quarter 1 - module 1 cell: the basic unit of life

116
1 NOT General Biology 1 Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines Senior High School

Upload: others

Post on 16-Oct-2021

7 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

1

NOT

General Biology 1

Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Senior High School

Page 2: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

2

General Biology 1- Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 - Module 1: Cell: the basic unit of life

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work

of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or

office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.

Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of

royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,

trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.

Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from

their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim

ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author: Romer T. Aguirre, Mark Richie S. Lasque Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan, Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, Arnold Langam, Amelito Bucod Illustrators and Layout Artists: Romer T. Aguirre, Mark Richie S. Lasque Management Team Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Co-Chairperson: Alicia E. Anghay, Ph.D., CESE Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief Jean S. Macasero, EPS- Science Joel D. Potane, LRMDS Manager Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II Gemma Pajayon, PDO II Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head Cely B. Labadan, School Head

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro

Telefax: (08822)855-0048

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Page 3: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

3

Senior High School

General Biology 1

Quarter 1 - Module 1:

Cell: the basic unit of life

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other

education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and

recommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Senior High School

Page 4: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

4

This page is intentionally blank

Page 5: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

5

Table of Contents

What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. ii How to Learn from this Module............................................................................................................... ii Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... iii

What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii

First Quarter Lesson 1: Cell Theory

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 14

What‘s New: Guess What? .......................................................................................... 15

What Is It: Learning Concepts ................................................................................. 16

What‘s More: Synthesizing Information .................................................................. 17

What‘s New: Reflection…. .......................................................................................... 18

What I Have Learned: ................................................................................................... 18

What I Can Do: Performance Task and Enrichment Activity ............................ 19

Lesson 2: Cell Structure and Functions

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 20

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 21

What Is It: Learning Concepts .................................................................................... 23

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 24

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................25

Lesson 3: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 26

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 26

What Is It: Learning Concepts .................................................................................... 27

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 28

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 28

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................29

Page 6: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

6

Lesson 4: Cell Types and Cell Modifications

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 30

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 30

What Is It: Learning Concepts .................................................................................... 31

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 34

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 34

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................34

Lesson 5: Cell Cycle

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 35

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 35

What Is It: Learning Concepts .................................................................................... 36

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 40

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 41

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................41

Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………….43

Assesment…………………………………………………………………………………………...44 Key to Answers…………………………………………………………………………………..….45

References ................................................................................................................................................. .. 52

Lesson 6: Transport Mechanisms

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 54

6.1 Structural Components of the Cell Membrane

What I Know ..................................................................................................................... 55

What‘s In (REVIEW): .................................................................................................... 57

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 61

What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 61

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 62

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 62

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................63

Page 7: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

7

6.2 The Relationship of the Structure and Composition of the Cell

Membrane to its Function

What I Know ..................................................................................................................... 63

What‘s In (REVIEW): .................................................................................................... 65

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 68

What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 68

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 69

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 69

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................69

6.3 Transport Mechanisms in Cells

6.4 Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

What I Know ..................................................................................................................... 70

What‘s In (REVIEW): .................................................................................................... 72

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 81

What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 81

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 81

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 82

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................82

Assesment…………………………………………………………………………………………...83

Lesson 7: Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules- Enzymes

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 86

7.1 Description of the Components of Enzymes

What I Know ..................................................................................................................... 88

What‘s In (REVIEW): .................................................................................................... 89

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 92

What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 92

What‘s More: ................................................................................................................... 93

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 93

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................94

Page 8: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

8

7.2 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

What I Know ..................................................................................................................... 95

What‘s In (REVIEW): .................................................................................................... 95

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 97

What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 97

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 98

7.3 Determining the Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

What I Know ..................................................................................................................... 99

What‘s In (REVIEW): .................................................................................................... 100

What‘s New: .................................................................................................................... 105

What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 105

What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 105

What I Can Do: …………………………………….........................................106

Assessment: (Post-Test) ............................................................................................. ..106 Key to Answers ......................................................................................................................................... .. 110 References ................................................................................................................................................. .. 112

Page 9: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

9

This page is intentionally blank

Page 10: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

10

Module 1

Cell: the basic unit life

What This Module is About

This module demonstrates your understanding of the cell theory, cell structure and functions, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, cell types and modifications, cell cycle and transport mechanisms which are the major topics of cellular biology. Learners

will be looking into the processes that are important to sustain life. This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics and immersed

you in various activities and hands-on tasks that will help you answer the questions pertaining to the cell theory, structure and functions, cell types and modifications, cell cycle and transport mechanisms.

This module has seven (7) lessons:

Lesson 1- Cell Theory

Lesson 2- Cell Structure and Functions

Lesson 3- Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Lesson 4- Cell Types and Cell Modifications

Lesson 5- Cell Cycle

Lesson 6- Transport Mechanisms

Lesson 7- Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules-Enzymes

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the postulates of the Cell Theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1). 2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2). 3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing

features (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3). 4. Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of

each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4). 5. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized

functions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5). 6. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points

(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6). 7. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-

11) 8. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)

Page 11: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

11

9. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion osmosis, facilitated transport,

active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13). 10. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)

11. Describe the components of an enzyme (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)

12. Explain oxidation/reduction reactions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-18)

13. Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect enzyme

activity (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-19)

How to Learn from this Module

Page 12: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

12

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.

• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the

module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,

meant specifically to gauge prior related

knowledge

What‘s In This part connects previous lesson with that

of the current one.

What‘s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented

to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-

standing of the concept.

What‘s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to

master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and

applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II

What I Know

Page 13: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

13

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

__1. Which level of organization is the basic unit of life? A. Cell

B. Tissue C. Organ

D. System __2. Which of the following is NOT a postulate of a unified cell theory?

A. All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic unit of life C. All cells undergo complete development D. All new cells arise from existing cells

__3. Who coined the term cell for the box like structure he observed when viewing cork tissue?

A. Matthias Schleiden B. Theodor Schwann C. Rudolf Virchow D. Robert Hooke

__4. In many cells, the structure that controls the cell activities is the _____________. A. Cell Membrane B. Organelle C. Nucleolus D. Nucleus

__5. Which part of the cell serves as venue for cellular respiration and is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

A. Nucleolus B. Chromosome C. Mitochondrion D. Nucleus

__6. Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the intestines?

A. Nervous tissue B. Muscular tissue C. Connective tissue D. Epithelial tissue

__7. The process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which they came.

A. Meiosis B. Interphase C. Mitosis D. Cytokinesis

__8. A type of passive transport which relies on carrier proteins in order for the substances to move down their concentration gradient. A. Active transport B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D. Sodium-potassium pump __9. Which of the following is an example of passive transport which occurs when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration? A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis

Page 14: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

14

C. Diffusion D. Osmosis __10. This process utilizes additional metabolic energy against the concentration gradient to move molecules across the membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. A. Active Transport B. Passive Transport C. Osmosis D. Exocytosis

Page 15: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

15

Lesson

The Cell Theory

1

What I Need to Know

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is

composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients

from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions.

Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of

themselves.

Cells have many parts, each with a different function. Some of these

parts, called organelles, are specialized structures that perform certain tasks within

the cell.

In this lesson, you are to explain the postulates of the cell theory. The

three postulates of the cell theory offer the basis on how an organism is considered

as a living thing.

Plant cell Animal cell

Page 16: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

16

What’s New Guess What?

Direction: Complete the three basic components of the cell theory by arranging these

words in proper order. All your answers must be written on a separate sheet of

paper.

1. LIVING OF CELLS OR ONE ALL MORE THINGS

COMPOSED ARE

2. IS UNIT THE BASIC CELL LIFE OF THE

3. FROM ARISE CELLS PRE-EXISTING CELLS ALL

Page 17: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

17

What Is It

Prior to the invention of the very first microscope, everything that could not be seen by the naked eye was unexplainable. In 1665, English physicist Robert Hooke used of the first light microscopes to look at thin slices of plant tissues. One of

these, a slice of cork, especially caught his eye. Under the microscope, cork seemed to be made of thousands of tiny chambers. Hooke called this chambers ―cells‖ because they reminded him of a monastery‘s tiny rooms, which were also known as

cells. Until 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his observations on tiny living organisms which he named animalcules. It was believed that Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe under his microscope the structure of a red blood cell of different

animals as well as a sperm cell. One of the leading botanists in his time, Robert Brown in 1831 was able to

compare diverse kinds of plant specimens under the microscope. He markedly indicated that there is a common thing about them-they are all composed of cells, and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he termed as the nucleus. A few years

later, German botanist Matthias Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plant parts are made of cells. Theodor Schwann (1839), also a botanist and a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells, too. In 1858, Rudolf

Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Figure 1.1. Structure of cork using a microscope as seen by Robert Hooke (1665)

Page 18: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

18

The discoveries made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann,

Virchow, and others led to the formulation of the cell theory. The cell theory

describes the properties of all cells. This theory can be summed up into three basic

components: (1) all living things are composed of one or more cells; (2) the cell is the

basic unit of life; and (3) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Now, that you have an understanding of the history of the cell theory, answer

the activity that follows.

What’s More

A. The Discovery of Cell

Matthias Schleiden Robert Hooke Theodor Schwann Anton van Leeuwenhoek Rudolf Virchow

Direction. Research on the ―Cell Theory‖ which tells about the discovery of cell. Take note of the scientists and their respective works. Choose from the box which scientist gave the following statements. __________1. All cells come from pre-existing cells (1858).

__________2. All animals are made up of cells (1839). __________3. All plants are made up of cells (1838). __________4. Tiny living organisms are observed (1676). __________5. Thousands of tiny empty chambers in cork are called cells (1665).

Page 19: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

19

What’s New

Reflection: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the cell theory and what does it state?

_________________________________________________________________

2. What do we call the basic generalizations that are accepted by modern science about cell?

_________________________________________________________________

3. Among the scientists, who advanced the cell theory with his conclusion that cells could only come from other cells?

_________________________________________________________________

4. What discovery is Van Leeuwenhoek noted for?

_________________________________________________________________

5. What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?

_________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Direction: The figure below indicates events that lead up to the cell theory. Complete the table by filling in the blank spaces.

Date Scientist Discovery

1665 a. Observed the remains of dead plant cells

b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c.

1838 Matthias Schleiden d.

e. f. Stated that all animals are

made of cells

1858 g. h.

Page 20: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

20

What I Can Do

Performance Task:

Research on the theory of spontaneous generation or theory of abiogenesis by

Stanley Miller and Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur‘s experiment. Compare the two

theories on the origin of life.

Enrichment Activity: Watch a video through YouTube link below entitled “Theories on the Origin of Life”,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QLW7I_XBqo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNijmxsKGbc

Page 21: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

21

Lesson

Cell Structure and Functions

2

What’s In

In lesson 1, you have learned about the cell theory and the discoveries made by scientists.

In this next topic, you will learn on the cell structure and functions that carry

out basic life processes.

