rdbms and types

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Database management systems:-

A database can be a set of flat files stored on computer tape or disk or it could consist of database tables that are managed by a Database Management System (DBMS).

There are different types of DBMS products: relational, network and hierarchical. The most widely commonly used type of DBMS today is the Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS).

Some Data Base Management Systems can be accessed directly using programming languages such as COBOL while others provide their own programming language for interacting with the database. Many DBMS applications also provide reporting and query tools to view data in the database.

type of databases.1. dbms [Data Base Management System]2. rdbms [Relational dbms]3. odbms [Object dbms]4. oodbms [Object Oriented dbms]5. ordbms [Object rdbms]

What is Relational Database Management System ?A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source databases currently in use are based on the relational database model.A short definition of an RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables.

Benefits RDBMS process large amounts of data at relatively fast speeds. Data is

broken up into its smallest component, meaning only the data required is


retrieved. Commonly searched columns and keys are indexed, making retrieval of specific records very fast. Also, the rules for creating

relational databases are based on relatively simple concepts in comparison to other database types, making it easy to find qualified staff.

Prevalence RDBMS are the most common type of database system used today for

transactional systems such as contact databases, order entry and financial transactions. They are generally the first choice of developers creating a new application from scratch as well as the database type used by most software companies that develop commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) applications.

current types of rdbms:-

1) 4th Dimension2) Adabas D3) Alpha Five4) Apache Derby5) Aster Data6) Altibase7) BlackRay8) CA-Datacom9) Clarion10)Clustrix11)CSQL12)CUBRID13)Daffodil database14)DataEase15)Data Management Center (DMC)16)Database Management Library17)Dataphor18)DB-Fast19)Derby aka Java DB20)ElevateDB21)Empress Embedded Database22)EnterpriseDB23)EffiProz24)eXtremeDB25) fastDB


26)FileMaker Pro27)Firebird28)FrontBase29)Gladius DB30)Greenplum31)GroveSite32)H233)Helix database34)HSQLDB35)SQLDB36) IBM DB237) IBM Lotus Approach38)WCE SL Plus39) IBM DB2 Express-C40) Infobright41) Informix42) Ingres43) InterBase44) InterSystems Caché45)GT.M46)Kognitio47)Linter48)MariaDB49)MaxDB50)Mckoi SQL Database51)Microsoft Access52)Microsoft Jet Database Engine (part of Microsoft Access)53)Microsoft SQL Server54)Microsoft SQL Server Express55)Microsoft Visual FoxPro56)Mimer SQL57)MonetDB58)mSQL59)MySQL60)Netezza61)NonStop SQL62)Openbase63)OpenLink Virtuoso (Open Source Edition)64)OpenLink Virtuoso Universal Server65)Oracle66)Oracle Rdb for OpenVMS67)Panorama68)Pervasive69)PostgreSQL70)Progress Software71)RDM Embedded72)RDM Server73)The SAS system74)SAND CDBMS75)Sav Zigzag76)ScimoreDB


77)SmallSQL78)solidDB79)SQLBase80)SQLite81)Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise82)Sybase Adaptive Server IQ83)Sybase SQL Anywhere (formerly known as Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere and

Watcom SQL)84)Sybase Advantage Database Server85) tdbengine86)Teradata87)TimesTen88) txtSQL89)UniData90)UniVerse91)Valentina (Database)92)Vertica93)VistaDB94)VMDS95)XSPRADA96)Zoduna DataStore (Designed for mobile platforms)

Codd'?s RulesIn 1985, Dr. E. F. Codd first published this list of rules that became a standard way of evaluating a relational system. The rules have since been expanded by others, and after publishing the original article Codd stated that there are no systems that will satisfy every rule. Following are Codd's original 13 rules:

Often referred to as rule 0, this rule states that all subsequent rules are based on the notion that in order to be considered relational, it must use its relational facilities exclusively to manage the database.

1. The Information rule: All information in an RDBMS is represented logically in just one way - by values

2. The Guaranteed Access rule: Each item of data in an RDBMS is guaranteed to be logically accessible by resorting to a combination of table name, primary key value, and column name.

3. The Systematic Treatment of Null Values rule: Null values or a string of blank characters and distinct from zero or any other number) are supported in a fully relational DBMs for representing missing information and inapplicable information in a systematic way, independent of the data type.

