Operating
Re-oxygenating the oceansSelected References
Ciais, P., et.al. WG1AR5 Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Hansell, D. et.al. Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean: A Controversy Stimulates New Insights. Oceanography, Volume 22, Number 4, December 2009.
Jackson R. et.al. Focus on negative emissions. Environ. Res. Lett. 12 (2017) 110201 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa94ff
Koehler, Timothy Model-based Assessment of “Down-welling” Carbon Relocation Concepts. Sandia National Laboratories. 2018. Restricted distribution, available upon request.
Kwiatkowski L. et.al. Atmospheric consequences of disruption of the ocean thermocline Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015) 034016 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/3/034016
Land, Peter E. et.al. Salinity from Space Unlocks Satellite-Based Assessment of Ocean Acidification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 1987−1994. DOI: 10.1021/es504849s
Lehahn Yoav et.al. Dispersion/dilution enhances phytoplankton blooms in low-nutrient waters NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 8:14868 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14868
Maruyama S. et.al. Evidences of increasing primary production in the ocean by Stommel’s perpetual salt fountain. Deep-Sea Research I 58 (2011) 567–574
Stern Melvin E., The “Salt-fountain” And Thermohaline Convection. Tellur XI1 (1960). 2
White A. Et. Al. An Open Ocean Trial Of Controlled Upwelling Using Wave Pump Technology. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology Volume 27 February 2010. Doi: 10.1175/2009jtecho679.1
Zhang X. et.al. Flow prediction in upwelling deep seawater—the perpetual salt fountain. Deep-Sea Research I 51 (2004) 1145–1157