What I Need to Know

All living organisms are made up of one or many cells. The cells are the building block of life just as atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. Each

cell contains materials that carry out basic life processes. Cell structures can only be observed under high magnification electron microscope and are separated internally into numerous membranous compartments called organelles (little organs). These

organelles perform a variety of functions like production of proteins, storage of important materials, harvesting energy, repairing cell parts, digestion of substances, and maintaining the shape and structure of the cell.

In this lesson, you will describe the structure and function of major subcellular

organelles.

Page 22: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

22

What’s New

Direction: Write all the descriptions of cell organelles which are shown through the illustration.

1. Control center, stores DNA

2. Center of the nucleus, produces ribosomes

3. Controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water,

oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell.

4. Provides structure to cell; gel-like fluid in which organelles are found

5. ―Powerhouse of the cell‖, releases energy from food

6. Small structures for protein synthesis

Page 23: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

23

7. Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

8. Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and

Distributes lipids and proteins

9. Garbage disposal, digestion of macro-

molecules; recycling or worn out organelles

10. Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells.

11. Site of photosynthesis, trap sunlight to make food

12. Protection, structural support and

maintenance of cell shape

Page 24: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

24

What Is It

Cell Structure and Functions

Cells’ Structures Functions

1. Cell Membrane 1. Separates cell from external

environment; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell

2. Cytoplasm 2. Provides structure to cell; site of

many metabolic reactions; medium in which organelles are found

3. Nucleolus 3. Location of DNA

4. Nucleus 4. Cell organelle that houses DNA and

directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

5. Ribosomes 5. Protein synthesis

6. Mitochondria 6. ATP production or cellular respiration

7. Peroxisomes 7. Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies poisons

8. Vesicles and Vacuoles 8. Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells

9. Centrosome 9. Unspecified role in cell division in

animal cells; organizing center of microtubules in animal cells

10. Lysosomes 10. Digestion of macromolecules; recycling or worn out organelles

11. Cell wall 11. Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape

12. Chloroplast 12. Photosynthesis

13. Endoplasmic reticulum 13. Modifies proteins and synthesizes

lipids

14. Golgi apparatus 14. Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and

distributes lipids and proteins

15. Cytoskeleton 15. Maintains cell‘s shape, secure

organelles on specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular

organisms to move independently

16. Flagella 16. Cellular locomotion

17. Cilia 17. Cellular locomotion, movement of

particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration

Page 25: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

25

What’s More

Direction: Below are drawing of plant and animal cells. Label the parts of the cell. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper according to letters and numbers.

What I Have Learned

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

Page 26: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

26

Direction: Using a Venn Diagram or Tabular form show the difference between a

plant cell and animal cell.

Features Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Shape Rectangular (fixed shape) Round (irregular shape)

Cell Wall Present and is formed of

cellulose

Absent

Cell Membrane Present and is covered by the cell wall

Present

Nucleus Present Present

Vacuole A large central vacuole

taking up 90% of the cell volume

One or more small

vacuoles

Plastids Present Present

Chloroplast Present and make their

own food

Absent

Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present

Ribosomes Present Present

Mitichondria Present Present

What I Can Do

Direction: Construct a 3D model of a plant/animal cell using indigenous or recyclable

materials and label the parts.

Page 27: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

27

Lesson

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

3

What’s In

In lesson 2, you have learned about the cell structure and function of major and subcellular organelles.

In this next topic, you will learn on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features.

What I Need to Know

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Most living things you know such as animals and plants are multicellular organisms. Some living things are made up of only single cell. Single-celled or

unicellular organisms include the bacteria, some protists, and some fungi. Even though composed of single cells, these organisms carry out all the functions necessary for life. In different organisms, cells also vary in sizes, shapes, parts, and functions. But they all have one thing in common: they make up all living things and

they are living.

What’s New

Direction: In the following matrix, put a check in the box to show the organelle is present in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, or both, and state in once sentence what function of the organelle is.

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Page 28: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

28

Organelle Prokaryote Eukaryote Function

Cell membrane Cell wall Nucleus Mitochondria chloroplast Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth)

Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (rough)

Vacuole What Is It

There are two kinds of organisms according to their cell structure, the

prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms is said to be the most important distinction among the groups of living things. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound

nucleus, mitochondria, and all other organelles. Its name comes from the Greek words pro, which means ―before‖, and karyon, which means ―nut or kernel‖. Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nucleus and

other membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the genetic material (DNA), enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Other membrane-bound organelles are mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast found in

photosynthetic organisms such as algae and plants. There are also unicellular eukaryotes known as protozoa. All other eukaryotes are multicellular organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi.

Page 29: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

29

What’s More

For the chart below, place a check in the box if the cell has that component.

Organelle Plant Animal Bacteria

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Ribosome

Mitochondria

DNA

Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Cell Wall

Golgi Appratus

What I Have Learned

Directions: On the lines below, write about what you‘ve learned by doing the

activities. Be as specific as possible and use COMPLETE SENTENCES.

1. Let me tell you some of the important things I‘ve learned about prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells. First, I‘ll start with the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________.

2. Next, I‘ll tell you examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________.

3. Lastly, I now really know about and understand that prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________.

Page 30: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

30

What I Can Do Directions: Draw a prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic cell on a separate sheet

of paper. Label the prominent structures and if possible note the name of the species.

Page 31: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

31

Lesson

Cell Types and Cell Modification

4

What’s In

In lesson 3, you have learned about the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features.

In this next topic, you will learn on the classification of different cell types and cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions.

What I Need to Know There are certain characteristics that all living things exhibit, the characteristics of life. Living things are made up of cells. They metabolize, grow and develop, respond to stimulus, adapt to their environment and reproduce. Life on

Earth exhibits organization. The atom is smallest unit of matter, followed by molecules, which are combinations of atoms. When these molecules are grouped together, they ultimately form a cell. The cell is the basic unit of life. In multicellular,

organisms like plants and animals, cells are grouped as tissues to perform a specific function. Different tissues can be grouped further and form organs. The organs form organ systems that makes the function of the body more complex and efficient.

Organs system will then form the whole organisms. All living things exhibit organization, whether they are unicellular or multicellular organisms.

What’s New Direction: Arrange the words according to the levels of biological organization.

organ system organism tissue cell

Page 32: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

32

What Is It There are hundreds of types of cells, but the four main types are epithelial cells, connective tissue cells, muscle cells and nerve cells. Epithelial Tissue—This type of tissue is commonly seen outside the body as

coverings or as linings of organs and cavities. Epithelial tissues are characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions (i.e., a type of cell modification). Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as barriers for pathogens, mechanical injuries, and fluid

loss. Cells that make up epithelial tissues can have distinct arrangements:

• cuboidal—for secretion • simple columnar—brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption • simple squamous—plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion

• stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection • pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of

cell modification that sweeps the mucus).

Figure 1: Epithelial Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th.

San Francisco (CA).)

Page 33: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

33

Connective Tissue—These tissues are composed of the following:

BLOOD —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense

(WBC), and platelets for blood clotting. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)—made up of loose connective tissue that is

found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store

energy. CARTILAGE —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate.

Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage functions as cushion between bones.

BONE —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposit collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions to make the bone hard. Blood vessels and nerves

are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles of osteons.

Figure 2: Connective Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

Muscle Tissue—These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. Movement of muscles is a response

to signals coming from nerve cells. In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the following: • skeletal—striated; voluntary movements

• cardiac—striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart contraction; involuntary • smooth—not striated; involuntary

Page 34: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

34

Figure 3: Muscle Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit

electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals. The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.

Figure 4: Neurons and Glial Cells (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

Page 35: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

35

What’s More

Direction: Match each general tissue category to the appropriate feature. Write the letter of your choice before each number. A. Connective tissue

B. Epithelium C. Muscular tissue D. Nervous tissue

_____1. A type of tissue that would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord? _____2. Found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the

intestines _____3. Form the ligaments, tendons, fat and bone _____4. A type of tissue that makes up majority of the heart

What I Have Learned Direction: Identify which type of connective tissue (A-C), epithelial tissue (D-F), and muscle tissue (G-I) is being described.

A. _______________transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste through the body by travelling through the vessels called arteries and veins. B. _______________is a type of dense connective tissue that connects

muscles to bones and connects bone to bone. C. _______________is a type of connective tissue with one of the hardest extracellular matrixes that forms a protective structure used for muscle attachment.

D. _______________found in respiratory tract (trachea), usually lined with cilia. E. _______________found in air sacs/alveoli of the lungs, capillaries. F. _______________found in digestive tract for secretion and active

absorption G. _______________muscles of the heart; involuntary movements. H. _______________involuntary contractions of digestive tract like

esophagus, stomach and intestines. I. ________________striated; voluntary movements like biceps and abdominal muscles.

What I Can Do Direction: Give at least 4 examples of the four major tissue types. Be as specific as possible in giving examples.

Page 36: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

36

Lesson

Cell Cycle

5

What’s In

In lesson 4, you have learned about the classification of different cell types

and some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions. In this next topic, you will learn on the phases of cell cycle and their control

points, stages of mitosis/meiosis, comparison and their role in the cell division cycle.

What I Need to Know

One of the distinct characteristics of living things is being able to preserve themselves. Cells need to undergo cycles as part of their growth and to repair or replace damaged parts. Cell cycle enables a living thing to continue its existence by

multiplying itself in controlled and systematic processes. This lesson will enhance your understanding on cell cycle. This will provide learners with the concepts on the different stages of cell cycle and the two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis

and explain their significance on an organism.

What’s New

Direction: Label the diagram below with the following labels: Anaphase Metaphase

Cell division (M Phase) Prophase Cytokinesis Telophase G1 –cell grows Interphase

G2- prepares for mitosis Mitosis S-DNA replication

Page 37: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

37

The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet Then on the diagram, lightly color the G1 phase light GREEN, the S phase dark BLUE, the G2 phase light BLUE, and the stages of mitosis VIOLET.

Color the arrows indicating all of the interphases in BLUE. Color the part of the arrow indicating mitosis PURPLE and the part of the arrow indicating cytokinesis light VIOLET.

What Is It

Cell Division—involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to two

daughter cells. What is most remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is passed along, without dilution or error, from one generation to the next. Cell Division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair.

Core Concepts: • All organisms consist of cells and arise from preexisting cells.

• Mitosis is the process by which new cells are generated. • Meiosis is the process by which gametes are generated for reproduction. • The Cell Cycle represents all phases in the life of a cell.

• DNA replication (S phase) must precede mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell. • The gap phases separate mitosis from S phase. This is the time when molecular

signals mediate the switch in cellular activity. • Mitosis involves the separation of copied chromosomes into separate cells.

Page 38: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

38

• Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer.

• Cell cycle checkpoints normally ensure that DNA replication and mitosis occur only when conditions are favorable and the process is working correctly. • Mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins can lead to unregulated growth,

resulting in tumor formation and ultimately invasion of cancerous cells to other organs.

The Cell Cycle control system is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli (i.e., chemical messages). Checkpoint—a critical control point in the Cell Cycle where ‗stop‘ and ‗go-ahead‘

signals can regulate the cell cycle. • Animal cells have built-in ‗stop‘ signals that halt the cell cycles and checkpoints until overridden by ‗go-ahead‘ signals. • Three major checkpoints are found in the G1, G2,

and M phases of the Cell Cycle.