4. The Dynamic Online Catalog Based on the Relational Model rule: The database description is represented at the logical level in the same way as ordinary data, so that authorized users can apply the same relational language to its interrogation as they apply to the regular data.

5. The Comprehensive Data Sublanguage rule: A relational system may support several languages and various modes of terminal use (for example, the fill-in-blanks mode). However, there must be at least one language whose statements are expressible, per some well-defined syntax, as character strings and whose ability to


support all of the following is comprehensible: data definition, view definition, data manipulation (interactive and by program), integrity constraints, and transaction boundaries (begin, commit, and rollback).

6. The View Updating rule: All views of the data which are theoretically updatable must be updatable in practice by the DBMS.

7. The High-level Insert, Update, and Delete rule: The capability of handling a base relation or a derived relation as a single operand applies not only to the retrieval of data but also to the insertion, update, and deletion of data.

8. The Physical Data Independence rule: Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired whenever any changes are made in either storage representations or access methods.

9. The Logical Data Independence rule: Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired when information preserving changes of any kind that theoretically permit unimpairment are made to the base tables.

10. The Integrity Independence rule: Integrity constraints must be definable in the RDBMS sub-language and stored in the system catalogue and not within individual application programs.

11. The Distribution Independence rule: An RDBMS has distribution independence. Distribution independence implies that users should not have to be aware of whether a database is distributed.

12. The Nonsubversion rule: If the database has any means of handling a single record at a time, that low-level language must not be able to subvert or avoid the integrity rules which are expressed in a higher-level language that handles multiple records at a time.

MySQL is a popular database management system that is used in some six million installations. It is widely used for web applications, especially in concert with PHP.

The MySQL DBMS is owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB. The company sells support and service contracts, as well as commercial licenses.

The company makes MySQL available as free software and also under traditional commercial licensing arrangements for cases where the intended use is incompatible with use of the General Public License (GPL).

APIs exist for the following languages:

1. C2. C++3. C#4. Eiffel5. Smalltalk6. Java7. Lisp8. Perl


9. PHP10. Python11. Ruby12. REALbasic13. Tcl

MySQL will run on the following platforms: AIX, BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OS/2 Warp, QNX, SGI IRIX, Solaris, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Tru64, Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP.

The Oracle Corporation launched its first commercial SQL relational database management systems in 1979. The DBMS runs on Unix, Linux and Windows platforms and is widely used around the world.

Oracle is the world's largest enterprise software company and sells many applications system packages that run on its Oracle database. In late 2005, the company purchased PeopleSoft and rights to its CRM, Purchasing, Financials, Human Resource, Supply Chain Management software packages.

Microsoft Access is a low cost relational database management system (RDBMS) used mainly by home users and small businesses with one or two system users. It can run on a personal computer or server and provides an easy-to-use interface for designing simple databases, reports and data entry forms.

The current version of MS Access allows you to save, read, and interchange data in XML format. The DBMS also has good ODBC capabilities (for connecting to other data sources) and can grab data from external databases and spreadsheets.

Microsoft provides a wizard to replicate an MS Access database to Microsoft SQL Server.

Microsoft Access can be purchases separately or as part of the Microsoft Office.


DB2 is a relational database management system that was introduced by IBM in 1983. The product was initially developed to run on the MVS operating system. A distributed version of DB2 was then released on OS/2 in 1987. Today DB2 is widely used by large organizations and can run on wide variety of UNIX, Linux and Windows platforms.

IBM markets different "editions" DB2 with different licensing arrangements. The cost of ownership therefore is based on the options that are needed. DB2 Editions include the following:

1. DB2Workgroup2. DB2 Workgroup Unlimited3. DB2 Enterprise Server Edition4. DB2 UDB Data Warehouse Enterprise Edition (DWE)

The DB2 UDB Data Warehouse Enterprise Edition includes business intelligence capabilities such as ET, data mining and online analytics. DB2 has APIs for many languages including the following:

1. .NET2. CLI3. Java4. Python5. Perl6. PHP7. C++8. C9. REXX10. PL/111. Cobol12. RPG13. Fortran

Microsoft's SQL Server is a relational database management system that initially was targeted at small and medium sized businesses. Today, many large corporation are using it for their enterprise information needs. The first version of SQL Server was launched in 1989.

The current version of this DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server 2005 (alias Yukon). In addition to providing database management functionality, the toolset includes ETL (extra, transform, load) functionality for data warehousing applications and an OLAP tool (Online Analytics).


The SQL Server 2005 DBMS provides a secure, reliable, scalable, highly available relational database engine with improved performance and support for structured and unstructured (XML) data.

A light version of SQL Server called SQL Server 2005 Express Edition is also available.

Microsoft Access or MySQL?

Microsoft Access is a popular data management application that allows you to store information in tables that it manages directly from the local disk. You can also use Access as a front end, that is, as an interface to information that is located elsewhere and handled by another storage management system. In this case, Access acts as a client that connects to a server that provides the data. The MySQL database system is one such storage manager; if you install the MySQL Connector/ODBC driver (formerly known as MyODBC), Access can make ODBC connections to MySQL servers over the network. You can still use the contents of your tables through Access, but the tables themselves are hosted by the MySQL server.

Access has its strengths, such as an easy to use interface. Access also has its limitations--it's generally used as a personal or single-user application, typically for managing limited amounts of data. (Access is not commonly used for databases hundreds of megabytes in size, for example.) Because of its storage management limitations, you may be considering how to retain the Access interface but migrate your information to a storage manager with greater capabilities. Or you may even be considering a move away from Access entirely. This article outlines some benefits that you stand to gain by using MySQL to manage your data, and provides some guidelines to help you migrate locally stored Access tables to MySQL. The final section of the article lists links to locations where you can find the tools discussed here.

Reasons to Migrate from Microsoft Access to MySQL

Use of MySQL as a storage manager for Access offers several benefits. One is that you can use your information in additional ways when it's not locked into Access. Other differences pertain more specifically to the case where you intend to continue using Access as the user interface to your information.

Deployment of information. When your information resides in MySQL, you're free to continue using it from Access if you wish, but a number of other


possibilities open up as well. Any kind of MySQL client can use the information, not just Access. This allows your data to be exploited more fully in more contexts, and by more people. For example, other people can use the data through the standard MySQL client programs or from GUI-based applications. Your database also becomes more accessible over the Web. Access now provides some capabilities for making a database available on the Web, but if MySQL manages the database, you have a wider range of options. MySQL integrates easily with Web servers like Apache through any of a number of languages, such as Perl, PHP, Python, Java, and Ruby. This allows you to provide a Web interface to your database with the language of your choice. In addition, the interface can be accessed by browsers on many types of machines, providing a platform-independent entryway to your information. All of these components can be obtained for free--MySQL, Apache, and the languages just mentioned have been released as Open Source. You can also obtain them in packages that include support.

Multiple-user access. Although Access provides some data sharing capabilities, that is not really its strength. It has the feel of a single-user data manager designed for local use. MySQL, on the other hand, easily handles many simultaneous users. It was designed from the ground up to run in a networked environment and to be a multiple-user system that is capable of servicing large numbers of clients.

Management of large databases. MySQL can manage hundreds of megabytes of data, and more. Care to try that with Access?

Security. When Access tables are stored locally, anyone can walk up to your Windows machine, launch Access, and gain access to your tables. It's possible to assign a database a password, but many people routinely neglect to do so. When your tables are stored in MySQL, the MySQL server manages security. Anyone attempting to access your data must know the proper user name and password for connecting to MySQL.

Backup management. If you work in an organization that supports many Access users, migrating data to MySQL provides a benefit for backups and data integrity. With Access databases centralized in MySQL, they're all backed up using the regular MySQL backup procedures that already exist at your site. If individual Access users each store their data locally, backup can be more complicated: 50 users means 50 database backups. While some sites address this problem through the use of network backups, others deal with it by making backups the responsibility of individual machine owners--which unfortunately sometimes means no backups at all.

Local disk storage requirements. Local Access database files become smaller, because the contents of tables are not stored internally, they're stored as links to the MySQL server where the tables reside. This results in reduced local disk usage.


And, should you wish to distribute a database, less information need be copied. (Of course, anyone you distribute the database to also must have access to the MySQL server.)