The G1 Checkpoint—the Restriction Point • The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells.

• If a cell receives a ‗go-ahead‘ signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually continue with the Cell Cycle. • If the cell does not receive the ‗go-ahead‘ signal, it will exit the Cell Cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0.

• Most cells in the human body are in the G0 phase. The G2 Checkpoint—ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed.

The Metaphase Checkpoint—ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore. Kinase—a protein which activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylating them. Kinases give the ‗go-ahead‘ signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints. The

kinases that drive these checkpoints must themselves be activated. • The activating molecule is a cyclin, a protein that derives its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell. Because of this requirement, these kinases are

called cyclin-dependent kinases or CDKs. • Cyclins accumulate during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the Cell Cycle. • By the G2 checkpoint, enough cyclin is available to form MPF complexes

(aggregations of CDK and cyclin) which initiate mitosis. • MPF functions by phosphorylating key proteins in the mitotic sequence. • Later in mitosis, MPF switches itself off by initiating a process which leads to the

destruction of cyclin. • CDK, the non-cyclin part of MPF, persists in the cell as an inactive form until it associates with new cyclin molecules synthesized during the interphase of the next round of the Cell Cycle.

Discuss the stages of mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis (apparent division)—is nuclear division; the process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei. Mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which they came.

Cytokinesis—is the division of the cytoplasm. Both mitosis and cytokinesis last for around one to two hours. Prophase—is the preparatory stage, during prophase, centrioles move toward

opposite sides of the nucleus. • The initially indistinct chromosomes begin to condense into visible threads.

Page 39: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

39

• Chromosomes first become visible during early prophase as long, thin, and

intertwined filaments but by late prophase, chromosomes are more compacted and can be clearly discerned as much shorter and rod-like structures. • As the chromosomes become more distinct, the nucleoli also become more distinct.

By the end of prophase, the nucleoli become less distinct, often disappearing altogether.

Metaphase—is when chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres become aligned in one place, halfway between the two spindle poles. The long axes of the chromosomes are 90 degrees to the spindle axis. The plane of alignment is

called the metaphase plate. Anaphase—is initiated by the separation of sister chromatids at their junction point

at the centromere. The daughter chromosomes then move toward the poles. Telophase—is when daughter chromosomes complete their migration to the poles.

The two sets of progeny chromosomes are assembled into two-groups at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes uncoil and assume their extended form during interphase. A nuclear membrane then forms around each chromosome group and

the spindle microtubules disappear. Soon, the nucleolus reforms. Meiosis—reduces the amount of genetic information. While mitosis in diploid cells produces daughter cells with a full diploid complement, meiosis produces haploid

gametes or spores with only one set of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, gametes combine in fertilization to reconstitute the diploid complement found in parental cells. The process involves two successive divisions of a diploid nucleus.

First Meiotic Division The first meiotic division results in reducing the number of chromosomes (reduction division). In most cases, the division is accompanied by cytokinesis.

Prophase I—has been subdivided into five substages: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis.

• Leptonema—Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible. The number of chromosomes present is the same as the number in the diploid cell. • Zygonema—Homologue chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other

in a highly specific manner. The pairing is called synapsis. And because the pair consists of four chromatids it is referred to as bivalent tetrad. • Pachynema—Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker. A form of physical

exchange between homologues takes place at specific regions. The process of physical exchange of a chromosome region is called crossing-over. Through the mechanism of crossing-over, the parts of the homologous chromosomes are

recombined (genetic recombination). • Diplonema—The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other. It is at this point where crossing-over is shown to have taken place. The area of

contact between two non-sister chromatids, called chiasma, become evident. • Diakinesis—The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and the chiasma often terminalize or move down the chromatids to the ends. This delays the

separation of homologous chromosomes. In addition, the nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down.

Metaphase I—The spindle apparatus is completely formed and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologues. The synapsed tetrads are

Page 40: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

40

found aligned at the metaphase plate (the equatorial plane of the cell) instead of only

replicated chromosomes. Anaphase I—Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the

opposite poles. The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere regions.

Telophase I—The dyads complete their migration to the poles. New nuclear membranes may form. In most species, cytokinesis follows, producing two daughter cells. Each has a nucleus containing only one set of chromosomes (haploid level) in

a replicated form. Second Meiotic Division The events in the second meiotic division are quite similar to

mitotic division. The difference lies, however, in the number of chromosomes that each daughter cell receives. While the original chromosome number is maintained in mitosis, the number is reduced to half in meiosis.

Prophase II—The dyads contract. Metaphase II—The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide.

Anaphase II—The sister chromatids (monads) move away from each other and migrate to the opposite poles of the spindle fiber. Telophase II—The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes. A

nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows. The chromosomes uncoil and extend.

Cytokinesis—The telophase stage of mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis. The two nuclei are compartmentalized into separate daughter cells and complete the mitotic cell division process. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by the formation of a constriction in the middle of the cell until two daughter cells are formed. The

constriction is often called cleavage, or cell furrow. However, in most plant cells this constriction is not evident. Instead, a new cell membrane and cell wall are assembled between the two nuclei to form a cell plate. Each side of the cell plate is

coated with a cell wall that eventually forms the two progeny cells.

Table 1: Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis (Source:http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/TA

BLE_COMPARING_MITOSIS_AND.pdf)

Page 41: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

41

Disorders and Diseases • incorrect DNA copy (e.g., cancer) • chromosomes are attached to string-like spindles and begin to move to the middle

of the cell (e.g., Down Syndrome, Alzheimer‘s, and Leukemia) Other chromosome abnormalities:

• arise from errors in meiosis, usually meiosis I; • occur more often during egg formation (90% of the time) than during sperm formation;

• become more frequent as a woman ages. • Aneuploidy—is the gain or loss of whole chromosomes. It is the most common chromosome abnormality. It is caused by non-disjunction, the failure of

chromosomes to correctly separate: • homologues during meiosis I or • sister chromatids during meiosis II

What’s More

Direction: Complete the chart by noting what occurs in each phase of the cell cycle.

Interphase

Gap O (GO)

Gap 1 (G1)

S Phase

Gap 2 (G2)

Mitosis or M

Phase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis C

Page 42: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

42

What I Have Learned

Direction: The diagram below shows cells in various phases of the cell cycle. Note

the cells are not arranged in the order in which the cell cycle occurs. Use the diagram to answer questions 1-6. Write you answer in CAPITAL letters.

1. ________Interphase (G2) 4. _________Metaphase

2. ________Prophase 5. _________Anaphase

3. ________Prometaphase 6. _________Telophase & Cytokinesis

What I Can Do

Direction: Gene mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division, called

cancer. Exposure of cells to certain chemicals and radiation increases mutations

and thus increases the chance of cancer. Research on the causes of cancers and disorders/diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle and answer the following questions.

1. Define cancer

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

2. What are the causes of cancer?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Page 43: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

43

Summary The importance of cell cycle is very evident that the growth and sustainability of multicellular organisms depend on this process. Cells that are

damaged and lost will be replenished when cells divide. Errors in mitosis lead to an incorrect copy of the DNA which may produce deadly functional consequences depending on the error. The positive correlation with the malfunction of these

processes to the onset of major diseases such as cancer, stroke, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and some neurodegenerative disorders in increasingly proven in various studies.

Page 44: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

44

Assessment: (Post-Test)

Direction: Select the letter of your choice. Write it in CAPITAL letters. Your answers should be written on a separate sheet of paper. __1. Which level of organization is the basic unit of life? A. Cell

B. Tissue C. Organ

D. System __2. Which of the following is NOT a postulate of a unified cell theory?

A. All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic unit of life C. All cells undergo complete development D. All new cells arise from existing cells

__3. Who coined the term cell for the box like structure he observed when viewing cork tissue? A. Matthias Schleiden B. Theodor Schwann C. Rudolf Virchow D. Robert Hooke

__4. In many cells, the structure that controls the cell activities is the _____________. A. Cell Membrane B. Organelle C. Nucleolus D. Nucleus

__5. Which part of the cell serves as venue for cellular respiration and is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

A. Nucleolus B. Chromosome C. Mitochondrion D. Nucleus

__6. Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the intestines?

A. Nervous tissue B. Muscular tissue C. Connective tissue D. Epithelial tissue

__7. The process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which

they came. A. Meiosis B. Interphase C. Mitosis D. Cytokinesis

__8. A type of passive transport which relies on carrier proteins in order for the substances to move down their concentration gradient. A. Active transport B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D. Sodium-potassium pump

Page 45: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

45

__9. Which of the following is an example of passive transport which occurs when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration? A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Diffusion D. Osmosis __10. This process utilizes additional metabolic energy against the concentration gradient to move molecules across the membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. A. Active Transport B. Passive Transport C. Osmosis D. Exocytosis

Key to Answers

A. Pre-test and Post test

1. A 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A

LESSON 1 CELL THEORY

What’s New

1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS.

2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.

3. ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS.

What’s More

A. The Discovery of Cell

1. RUDOLF VIRCHOW

2. THEODOR SCHWANN

3. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

4. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

5. ROBERT HOOKE

Page 46: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

46

What’s New

1. What is the cell theory and what does it state?

Cell theory states that living things are composed of one or more cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life, and that cells arise from existing cells.

2. What do we call the basic generalizations that are accepted by modern science about cell?

Cell Theory

3. Among the scientists, who advanced the cell theory with his conclusion that cells could only come from other cells?

Rudolf Virchow

4. What discovery is Van Leeuwenhoek noted for?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek used single-lens microscopes which he made to make the first observations of bacteria and protozoa.

5. What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?

The development of the microscope.