Cost. MySQL can be obtained for free. Access cannot. Providing other means of using your database (such as through a Web interface) can reduce your dependence on proprietary software and lower your software acquisition and licensing costs.

Hardware choices. MySQL runs on several platforms; Access is a single-platform application. If you want to use Access, your choice of hardware is determined for you.

An open source type that started as a research project at Berkeley in the 1970's. There are now two strains of Ingres; the university Ingres (also known as Berkeley Ingres), which is open source, and also a commercial version called OpenIngres, which uses sql and some forms of QUEL as its language for queries and database transactions. The university Ingres is believed to be the first implementation of a relational database management system that pre-dates IBM's system r. Version 8.9 was the last public release of University Ingres and it was discontinued in 1985. Ingres is also written asINGRES.

Firebird is offering many standard features that run onLinux and a variety of Unix platforms. Firebird offers concurrency, high performance and powerful language support for stored procedures and triggers. Firebird is open sourc and as such, it is completely free of any registration, licensing or deployment fees. It may be deployed freely for use with any third-party software, whether commercial or not.The Firebird Project is a commercially independent project of C and C++programmers, technical advisors and supporters developing and enhancing a multi-platform relational database management system based on the source code released by Inprise Corp (now known as Borland Software Corp) on 25 July, 2000. It has been used in production systems, under a variety of names, since 1981.


MaxDB is a SAP-certified open source RDBMS. It's targeted at large mySAP Business Suite environments and other applications that require maximum enterprise-level database functionality and complements the MySQLdatabaseserver. MaxDB offers a complete set of administration and development tools and is available for all major platforms including HP-UX, Linux, Microsoft Windows, IBM AI, and Sun Solaris. MaxDB started in 1977 as a research project at the Technical University of Berlin,.

Alpha Five is a relational database rdbms and (RAD) for building Windows desktop and Web applications.

It is developed by Alpha Software, Inc., which has been continually producing end-user and developer database application software since 1982. Applications with full read/write/edit capability can be created against its built-in DBF engineand . The latest version now incorporates Portable SQL, a feature that allows users to switch database back ends without having to rewrite queries. .

Alpha Five V9 PLATINUM - released in March 2008 is designed to build both desktop and AJAX enabled web database applications. For end users its key benefit is that it does not require programming skills. For professional developers its key benefit relates to the speed of both web and desktop database application development.

Alpha Five V10 with Codeless AJAX was released in 2010. Its main goal was to let people build web 2.0 AJAX database applications without having to code or learn JavaScript unless they wanted to.

BlackRay is an open source main memory high-performance relational database management system developed by SoftMethod GmbH. It is designed to provide high performance for SQL queries and also supports a proprietary API. It performs significantly faster than other open source DBMS and provides a nearly linear response time with respect to query complexity. In its current development stage it is optimized to serve as a query accelerator, where low latency is required for searches containing wildcards and fulltext (token) search features. Updates are supported


only as bulk updates. While all data is kept in RAM at all times for query operations, snapshots on disk allow persistence of the data.

ALTIBASE is a relational database management system offered and developed by Altibase Corp. in South Korea. It claims to be world's first hybrid DBMS. Because Altibase is, in its nature, a in-memory database and a traditional disk based database at the same time.

There are two types of tables supported by Altibase: in-memory table (also called memory table) and disk table.

Since Altibase was originally developed as a in-memory database, all tables resided in memory until Altibase V.4 was released. As of Altibase V.4, it started supporting both disk tables and memory tables, and proclaimed to be a hybrid DBMS.

Altibase is widely used in telecommunicaiton industries and stock exchange markets in Korea. SK Telecom, KTF, Samsung, LG Telecom and almost every stock exchange company in the country are known to be running altibase.

CUBRID is a comprehensive open source relational database management system (RDBMS) highly optimized for Web applications, especially when complex business services process large amount of data and generate huge concurrent requests. By providing unique optimized features, CUBRID enables to process much more parallel requests at much less response time.[1]

In CUBRID users can create unlimited number of databases, tables, and rows. There can be 6400 columns in each row, and the length of a column name is limited to 254 characters. Users can also insert unlimited size BLOB / CLOB data into a CUBRID table.