What I have Learned

a. Robert Hooke

b. 1676

c. Tiny living organisms which he named animalcules under his microscope.

d. All plant parts are made of cells

e. 1839

f. Theodor Schwann

g. Rudolf Virchow

h. All cells come from pre-existing cells

LESSON 2 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

What’s New

1. Nucleus 7. Endoplasmic reticulum

2. Nucleolus 8. Golgi apparatus

3. Plasma membrane 9. Lysosomes

4. Cytoplasm 10. Vesicles and vacuoles

5. Mitochondria 11. Chloroplast

6. Ribosome 12. Cell wall

Page 47: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

47

What’s More

Plant Cell Animal Cell

A – Vacuole 1. Mitochondria

B - Cell Wall 2. Lysosome

C - Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Vacuole

D - Nucleus 4. Cytoplasm

E - Mitochondria 5. Nucleolus

F - Chloroplast 6. Nucleus

G - Golgi apparatus 7. Chromatin

8. Microfilaments

9. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

10. Golgi Apparatus

11. Intermediate filaments

12. Golgi vesicle

13. Ribosome

14. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

15. Plasma Membrane

What I Have Learned

Venn Diagram

Cell Shape (rectangular)

Cell Wall Large Vacuoles Chloroplast

Cell Shape (circular)

Small Vacuoles

Cell Membrane

Nucleus Plastids

Endoplasmic

reticulum Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Page 48: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

48

LESSON 3 PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS

What’s New

Organelle Prokaryote Eukaryote Function

Cell membrane √ √ Cell wall √ complex √ plants Nucleus √ Mitochondria √ chloroplast √ Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth)

Golgi apparatus √ Lysosomes √ Ribosomes √smaller √ larger Endoplasmic reticulum (rough)

Vacuole √ √

What’s More

Organelle Plant Animal Bacteria

Vacuole √ √ √

Chloroplast √

Ribosome √ √ √

Mitochondria √ √

DNA √ √ √

Endoplasmic Reticulum

√ √

Cell Wall √ √

Golgi Apparatus √ √

LESSON 4 CELL TYPES AND CELL MODIFICATION

What’s new

cell tissue organ system organism

What’s More

1. D

2. B

3. A

4. C

Page 49: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

49

What I Have Learned

A. BLOOD

B. CARTILAGE

C. BONE

D. PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

E. SIMPLE SQUAMOS

F. SIMPLE COLUMNAR

G. CARDIAC

H. SMOOTH

I. SKELETAL

LESSON 5 CELL CYCLE

What’s New

The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet

Page 50: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

50

What’s More

Interphase

Gap O (GO)

Gap 1 (G1)

S Phase

Gap 2 (G2)

Mitosis or M

Phase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis C

What I Have Learned

1. D 2. A 3. F 4. C 5. E 6. B

What I can do 1. Cancer is a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues.

Page 51: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

51

2. Cancer is caused by accumulated damage to genes. Such changes may be due to chance or to exposure to a cancer causing substances. Risk Factors: 1. Biological or internal factors such as age, gender, inherited genetic defects and skin types 2. Environmental exposure 3. Occupational risk factors including carcinogens such as chemicals, radioactive materials and asbestos 4. Lifestyle-related factors like tobacco, alcohol, UV radiation in sunlight, food-related such as nitrites and Poly aromatic hydrocarbons.

Page 52: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

52

References

Manuals/Modules/Lesson Exemplar

Department of Education. The Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with

Philippine Normal University. Teaching Guide for Senior High School. General

Biology 1. 2016

Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning Competencies

(MELCs). 2020.

Websites http://mrsobermeyer.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/3/0/38303365/unit_2-_cells__structure___function__.pdf https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/cell https://www.henhudschools.org/cms/lib/NY01813707/Centricity/Domain/1390/HW%2012%20-%20Cell%20Theory%20I.pdf https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/science/answerno-cells.html http://images.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/AL/SaralandCitySchools/SaralandHigh/Uploads/Forms/Tissues_Review_Packet.pdf https://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle_js.htm

https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/cobblearning.net/dist/3/4046/files/2017/07/cells_exploration_activities-vorv1v.pdf https://www.lincnet.org/cms/lib05/MA01001239/Centricity/Domain/108/cells_exploration_activities.pdf https://www.henhudschools.org/cms/lib/NY01813707/Centricity/Domain/1390/HW%2012%20-%20Cell%20Theory%20I.pdf https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/4939/Chapter%203%20CK-12%20Biology%20Chapter%203%20Worksheets.pdf http://images.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/AL/SaralandCitySchools/SaralandHigh/Uploads/Forms/Tissues_Review_Packet.pdf https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/cobblearning.net/dist/3/4046/files/2017/07/10.2A-Cell-Cycle-Coloring-KEY-28ad9ub.pdf https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/4939/Chapter%205%20%20CK-12%20Biology%20Chapter%205%20Worksheets.pdf

Page 54: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

54

Lesson

Transport Mechanisms

6

Learning Competencies:

1. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11)

2. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)

3. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13)

4. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)

Performance Standards:

The learners should be able to construct a cell membrane model from

indigenous or recyclable materials.

Introduction:

With the pandemic today in the Philippines, you can just imagine our

Cagayan de Oro‘s front liners and law enforcers at the check points of a city or security guards at the mall entrances (Fig. 7.a) as plasma membranes (cell membranes) which have a lot of things to do such as

permitting who‘ll enter the establishment (represents the cell) or not and even exiting is checked as well; Carrying goods in a truck or individuals on a motorcycle towards a particular cordoned area which depicts different

means or ways on how materials are transported in and out of the cell - thus the transport mechanisms.

In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that

contain proteins embedded in them.

What I Need to Know

Page 55: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

55

Plasma membrane (Cell Membrane) plays a vital role in the transport mechanisms and separates the living cell from its surroundings. To perform these roles, it needs lipids, which make a semi-permeable barrier between the cell and its environment. It also needs proteins, which are involved in cross-membrane transport and cell communication, and carbohydrates

(sugars and sugar chains), which decorate both the proteins and lipids and help cells recognize each other. Fig. 7.a Even in a mall or at the checkpoints, the people and objects move from one location to another; they cross or are contained within certain boundaries. Analogously, a cell membrane‘s functions involve movement within the cell and across the boundaries in the process of intracellular and intercellular activities. Just like the law enforcers or security guards, they allow some substances to pass through, but not others.

.

6.1 Structural Components of the Cell Membrane

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.

_____1. Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

a. protein

b. cholesterol c. carbohydrate d. phospholipid

_____2. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?

a. identification of the cell b. flexibility of the membrane c. strengthening the membrane

d. channels through membrane

What I Know

Page 56: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

56

_____3. Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the

membrane? a. its head b. cholesterol

c. a saturated fatty acid tail d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail

_____4. Which interacts to hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments? a. protein b. cholesterol

c. phospholipid d. carbohydrate

_____5. Carbohydrates is found outside the surface of the cell and bounded with? a. lipid or protein b. phospholipid

c. glycoprotein d. glycolipid

Provide the description of each structural components of the cell membrane regarding its location and features inside the empty blanks.

COMPONENT LOCATION FEATURE/FUNCTION

Phospholipids Main fabric of the membrane

the most abundant lipid

in the plasma membrane 6.___________________

___________________

Cholesterol 7.___________________ ___________________

Dampen effects of temperature

Integral Proteins Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer; may or may not extend through both layers

8.___________________ ___________________

Peripheral

Proteins

On the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer, but not

embedded in its hydrophobic core

9.___________________

___________________

Carbohydrate Chains

10.___________________ ___________________

Cell recognition

Effective interaction with the acqueous

environment

Page 57: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

57

• REVIEW: The Structural Components of the Cell Membrane

The modern understanding of the cellular or plasma membrane is referred to as the fluid mosaic model or fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins. It is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each

other (Fig. 7.d). The landscape of the membrane is studded with proteins, some of

which span the membrane. Some of these proteins serve to transport materials into or out of the cell. Carbohydrates are attached to some of the proteins and lipids on

the outward-facing surface of the membrane (Fig. 7.b.), forming complexes which function is to identify the cell to other cells. Cell membranes enclose and define the borders of cells, but rather than being a static bag, they are dynamic and constantly

in flux. Fig. 7.b. Structural Component of Cellular Membrane

Fig. 7.c. In 1935, Davson-Danielli, the sandwich model of membrane structure stated that the membrane was made up of a phospholipid bilayer sandwiched between two protein layers.

What’s In

Page 58: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

58

Fig. 7.d. In 1972, S. J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water.

The Fluidity of the membrane is due to temperature, the configuration of the unsaturated fatty acid tails (some kinked or form a sharp twist by double bonds), the presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane, and the mosaic nature of the

proteins and protein-carbohydrate combinations, which are not firmly fixed in place. Key Takes of the Fluid Nature of the CM:

• Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer (Fig. 7.e) • Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally • Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane Fig. 7.e.

Lateral movement occurs 107 times per second.

Flip-flopping across the membrane is rare (~ once per month).

Page 59: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

59

Fluid

Viscous

Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails

(b) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane Cholesterol

(a) Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails

Saturated hydrocarbon tails

• As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state. • The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids.

• Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids. (Fig. 7.f.) • Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they are usually about as fluid as salad

Oil. Fig. 7.f. The type of hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids – Affects the fluidity of the cell membrane

• The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures. • At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of

Phospholipids. • At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.

Page 60: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

60

Structural Component of the Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Terminology:

Amphiphilic or Amphipathic

molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged area

capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments

Fluid mosaic model

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

(sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid character (fluidity)

Glycolipid

combination of carbohydrates and lipids

Glycoprotein

combination of carbohydrates and proteins

Hydrophilic

molecule with the ability to bond with water; ―water-loving‖

Hydrophobic

molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; ―water-hating‖

COMPONENT LOCATION FEATURE/FUNCTION

Phospholipids Main fabric of the membrane

the most abundant lipid

in the plasma membrane

are amphipathic

molecules

Cholesterol

Tucked between the hydrophobic

tails of the membrane phospholipids

Dampen effects of

temperature

Integral Proteins Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer; may or may not extend through both layers

Transport of substance through membrane

Peripheral

Proteins

On the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer, but not

embedded in its hydrophobic core

Cell recognition

Carbohydrate Chains

Attached to proteins or lipids on the extracellular side of the membrane (forming

glycoproteins and glycolipids

Cell recognition

Effective interaction with

the acqueous environment

Page 61: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

61

Integral protein

protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the

hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the membrane; these proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the membrane by detergents

Peripheral protein

protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or

interior side; these proteins can be removed (washed off of the membrane) by a high-salt wash

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes‖ | Biology | by Khan Academy (2015), https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo

2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to each attributes of the structural components of the membrane.

3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that you will be able to write a story analogous to the structural components of the cell membrane.

4. Write the story neatly on a long bond paper.

• Q & A Activity:

1. What happens to the plasma membrane if the weather gets cold? 2. Are there structural components involved in the membrane that are affected from

the rise and fall of the temperature? What are those structures? 3. What does Fig. 7.f imply regarding the fatty acid or hydrocarbon tail‘s shape when

compared and contrasted in relation with transport mechanism? Explain your answer.

(Write your answers on a ½ crosswise intermediate paper.)

What’s New

What Is It

Page 62: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

62

• Drafting from Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Construction of the Cell Membrane‖ by Becky Polk-Pohlman Barbara Liang; https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-

science/ap1101/construction-of-the-cell-membrane 2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to make a rough draft sketch of the

individual structural components of the membrane through the video clip. 3. Prepare your final draft sketch to me with labels of the indigenous /recyclable

materials you will utilize for each of the structural components for the next activity.

5. Write your sketch neatly on a long bond paper.

• Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer in the blank. 1. The modern understanding of the cellular or plasma membrane is referred to as

the ______________ or ______________.

2. It is composed of a bilayer of ______________.

3. ______________ are attached to some of the proteins and lipids on the outward-

facing surface of the membrane.

4. ______________is a function of Carbohydrates.

5. The fluid nature of the membrane is due to ______________.

6. Cell membranes ______________ and ______________ the borders of cells.

7. ______________ refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the

passage of solutes.

8. ______________ integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids.

What’s More

What I Have Learned

Page 63: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

63

• Performance Activity:

Construct a cell membrane model from indigenous or recyclable materials.

1. Prepare your final draft sketch with labels of the indigenous /recyclable materials that you will utilize for each of the structural components for this activity.

2. Prepare your indigenous /recyclable materials and tools kits to start constructing the cell membrane model.

3. Set your output on a 2x2 sturdy and used illustration board or any platform. 4. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of submission to

be announced by your teacher.

6.2 The Relationship of the Structure and Composition of the Cell Membrane to its Function

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank. _____1. The primary function of the plasma membrane is ….

a. to protect the cell from its surroundings. b. to provide shape and integrity to the cell. c. to maintains the cell potential.

d. to be a fluid mosaic model. _____2. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell

membranes? a. identification of the cell b. flexibility of the membrane

c. strengthening the membrane d. channels through membrane

What I Can Do

What I Know

Page 64: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

64

_____3. Cellular Signaling relation to the Plasma Membrane is….

a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment. b. to enclose and define the borders of the cell c. to transmit signals via complex proteins

d. to transport materials into or out of the cell

_____4. Cellular Transport Mechanism‘s relation to the Plasma Membrane is…

a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment. b. to transport materials into or out of the cell c. to enclose and define the borders of the cell

d. to transmit signals via complex proteins _____5. Vital for cellular signalling processes that influence tissue and organ

formation a. membrane markers b. membrane receptors

c. glycoprotein d. glycolipid

Provide the the Funtions related to the Structures and Compositions of the Cell

Membrane inside the empty blanks.

Structure or Component Function

Phospholipid Bilayer 6.________________________________________

________________________________________

Membrane Markers

.7.________________________________________

________________________________________

Cytoskeleton 8.________________________________________

________________________________________

Transmembrane Protein

9.________________________________________

________________________________________

Membrane Receptors 10.________________________________________

________________________________________

Page 65: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

65

• REVIEW: The Structure and Composition of the Cell Membrane relation to its Function

The plasma membrane protects the cell from its external environment,

mediates cellular transport, and transmits cellular signals.

The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids

and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates.

The plasma membrane protects intracellular components from the extracellular environment.

The plasma membrane mediates cellular processes by regulating the materials

that enter and exit the cell. The plasma membrane carries markers that allow cells to recognize one

another and can transmit signals to other cells via receptors.

The plasma membrane (also known as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that divides the interior of a cell from its outside environment. (Figure 7.g)

The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the

plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells. Plasma membranes must be very flexible in order to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood

cells, to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries.

The plasma membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape and integrity to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and

other cells to help group cells together to form tissues. The membrane also maintains the cell potential.

In short, if the cell is represented today as a COVID FREE-CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, then the plasma membrane is the checkpoints with the frontliners and law enforcers that provides protective and territorial structure for the city inside,

depicting separation or barrier, regulates which people leave and enter the city, and conveys messages to and from neighbouring cities.

Just as an unguarded check point in the surrounding barrier can be a disaster

for the city in today‘s crisis, like a rupture in the plasma membrane causes the cell to lyse and die.

What’s In

Page 66: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

66

Cellular Signaling/ Recognition’s relation to the Plasma Membrane

Among the most sophisticated functions of the plasma membrane is its ability to transmit signals via complex proteins. These proteins can be receptors, which

work as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular processes, or markers, which allow cells to recognize each other.

Membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like

hormones and growth factors, which then trigger intracellular responses. Some

viruses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can hijack these receptors to gain entry into the cells, causing infections.

Membrane markers allow cells to recognize one another, which is vital for

cellular signaling processes that influence tissue and organ formation during early development. This marking function also plays a later role in the ―self‖-versus-―non-

self‖ distinction of the immune response. Marker proteins on human red blood cells, for example, determine blood type (A, B, AB, or O).

Terminology:

Receptor

A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell.

Cellular Transport Mechanisms’ relation to the Plasma Membrane

The movement of a substance across the selectively permeable plasma membrane can be either ―passive‖—i.e., occurring without the input of cellular energy —or ―active‖—i.e., its transport requires the cell to expend energy.

The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological membranes:

1. Passive osmosis and diffusion: transports gases (such as O2 and CO2) and other small molecules and ions

2. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters: transports small organic molecules such as sugars or amino acids

3. Endocytosis: transports large molecules (or even whole cells) by engulfing

them

4. Exocytosis: removes or secretes substances such as hormones or enzymes.

Page 67: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

67

Fig. 7.g. Detailed Image of Cell Membrane Structure in a Cell

Page 68: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

68

• Activity:

Identify the structural components of the cell membrane and provide the boxes with the best answers

• Q & A Activity:

1. Can you remember all the structural components of a cell membrane and be able to list them down? If so, just list down at least 10 along with its functions.

2. Are there structures or components related in the membrane‘s transport mechanisms? What are those? Write at least 5 and indicate why they are related.

(Write your answers on a ½ crosswise intermediate paper.)

What’s New

What Is It

1. 2.

3.

4. 6.

5.

7.

8.

Page 69: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

69

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Inside the Cell Membrane‖ by Amoeba Sisters (Feb 28, 2018), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCVVszQQNs

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to associate the components and structures of the cell membrane to your household.

3. Make an analogous reflection paper of your household to the structures and components of the cell membrane. Prioritize on the function aspect.

4. Write it on a long bond paper.

• Learning Process Activity:

1. Provide insights on how the structures and components of the cell membrane is related to its function with regards to the Celular Signalling/Recognition.

2. Give your Take Aways on Cellular Transport Mechanisms‘ relation to the Plasma Membrane emphasizing more on its function.

3. Write it on a long bond paper.

• Performance Activity:

1. Craft a task plan on a long bond paper regarding the tasks on what functions you

can contribute to your household during this time of crisis. Include also listing down the house members functions contributing in your home.

2. Document this task in a week. Photos included in a separate paper or soft copy.

What’s More

What I Have Learned

What I Can Do

Page 70: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

70

Template (example)

3. Keep your output in a safe place and send it on the exact date of submission to be announced by your teacher.

6.3 Transport Mechanisms in Cells 6.4 Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank. _____1. Which is not a part of the transport mechanisms in cells?

a. facilitated b. active c. osmosis

d. excytosis _____2. What is the most direct form of transport mechanisms in cells?

a. passive b. active c. osmosis

d. excytosis

SUN

01/21/20 MON _/_/20

TUE _/_/20

WED _/_/20

THU _/_/20

FRI _/_/20

SAT _/_/20

PARENT/GUARDIAN Printed name,

Signature and Date

AM

-sanitized the bathroom

-swept outside the home grounds

-ate Sakura mopped the floor with disinfectanct

-father Portgas vertical planted pechay.

Portgas D. Ace

Sun 1/8/20

PM -washed the dishes

-mother Tsaunade sterilized the utensils

-threw garbage

-kuya Senku bathed Penduko our dog

Portgas D. Ace

Sun 1/8/20

What I Know

Page 71: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

71

_____3. Hydrocarbons dissolve in the lipid bilayer, except for… a. pass the membrane

b. hydrophobic c. non polar d. polar

_____4. Water molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

a. facilitated b. active c. osmosis

d. diffusion _____5. Moves molecules from high to low regions of concentration with the

transmembrane protein a. facilitated b. active

c. osmosis d. diffusion

Provide the right answers after the number in the boxes below for the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

Definition

Endocytosis refers to the transportation of macromolecules, large particles, and polar substances into the cell from the external environment.

Exocytosis refers to…. 6.

Process

Involved with …. 7.

Involved in removing waste from the cell

Type

Occurs by …. 8.

Occurs by constitutive and regulated secretory pathway

Vesicle

Internal vesicles like phagosomes are formed

Forms…. 9.

Cell Wall Formation

10. Involved

Example

11. Releasing of hormones out of the cell is an example

Page 72: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

72

• REVIEW: Transport Mechanisms in Cells (Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Transport, Active Transport) to its Function

Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell,

and prevent some harmful materials from entering and some essential materials

from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes are selectively permeable—they allow some substances to pass through, but not others. If they were to lose this selectivity, the cell would no longer be able to sustain itself, and it would be

destroyed. Some cells require larger amounts of specific substances. They must have a way of obtaining these materials from extracellular fluids. This may happen passively, as certain materials move back and forth, or the cell may have special

mechanisms that facilitate transport. Some materials are so important to a cell that it spends some of its energy, hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to obtain these materials. Red blood cells use some of their energy doing just that. Most cells

spend the majority of their energy to maintain an imbalance of sodium and potassium ions between the cell's interior and exterior, as well as on protein synthesis.

The most direct forms of membrane transport are passive. Passive

transport is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert

any of its energy to accomplish the movement. In passive transport, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A physical space in which there is a single substance concentration range has

a concentration gradient.

Selective Permeability

Plasma membranes lack symmetry: the membrane's exterior is not identical to its interior (Fig. 7.h). There is a significant difference between the arrangement of

proteins and phospholipids and between the two leaflets that form a membrane. On the membrane's interior, some proteins serve to anchor the membrane to

cytoskeleton's fibers. There are peripheral proteins on the membrane's exterior that bind extracellular matrix elements. Carbohydrates, attached to lipids or proteins, are also on the plasma membrane's exterior surface (Figure 7.b). These carbohydrate

complexes help the cell bind required substances in the extracellular fluid. This adds considerably to plasma membrane's selective nature.

What’s In

Page 73: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

73

Fig. 7.h. molecular view of the cell membrane. Intrinsic proteins penetrate and bind tightly to the

lipid bilayer, which is made up largely of phospholipids and cholesterol and which typically is between 4 and 10 nanometers (nm; 1 nm = 10

−9 metre) in thickness. Extrinsic proteins are loosely bound to the

hydrophilic (polar) surfaces, which face the watery medium both inside and outside the cell. Some intrinsic proteins present sugar side chains on the cell's outer surface. 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Fig. 7.i. Structural Component of Cellular Membrane

The plasma membrane's exterior surface is not identical to its interior surface. Recall that plasma membranes are amphiphilic: They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. This characteristic helps move some materials through the

membrane and hinders the movement of others. Non-polar and lipid-soluble material with a low molecular weight can easily slip through the membrane's hydrophobic lipid core. Substances such as the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K readily pass

Page 74: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

74

through the plasma membranes in the digestive tract and other tissues. Fat-soluble drugs and hormones also gain easy entry into cells and readily transport themselves

into the body‘s tissues and organs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules have no charge and pass through membranes by simple diffusion.

Polar substances present problems for the membrane. While some polar molecules connect easily with the cell's outside, they cannot readily pass through the plasma membrane's lipid core. Additionally, while small ions could easily slip through

the spaces in the membrane's mosaic, their charge prevents them from doing so. Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride must have special means of penetrating plasma membranes. Simple sugars and amino acids also need the help

of various transmembrane proteins (channels) to transport themselves across plasma membranes.

Key Takes of the Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer:

• Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly.

• Hydrophilic (Polar) molecules, such as sugars, do not cross the membrane easily. Fig. 7.i. Substances highly impermeable to cross membrane like large uncharged polar molecules (glucose and fructose), charged molecules and finally ALL IONS. But, Transport proteins are used to transport ions across membrane.