DataEase is an RDBMS, and is considered a rapid application development tool for developing relationally-organized, data-intensive software applications for personal computers. DataEase was created in the early 1980s by software developers Arun Gupta[1] and Joseph Busch. The first version of the software was released in 1981 by Software Solutions Inc. The principals sold the company to Sapphire International Corporation of the United Kingdom in 1991. Sapphire continues to develop and market the product.

Empress Embedded Database is a full-function relational database that has been embedded into applications by organizations small to large, with deployment environments including medical systems, network routers, nuclear power plant monitors, satellite management systems and other embedded system applications that require reliability and power.[1] Empress is an ACID compliant relational database management system (RDBMS) with two-phase commit and several transaction isolation levels for real-time embedded applications.[2] It supports both persistent and in-memory storage of data and works with text, binary, multimedia, as well as traditional data.

Greenplum is a database software company in San Mateo, California, specializing in enterprise data cloud solutions for large-scale data warehousing and analytics. The Greenplum Database is built from modified PostgreSQL in a massively parallel processing (MPP) database.

Developments include the addition of an analytic extension based on MapReduce, as well as a Column-Oriented Table feature as part of the Polymorphic Data Storage technology. In October 2009, Greenplum released the Single-Node Edition, which offers data analysts access to a free version of the Greenplum Database.

Greenplum also announced its Enterprise Data Cloud platform initiative in 2009, partnering with vendors like the data integration company Informatica and the business intelligence software company


MicroStrategy to support cloud computing capabilities for clients. In April 2010, Greenplum announced the release of its latest technology, Database 4.0, and launched its newest product, Chorus - the world's first Enterprise Data Cloud platform.

On July 6, 2010, EMC Corporation announced plans to acquire Greenplum for an all-cash deal.[3][4] EMC completed the acquisition of Greenplum and continues to develop the technology marketed under the Greenplum name.

H2 is a relational database management system written in Java. It can be embedded in Java applications or run in the client-server mode. The disk footprint (size of the jar file) is about 1 MB.

The software is available as open source software under modified versions of the Mozilla Public License or the original Eclipse Public License. The modification of the MPL is a shorter file header and the license name.

A subset of the SQL (Structured Query Language) standard is supported. The main programming APIs are SQL and JDBC, however the database also supports using the PostgreSQL ODBC driver by acting like a PostgreSQL server

It is possible to create both in-memory tables, as well as disk-based tables. Tables can be persistent or temporary. Index types are hash table and tree for in-memory tables, and b-tree for disk-based tables. All data manipulation operations are transactional. Table level locking and multiversion concurrency control are implemented. The 2-phase commit protocol is supported as well, but no standard API for distributed transactions is implemented. The security features of the database are: role based access rights, encryption of the password using SHA-256 and data using the AES or the Tiny Encryption Algorithm, XTEA. The cryptographic features are available as functions inside the database as well. SSL / TLS connections are supported in the client-server mode, as well as when using the console application.


Helix is a pioneering database management system for the Apple Macintosh platform, created in 1983. Helix uses a graphical "programming language" to add logic to its applications, allowing non-programmers to construct sophisticated applications. While this sort of ease-of-use should have made Helix a killer app on the platform, the uniqueness of the programming language, limitations in the Mac OS it relied on for data I/O, the proprietary nature of the databases it created, and a variety of business problems relegated it to a niche product. As of 2005, Helix is twenty-one years old, but still has a dedicated, if small, following.

Despite being the first multiuser database on any PC platform, the first object-based, visual programming tool, and, perhaps, the first relational database on a PC platform, Helix's marketing and ownership problems led it to a life as a niche product on an OS with a small market share. .

Infobright is a commercial provider of column-oriented relational database software with a strong focus in Machine Generated Data. The company's head office is located in Toronto, Canada. Most of its research and development is based in Warsaw, Poland.

Infobright was founded in 2005. It became an open source company in September 2008, when it issued the first free release of its software. At the same time the infobright.org community site was launched.

In 2009, Infobright was recognized as MySQL's Partner of the Year, and a Gartner Cool Vendor in Data Management and Integration. It is also certified for use with Sun's Unified Storage product line. It is the assignee of published patent applications on data compression, query optimization, and data organization.