Page 75: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

75

The Transport Mechanisms

1. DIFFUSION Passive movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of

low concentration.

(Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between the two regions)

Small, uncharged molecules like O2, CO2 and H2O can move easily through the

membrane. Works well over short distances. Once molecules enter the cell, the rate of

diffusion slows.

Limits cell size. Fig. 7.j. Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from a high concentration area (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm).

2. OSMOSIS Diffusion of the solvent across a semi-permeable membrane separating two

solutions. (Diffusion of water)

Water molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Direction depends on the relative concentration of water molecules on either side

of the cell membrane.

Isotonic: Water inside the cell equals the water outside the cell and equal amounts of water move in and out of the cell.

Hypotonic: Water outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, water moves into the cell, may cause cell to burst (lysis)

Hypertonic: Water inside the cell is greater than outside. Water moves out of the cell, may cause the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)

Page 76: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

76

Fig. 7.k. Movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration, through a semi-permeable membrane.

3. FACILITATED TRANSPORT (ALSO KNOWN AS FACILITATED DIFFUSION OR PASSIVE-MEDIATED TRANSPORT)

Assists with the movement of large molecules like glucose. Passive movement of a substance into or out of the cell by means of carrier

proteins or channel proteins.

Moves molecules from high to low regions of concentration. Carrier proteins: Transports noncharged molecules with a specific shape. Channel proteins: Tunnel shape that transports small charged molecules.

DOES NOT REQUIRE water molecules for other molecules to transfer. Fig. 7.l. Facilitated diffusion in cell membrane, showing ion channels and carrier proteins.

Page 77: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

77

4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

The process of moving substances against their concentration gradients Requires Energy.

Examples:

Kidney cells pump glucose and amino acids out of the urine and back into the blood.

Intestinal cells pump in nutrients from the gut.

Root cells pump in nutrients from the soil. Gill cells in fish pump out sodium ions.

Fig. 7.m. Active transport: Requires the use of chemical energy to move substances across a

membrane, against a concentration gradient. Active transport proteins may be uniports, symports, or antiports.

Active Transport Pump: Sodium-potassium pump 3 sodium ions inside the cell and 2 potassium ions outside the cell bind to

the pump. This allows the release of energy from ATP and causes the protein

complex to change shape.

The change in shape allow the Na+ and K+ ions to move across and be released.

Page 78: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

78

Fig. 7.n. In Primary active transport, energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to move ions into or

out of cells against their concentration gradients. The sodium-potassium pump is an important example.

Fig. 7.o. Secondary active transport couples the passive movement of one substance with its

concentration gradient to the movement of another substance against its concentration gradient. Energy from ATP is used indirectly to establish the concentration gradient that results in the movement of the first substance.

Page 79: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

79

5. BULK TRANSPORT 1. Endocytosis: The cell membrane folds inward, traps and encloses a small

amount of matter from the extracellular fluid. 2. Exocytosis: The reverse of endocytosis: A vesicle from inside the cell moves to

the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses to the membrane and the contents are secreted.

Fig. 7.p. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Definition

Endocytosis refers to the transportation of

macromolecules, large particles, and polar

substances into the cell from the external

environment

Exocytosis refers to the transportation of

molecules or particles from the cell to the outside of the cell

Process Involved with up taking nutrients into the cell

Involved in removing waste from the cell

Type Occurs by both

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Occurs by constitutive and regulated secretory

pathway

Page 80: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

80

Vesicle Internal vesicles like

phagosomes are formed Secretory vesicles are

formed

Cell Wall Formation

Not involved Involved

Example Engulfing bacteria by

phagocytes is an example

Releasing of hormones out of the cell is an

example

3 Types of Endocytosis:

Pinocytosis: The intake of a small droplet of extracellular fluid. This occurs in

nearly all cell types.

Phagocytosis: The intake of a large droplet of extracellular fluid. This occurs in

specialized cells.

Receptor-assisted endocytosis: The intake of specific molecules that attach to special proteins in the cell membrane. These proteins are uniquely

shaped to fit the shape of a specific molecule.

Fig. 7.q. Secondary active transport couples the passive movement of one substance with its

concentration gradient to the movement of another substance against its concentration gradient. Energy from ATP is used indirectly to establish the concentration gradient that results in the movement of the first substance.

Page 81: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

81

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Cell Transport‖ by Amoeba Sisters (2016), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ptmlvtei8hw

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to determine and differentiate the types of transport mechanism in a cell.

3. Make a reaction paper of the video clip.

4. Write it on a long bond paper.

• Q & A Activity:

1. Why is the transport mechanism vital in a cell?

2. How are things transported through the membrane? 3. How will a person know if the transport mechanism in the cell throughout our body

is starting not to work not working? 4. What will you compare to the transport mechanism to what we have today?

5. If you are to choose what transport mechanism you prefer, what will it be and why?

• Crafting Activity:

1. Choose one (1) Transport Mechanism in a cell and make a relatable analogy based on your experience recently.

2. Illustrate and explain your work on a long bond paper .

What’s New

What Is It

What’s More

Page 82: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

82

3. Write your sketch neatly on a long bond paper.

4. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of submission to be announced by your teacher.

• Q & A Activity:

1. Provide the different Transport Mechanisms in a cell with at least 2-3 attributes.

2. How are things transported through the membrane? 3. How will a person know if the transport mechanism in the cell throughout our body

is starting not to work not working? 4. What will you compare to the transport mechanism to what we have today?

5. If you are to choose what transport mechanism you prefer, what will it be and why?

• Performance Activity:

1. Choose what you think will be the Transport Mechanism you need to create a story that reflects what our country is experiencing now.

2. Write your draft on a piece of paper and after you‘re done, transfer it in a long bond paper .

3. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of submission to be announced by your teacher.

What I Have Learned

What I Can Do

Page 83: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

83

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.

_____1. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?

a. identification of the cell

b. flexibility of the membrane c. strengthening the membrane d. channels through membrane

_____2. Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

a. protein b. cholesterol c. carbohydrate

d. phospholipid _____3. Carbohydrates is found outside the surface of the cell and bounded with?

a. lipid or protein b. phospholipid c. glycoprotein

d. glycolipid _____4. Which interacts to hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments?

a. protein b. cholesterol c. phospholipid

d. carbohydrate _____5. Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the

membrane? a. its head b. cholesterol

c. a saturated fatty acid tail d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail

_____6. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?

a. identification of the cell

b. flexibility of the membrane c. strengthening the membrane d. channels through membrane

Assesment

Page 84: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

84

_____7. The primary function of the plasma membrane is ….

a. to protect the cell from its surroundings. b. to provide shape and integrity to the cell. c. to maintains the cell potential.

d. to be a fluid mosaic model. _____8. Vital for cellular signalling processes that influence tissue and organ

formation a. membrane markers b. membrane receptors

c. glycoprotein d. glycolipid

_____9. Cellular Transport Mechanism‘s relation to the Plasma Membrane is… a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment. b. to transport materials into or out of the cell

c. to enclose and define the borders of the cell d. to transmit signals via complex proteins

_____10. Cellular Signaling relation to the Plasma Membrane is…. a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment. b. to enclose and define the borders of the cell

c. to transmit signals via complex proteins d. to transport materials into or out of the cell

_____11. Hydrocarbons dissolve in the lipid bilayer, except for… a. pass the membrane b. hydrophobic

c. non polar d. polar

_____12. Which is not a part of the transport mechanisms in cells? a. facilitated b. active

c. osmosis d. excytosis

_____13. What is the most direct form of transport mechanisms in cells? a. passive b. active

c. osmosis d. excytosis

_____14. Water molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

a. facilitated

b. active c. osmosis d. diffusion

Page 85: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

85

_____15. Moves molecules from high to low regions of concentration with the

transmembrane protein a. facilitated b. active

c. osmosis d. diffusion

_____16. All are attributes of exocytosis except for… a. Involved with up taking nutrients into the cell b. Secretory vesicles are formed

c. Involved in removing waste from the cell d. Uninvolved in cell Wall Formation

_____17. Water inside the cell equals the water outside the cell and equal amounts of water move in and out of the cell.

a. Osmotic

b. Hypertonic c. Hypotonic d. Isotonic

_____18. Mechanism using ATP

a. facilitated

b. active c. osmosis d. excytosis

_____19. Engulfment involves…

a. passive

b. active c. endocytosis d. excytosis

_____20. Waste removal involves….

a. passive

b. active c. endocytosis d. excytosis

Page 86: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

86

Lesson

Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules - Enzymes

7

Learning Competencies:

1. Describe the components of an enzyme (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)

2. Explain oxidation/reduction reactions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-18)

3. Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect

enzyme activity (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-19)

Performance Standards:

The learners should be able to construct a cell membrane model

from indigenous or recyclable materials.

Introduction: When you were very young and played under the heat of the sun, were

you able to experience sweat dripping in your neck, head and then like some acid that went in your eyes, it feels burning and stingy right? But don‘t you worry. Now, we all know that the burning and stingy sensation in our

eyes was due to dust and oils that came in contact with the sweat and to an anti-microbial enzyme fighting off germs called Lysozyme.

So enzymes are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in fighting germs, digestion, and metabolism.

What I Need to Know

Page 87: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

87

Some enzymes help break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules

together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction.

Peeling, bruising, or cutting fruits cause them to release enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO, phenolase) that, with the presence of oxygen (oxidation) in the surrounding air, goes into chemical reactions of plant

compounds. These chemical reactions produce brown pigments through the process of enzymatic browning (Fig. 8.a.)

Oxidation and reduction occur in tandem and it occurred when peeling or cutting fruits resulting to an enzymatic browning. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called

oxidation reduction reactions, or redox reactions. Think of people passing balls back and forth, and the balls are balls of

negativity. So if I'm holding the ball, I'm reduced. If I pass you the ball, you get reduced, and I become oxidized. The passing of the ball was the reduction-oxidation reaction.

An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-

reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. A classic example of a redox reaction is rusting. When rusting happens,

oxygen steals electrons from iron. Oxygen gets reduced while iron gets oxidized.

Fig. 8.a. Enzymatic browning of a sliced apple.

Page 88: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

88

7.1 Transport Mechanisms in Enzymes

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.

_____1. Where the reaction is catalysed in an enzyme? a. Facilitated site b. Active site

c. Passive site d. Direct site

_____2. Catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes. a. Transferases b. Hydrolases

c. Lyases d. Isomerases

_____3. Lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond. a. Transferases b. Hydrolases

c. Lyases d. Isomerases

_____4. Enzymes are described as all of the above except a. micromolecule b. macromolecule

c. stereospecific d. having a defined amino acid sequence

_____5. Active forms from one of the inactive enzyme . a. Apoenzyme b. Holoenzyme

c. Cofactor d. Coenzyme

_____6. Enzymes described having a typically long amino acid sequence about? a. 100-400 b. 100-500

c. 100-600 d. 100-700

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms 7. Catalyst

8. Active Side 9. Enzyme 10. Substrate

What I Know

Page 89: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

89

• REVIEW: Description of the Components of Enzyme

What is an enzyme?

Enzymes are protein macromolecules. o They have a defined amino acid sequence, and are typically 100-500

amino acids long.

o They have a defined three-dimensional structure. Enzymes are catalysts.

o They act as a catalyst to a chemical or biochemical reaction, with a

defined mechanism. o They increase the speed of that reaction, typically by 106-1014 times

faster than the rate of the uncatalysed reaction. o They are selective for a single substrate.

o They speed up rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy (Ea). o They are stereospecific, meaning the reaction produces a single

product. Common mistakes and misconceptions

Enzymes are "specific." Each type of enzyme typically only reacts with one

(Fig 8.b.), or a couple, of substrates. Some enzymes are more specific than

others and will only accept one particular substrate. Other enzymes can act on a range of molecules, as long as they contain the type of bond or chemical group that the enzyme targets.

Fig. 8.b. A substrate entering the active site of the enzyme.

Image modified from "Enzymes: Figure 2," by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0. .

What’s In

Page 90: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

90

Enzymes are reusable. Enzymes are not reactants and are not used up during the reaction. Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the

reaction, the enzyme is released, unchanged, and can be used for another reaction. This means that for each reaction, there does not need to be a 1:1 ratio between enzyme and substrate molecules.

Nomenclature Typically add “-ase” to name of substrate

e.g. lactase breaks down lactose (dissacharide of glucose and galactose)

Enzymes based upon the class of organic chemical reaction catalyzed: 1. Oxidoreductase - catalyze redox reactions; dehydrogenases, oxidases,

peroxidases, reductases. 2. Transferases - catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes. 3. Hydrolases - catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

4. Lyases - lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond. 5. Isomerases - catalyze structural changes; isomerization. 6. Ligases - ligation or joining of two substrates with input of energy, usually from

ATP hydrolysis; often called synthetases or synthases.

ENZYME COMPONENTS (Fig. 8.c.) • Apoenzyme:

• is an inactive enzyme, activation of the enzyme occurs upon binding of an

organic or inorganic cofactor. • are enzymes that lack their necessary cofactor(s) for proper functioning • a Protein

• Holoenzyme: (Fig. 8.d.)

• are the active forms of apoenzymes. (Apoenzyme plus cofactor)

• DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are examples.

• Cofactor: • mostly metal ions or small organic molecules, are inorganic and organic

chemicals that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reactions.

• Nonprotein component (e.g. magnesium, zinc)

• Coenzyme:

• are non-protein organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of vitamins soluble in water by phosphorylation

• Organic cofactor (Eg: NADH, FADH)

Many enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if coenzymes, or cofactors are present.

Page 91: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

91

Fig. 8.c. Parts of an Enzyme

Fig. 8.d. Component of a Holoenzyme

Terminology:

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed

Enzyme

A biological catalyst (usually a protein)

Substrate

The reactant molecule that an enzyme works on

Active Site

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Enzyme-substrate complex

formed when the substrate molecule collides with the active site of its enzyme

Endoenzymes(intracellular) / Exoenzymes (extracellular)

Page 92: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

92

Activation energy

the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

Transition state

the intermediate stage in a reaction in which the old bonds break and new bonds are formed

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Cofactors | Coenzymes | Holoenzyme | Apoenzyme, QuickBiochemistry Basics (2020), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK5HzcAOmyA

2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize the components of enzyme.

3. Make a descriptive reaction paper emphasizing the components of the enzyme.

4. Write it neatly on a long bond paper.

• Q & A Activity:

1. What are the components of the enzyme that makes it important or vital?

2. How does the component or part of the enzyme contribute to its function?

3. What are each of the components attributes? Describe them.

(Write your answers on a ½ crosswise intermediate paper.)

What’s New

What Is It

Page 93: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

93

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. Watch the video clip ―How Enzymes Work‖, RicochetScience (2015), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVeoXYJlBtI .

2. The video is explaining the mechanism of an enzymatic activity. But with the image below, relate what you have learned and try to explain what is happening

from #1 - #5. 3. Draw and label with your best answer on a long coupon bond.

• Learning Process Activity:

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

______1. Substrate binds in the active site. ______2. An enzyme is usually lipid biological catalyst. ______3. The reactant molecule that an enzyme works on is the Substrate.

______4. A Catalyst retards the chemical reaction without being changed ______5. Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of vitamins

______6. Cofactors are small protein organic molecules that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reactions. ______7. DNA and RNA polymerases are examples of Holoenzyme.

What’s More

What I Have Learned

Page 94: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

94

______8. Apoenzyme activation occurs upon binding of an organic or inorganic coenzyme.

______9. Enzymes are reactants and are used up during the reaction. ______10. Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction, the enzyme is released, unchanged, and can be used for another reaction.

______11. Some enzymes are more specific than others and will only accept one particular substrate ______12. Enzymes have a defined two-dimensional structure.

______13. Enzyme‘s amino acid sequence are typically 10-500 amino acids long. ______14. Transition state is the intermediate stage in the enzymatic mechanism. ______15. Substrate molecule collides with the active site of its enzyme forms the

Enzyme Substrate complex.

• Performance Activity:

1. Life is hard nowadays; you‘re supposed to be able to know how to cook since

you‘re already a Senior High student. You can ask your guardian or parents to help you with your dish. Choose a recipe that you can easily cook. Only do this at home if you‘re permitted to do so.

2. Prepare your ingredients and materials for the activity and document everything using the camera of your phone or just list them down.

3. Write and determine your ingredients that will represent most likely the component of an enzyme. Describe the process of your activity like what would be the catalyst in

your ingredients that sped up the reaction to make the finished product or what your salt would be represent in the components.

4. After you‘re done baking or cooking with the assistance of your parent or guardian (photos required if possible), reflect on all of the resources that you‘re able to utilize and appreciate them by serving your dish (output) first to your family and consume

them together taken with a groufie pic. 5. Document everything from preparing to cooking and serving on a long bond and

secure it until the date of submission that will be announced by the teacher.

What I Can Do

Page 95: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

95

7.2 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms

1. Oxidation 2. Reduction 3. Oxidants

4. Reductants 5. Reagent

REVIEW: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that

involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. Redox reactions are common and vital to

some of the basic functions of life, including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and corrosion or rusting.

• oxidation-reduction reactions are also called REDOX reactions • all redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another • spontaneous redox reactions are generally exothermic, and we can use their

released energy as a source of energy for other applications.

Redox reactions are comprised of two parts, a reduced half and an oxidized half, that always occur together. The reduced half gains electrons and the oxidation

number decreases, while the oxidized half loses electrons and the oxidation number increases. Simple ways to remember this include the mnemonic devices OIL RIG, meaning "oxidation is loss" and "reduction is gain," and LEO says GER, meaning "loss of e- = oxidation" and "gain of e- = reduced." There is no net

change in the number of electrons in a redox reaction. Those given off in the

oxidation half reaction are taken up by another species in the reduction half reaction.

A good example of a redox reaction is the thermite reaction, in which iron atoms

in ferric oxide lose (or give up) O atoms to Al atoms, producing Al2O3.

Fe2O3(s)+2Al(s)→Al2O3(s)+2Fe(l)

What I Know

What’s In

Page 96: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

96

What do you mean by oxidation and reduction?

• OXIDATION can be defined as addition of oxygen/electronegative element to a substance or removal of hydrogen/ electropositive element from a substance.

• REDUCTION can be defined as removal of oxygen/electronegative element from a substance or addition of hydrogen/ electropositive element to a substance. *oxidation occurs when an atom’s oxidation state increases during a reaction

*reduction occurs when an atom’s oxidation state decreases during a reaction

Development of oxidation and reduction reaction concept______________________ Reaction of reduction oxidation based on releasing (losing) and gaining of oxygen (capturing).

a. Oxidation reaction is a reaction of gaining (capturing) of oxygen by a substance

Ex.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

P4(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(s)

b. Reduction reaction is a reaction of releasing (losing) of oxygen from an oxide

compound Ex.

CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(g)

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

What is an oxidizing and reducing agent?

• Oxidizing agent: a reagent which increases the oxidation number of an element of

a given substance. These reagents are called oxidants. It contains the element that is reduced.

• Reducing agent: a reagent that lowers the oxidation number of a given element.

These reagents are also called reductants. It contains the element that is oxidized.

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 Na+Cl–(s)

Na is oxidized, Cl is reduced

Na is the reducing agent, Cl2 is the oxidizing agent

Page 97: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

97

Terminology:

Reactant

is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs. The terms reactant and reagent are often used

interchangeably—however, a reactant…. Reagent

is more specifically a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction.

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Introduction to Oxidation Reduction (Redox) Reactions‖, Tyler DeWitt (2015), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rtJdjas-mY 2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to understand REDOX reaction.

3. Make a detailed reaction paper explaining the REDOX reaction. Provide 3 examples.

4. Write it neatly on a long bond paper.

• Q & A Activity:

1. What are the components that make up REDOX reaction? 2. Who gains and losses electrons?

3. When does REDOX reaction happens?

4. Why is REDOX significant to learn?

(Write your answers on a ½ crosswise intermediate paper.)

What’s New

What Is It

Page 98: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

98

• Learning Process Activity: Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.

_____1. A substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction.

a. Reactant

b. Reagent c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____2. Substance added to test if a reaction occurs.

a. Reactant

b. Reagent c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____3. Contains the element that is oxidized.. a. Reactant b. Reagent

c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____4. Contains the element that is reduced. a. Reactant b. Reagent

c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____5. Occurs when an atom‘s oxidation state decreases during a reaction. a. Oxidation b. Reduction

c. Reduction-Oxidation Reaction d. All are correct.

_____6. Occurs when an atom‘s oxidation state increases during a reaction. a. Oxidation b. Reduction

c. Reduction-Oxidation Reaction d. All are correct.

_____7. Oxidizing agent lowers the oxidation number of a given element. a. True b. False

What I Have Learned

Page 99: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

99

_____8. True to oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. Except… a. OXIDATION can be removal of hydrogen/ electropositive element from a

substance. b. REDUCTION can be removal of oxygen/electronegative element from a

substance.

c. Spontaneous redox reactions are generally endothermic. d. All redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

7.3 Determining the Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Place the letters of the best answer inside the box of the factor icon which influences the activity of the enzyme.

1.

2.

3.

4.

What I Know

A. Changing this factor outside the enzyme‘s optimum range will slow enzyme activity.

C. This factor at an optimum pH, near neutral causes enzymes to catalyze a reaction most rapidly.

D. Increasing this factor will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to.

B. Decreasing this factor slows down a reaction

F. Increasing this factor can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working.

H. This factor‘s graph of the reaction rate will plateau.

G. Increasing this factor, the greater should be the initial reaction rate and will last as long as substrate present.

E. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much of this factor is added.

Page 100: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

100

REVIEW: Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, concentrations and inhibitors.

Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate.

Determnants of the Factors Affecting Enzyme Activites

A. Temperature: Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction. However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop

working. Most enzymes have an optimum temperature, near normal body temperature at which they catalyze a reaction most rapidly.