The company is funded by venture capital investors Flybridge Capital Partners, RBC Venture Partners, and Sun Microsystems.

InterBase is a relational database management system (RDBMS) currently developed and marketed by Embarcadero


Technologies. InterBase is distinguished from other DBMSs by its small footprint, close to zero administration requirements, and multi-generational architecture.[1] InterBase runs on the Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Solaris operating systems.

GT.M is a high-throughput key-value database engine optimized for transaction processing. (It is a type also referred to as "schema-less", "schema-free," or "NoSQL.") GT.M is also an application development platform and a compiler for the ISO standard M language, also known as MUMPS.

GT.M, an abbreviation for Greystone Technology M, was developed by the Greystone Technology Corp in the 1980s. It is an implementation of ANSI standard M for various UNIX systems and OpenVMS. In addition to preserving the traditional features of M, GT.M also offers an optimizing compiler that produces object code that does not require internal interpreters during execution.

The database engine, made open source in 2000,[1] is maintained by Fidelity Information Services. GT.M is used as the backend of their FIS Profile banking application,[2] and it powers ING DIRECT banks in the United States, Canada, Spain, France and Italy.[3] It is also used as an open source backend for the Electronic Health Record system WorldVistA and other open source EHRs such as Medsphere's OpenVista.[4] It is listed as an open source healthcare solution partner of Red Hat.[5] Today it consists of approximately 2 million lines of code.

MonetDB is an open source column-oriented database management system developed at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands. It was designed to provide high performance on complex queries against large databases, e.g. combining tables with hundreds of columns and multi-million rows. As such, MonetDB can be used in application areas that because of performance issues are no-go areas for using traditional database technology in a real-time manner.


MonetDB has been successfully applied in high-performance applications for data mining, OLAP, GIS, XML Query, text and multimedia retrieval.

MonetDB internal data representation is memory-based, relying on the huge memory addressing ranges of contemporary CPUs using demand paging, and thus departing from traditional DBMS designs involving complex management of large data stores in limited memory.

MonetDB introduced innovations at all layers of a DBMS (see the MonetDB publications): a storage model based on vertical fragmentation, a modern CPU-tuned vectorized query execution architecture that often gives MonetDB a more than 10-fold raw speed advantage on the same algorithm over a typical interpreter-based RDBMS. MonetDB is one of the first database systems to focus its query optimization effort on exploiting CPU caches. MonetDB also features automatic and self-tuning indexes, run-time query optimization, a modular software architecture, etc. [1][2]

The MonetDB family consists of:

MonetDB/SQL: the relational database solution

MonetDB/GIS: Simple Features extension to MonetDB/SQL

MonetDB/XQuery: the XML database solution

MonetDB Server: the multi-model database server

Netezza (NYSE: NZ) designs and markets high-performance data warehouse appliances and advanced analytics applications for uses including enterprise data warehousing, business intelligence, predictive analytics and business continuity planning.

Netezza is widely credited for either inventing or bringing renewed attention to the data warehouse appliance category, depending upon whether one regards long-time data warehouse technology vendor


Teradata as having been in the data warehouse appliance category all along.

Sav Zigzag is a mobile object-relational DBMS (ORDBMS) supporting Zigzag language, more expressive than SQL and XQuery. Zigzag algebraic expressions enable lightly to process not only tabular data but also hierarchic, for example XML with its dynamic and multi-level structure. The some peculiarities of Zigzag database: many-valued data, multi-level classification, dynamic structure, automatic data integrity control, and class inheritance. DBMS Sav Zigzag may be installed on PC, PDA and even on the mobile phone (smartphone, commutator).

TimesTen is an in-memory relational database software product from Oracle Corporation. TimesTen is designed for low latency, high-volume data, event and transaction management. Unlike disk-optimized relational databases such as the Oracle database, DB2, Informix, and SQL Server, TimesTen's data is located entirely in memory; no disk I/O is required for query operations. As memory is far faster than hard disk, TimesTen is used in applications where Service level agreements require very fast and predictable response time, such as network equipment, telecommunication, real-time financial services trading applications, and large web applications. Unlike custom-built memory structures such as Hash tables, TimesTen is a relational database that is accessed with standard ODBC and JDBC, providing the rich functionality of the SQL query language.

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