B. pH (abbr. power of hydrogen or potential for hydrogen): Each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature. Even small pH

changes can alter the electrical charges on various chemical groups in enzyme molecules, thereby altering the enzyme‘s ability to bind its substrate and catalyze a reaction.

What’s In

Page 101: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

101

Enzymes catalyze a reaction most rapidly at an optimum pH, near neutral.

C. Substrateoconcentration: Increasing substrate concentration also increases

the rate of reaction to a certain point. Once all of the enzymes have bound,

any substrate increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and working at their maximum rate. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much additional

substrate is added. The graph of the reaction rate will plateau.

D. Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to. Once all of the substrate is bound, the reaction will no longer speed up, since there will be

nothing for additional enzymes to bind to.

Page 102: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

102

The higher the concentration of an enzyme the greater should be the initial reaction rate. This will last as long as substrate present

E. Enzyme Inhibitors (Inhibition):

o Competitive inhibitor: A molecule similar in structure to a substrate can bind to an enzyme‘s active site and compete with substrate

Page 103: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

103

o Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to the enzyme at an allosteric

site, which is a site other than the active site distort the tertiary protein structure and alter the shape of the active site.

Page 104: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

104

o Feedback inhibition: regulates the rate of many metabolic pathways

when an end product of a pathway accumulates and binds to and inactivates the first enzyme in the metabolic pathway. Product (usually ultimate product) of a pathway controls the rate of synthesis through

inhibition of an early step (usually the first step). Conserves material and energy by preventing accumulation of intermediates.

Page 105: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

105

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. 2 video links are provided ; “GCSE Biology - How Enzymes Work #11‖ and ―GCSE Biology - Factors that Affect Enzymes #12‖ by Cognito (2018),

Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNX9UQ08fZ4 Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq1foXnvJao

2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to each factors affecting the enzymatic activities.

3. Make a detailed reaction paper regarding the video clip yousaw. 4. Write your reaction on a long bond paper.

• Q & A Activity:

1. What are factors involved in the enzymatic activity?

2. How can you determine the effects of each factor of the enzymatic activity? 3. Select 1 factor that most likely reflects your life as a Senior High student.

(Write your answers on a 1 whole intermediate paper.)

• Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer in the blank. 1. __________ regulates the rate of many metabolic pathways.

2. __________ attach to the enzyme at an allosteric site. 3. __________ can bind to an enzyme‘s active site and compete with substrate. 4. __________ is a place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate

may bind.

What’s New

What Is It

What I Have Learned

Page 106: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

106

Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as 5. __________, 6. __________, 7. __________, 8. __________, and 9. __________.

10. Evidently the graph on a substrate concentration will present a __________.

• Performance Activity:

Grow a plant.

A plant can represent an enzyme while your water, soil and sunlight can represent

the substrates. Guess what the inhibitors can represent? Maybe anything that will negatively affect the plant like not watering it on schedule, not getting enough sunlight and so much more. We know the byproducts of the plants that are well

taken care of, right? Food and oxygen, or something beneficial to us. 1. Gather a recyclable container like cola bottles, loam soil, fertilizer, etc. Use tools

needed like a small shovel or trowel for transferring the soil inside the container. 3. Decide on a plant you want to easily take care and be beneficial for your

household. Then, secure the seeds or graft of the plant you decided on. Plant it. 4. Document everything for a month (photos included if possible), starting from the

first day of listing down the materials and recording the plant‘s growth in centimeters. Keep a record notebook for the schedule of submission.

..

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank. _____1. Catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes.

a. Transferases b. Hydrolases c. Lyases

d. Isomerases _____2. Where the reaction is catalysed in an enzyme?

a. Facilitated site

b. Active site c. Passive site d. Direct site

What I Can Do

Assesment

Page 107: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

107

_____3. Lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond.

a. Transferases

b. Hydrolases c. Lyases d. Isomerases

_____4. True to temperature as a factor of enzymatic reaction.

a. This factor at an optimum level, near neutral, causes enzymes to catalyze a

reaction most rapidly. b. Changing this factor outside the enzyme‘s optimum range will slow enzyme

activity.

c. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much of this factor is added.

d. Increasing this factor can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and

stop working. _____5. Enzymes are described as all of the above except

a. micromolecule b. macromolecule c. stereospecific

d. having a defined amino acid sequence _____6. Active forms from one of the inactive enzyme .

a. Apoenzyme b. Holoenzyme c. Cofactor

d. Coenzyme

_____7. Enzymes described having a typically long amino acid sequence about?

a. 100-400 b. 100-500 c. 100-600

d. 100-700 _____8. Occurs when an atom‘s oxidation state decreases during a reaction.

a. Oxidation b. Reduction c. Reduction-Oxidation Reaction

d. All are correct. _____9. Contains the element that is oxidized..

a. Reactant b. Reagent c. Reductant

d. Oxidant

Page 108: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

108

_____10. All the statements are not true to the substrate concentration, except for... a. This factor at an optimum level, near neutral, causes enzymes to catalyze a

reaction most rapidly.

b. Changing this factor outside the enzyme‘s optimum range will slow enzyme activity.

c. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much of

this factor is added. d. Increasing this factor can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and

stop working.

_____11. Substance added to test if a reaction occurs.

a. Reactant

b. Reagent c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____12. Occurs when an atom‘s oxidation state increases during a reaction.

a. Oxidation

b. Reduction c. Reduction-Oxidation Reaction d. All are correct.

_____13. Oxidizing agent lowers the oxidation number of a given element.

a. True

b. False _____14. True to oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. Except…

a. OXIDATION can be removal of hydrogen/ electropositive element from a substance.

b. REDUCTION can be removal of oxygen/electronegative element from a

substance. c. Spontaneous redox reactions are generally endothermic. d. All redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

_____15. A substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction.

a. Reactant

b. Reagent c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____16. Regulates the rate of many metabolic pathways.

a. Feedback inhibition

b. Noncompetitive inhibitors. c. Competitive inhibitor. d. Substrate Concentration

Page 109: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

109

_____17. Can bind to an enzyme‘s active site and compete with substrate.

a. Feedback inhibition b. Noncompetitive inhibitors. c. Competitive inhibitor

d. Substrate Concentration

_____18. Contains the element that is reduced.

a. Reactant

b. Reagent c. Reductant d. Oxidant

_____19. Attach to the enzyme at an allosteric site

a. Feedback inhibition

b. Noncompetitive inhibitors c. Competitive inhibitor d. Substrate Concentration

_____20. True to pH, except for...

a. This factor at an optimum level, near neutral, causes enzymes to catalyze a

reaction most rapidly. b. Changing this factor outside the enzyme‘s optimum range will slow enzyme

activity.

c. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much of this factor is added.

d. Increasing this factor can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and

stop working.

Page 110: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

110

Disorders and Diseases that Result from the Malfunction of the Cell during the Cell Cycle What I Know 1 b 2 a 3 d 4 a 5 c What I Have Learned 1. Down Syndrome 2.Klinefelter syndrome 3.Patau syndrome and 4.Cri du chat syndrome 5. Aneuploidy 6. Leukemia 7. 90% 8. egg formation 9. sperm formation 10. cancer cell

7.1 Structural Components of the Cell Membrane What I Know 1 a 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 are amphipathic molecules 7 Tucked between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane phospholipids 8 Transport of substance through membrane 9 Cell recognition 10 Attached to proteins or lipids on the extracellular side of the membrane What I Have Learned 1. fluid mosaic model , fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins 2 phospholipids 3 Carbohydrates 4 To identify the cell to other cells 5 temperature 6 enclose, define 7 Membrane transport 8 Integral Protein

7.2 The Relationship of the Structure and Composition of the Cell Membrane to its Function What I Know 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 a 6 protect the cell from its surroundings 7 allow cells to recognize one another 8 provide shape and integrity to the cell 9 transports small organic molecules 10 provide extracellular attachment sites What‘s New 1 glycoprotein 2 glycolipid 3 peripheral membrane 4 integral membrane 5 cytoskeletal filaments 6 cholesterol 7 protein channel 8 phopsolipid bilayer

7.3 Transport Mechanisms in Cells 7.4 Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis What I Know 1 d 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 Exocytosis refers to the transportation of molecules or particles from the cell to the outside of the cell 7 Involved with up taking nutrients into the cell 8 Occurs by both phagocytosis and pinocytosis 9 Secretory vesicles are formed 10 Not involved 11 Engulfing bacteria by phagocytes

ANSWER KEY

Page 111: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

111

ANSWER KEY

7 Assesment 1a 2a 3a 4c 5d 6a 7a 8a 9b 10c 11d 12d 13a 14c 15a 16a 17d 18b 19c 20d

8.2 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions What I Know 1 addition of oxygen/electronegative element to a substance or removal of hydrogen/ electropositive element from a substance 2 removal of oxygen/electronegative element from a substance or addition of hydrogen/ electropositive element to a substance 3 reagent which increases the oxidation number of an element of a given substance 4 a reagent that lowers the oxidation number of a given element 5 a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction What I Have Learned 1b 2a 3c 4d 5b 6a 7b 8c

8.1 Components of an Enzyme What I Know 1b 2a 3c 4a 5b 6b 7 A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed 8 The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds 9 A biological catalyst (usually a protein) 10The reactant molecule that an enzyme works on What I have Learned 1T 11T 2F 12F 3T 13F 4F 14T 5T 15T 6F 7T 8F 9F 10T

8.3 Determining the Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity What I Know 1 b,f 2 a,c 3 e,h 4 d,g What I have Learned 1 Feedback inhibition 2Noncompetitive inhibitors 3Competitive inhibitor 4Allosteric site 5temperature, 6pH, 7enzyme concentrations 8substrate concentrations 9 inhibitors 10plateau

Page 112: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

112

ANSWER KEY

8 Assesment 1a 2b 3c 4d 5a 6b 7b 8b 9c 10c 11a 12a 13b 14c 15b 16a 17c 18d 19b 20a

Page 113: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

113

References

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC-STEM,

The Commission on Higher Education, Philippine Normal University

(2016) https://bit.ly/2DCe9kz (Restrictions are imposed)

DEPED Learning Modules Grade 7-10

General Biology 1, Authors: Connie Rye, Robert Wise, Vladimir

Jurukovski, Jean DeSain, Jung Choi, Yael Avissar,

localized by Giselle Magcamit-Belardo,

The Cell Membrane, Geonyzl Alviola, (2009) pdf,

https://www.slideshare.net/geonyzl/the-cell-membrane-2639139

Membrane Transport, wikipedia.org

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport

Structural components of Cell Membrane, A-LevelBiology (2020)

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/plasma-membrane-structure-and-

functions/

Structure of the Plasma Membrane, www.khanacademy.org (2020)

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-

the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane

Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes, OpenStax

(2015)

https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:QOGUelqL@9/Components-

and-Structure

Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, Khan Academy (2015)

https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes,

courses.lumenlearning.com

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-

biology/chapter/components-and-structure/

Cell Membrane Function and Structure, Reece, Jane B., and Neil A.

Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, (2011)

https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364

Inside the Cell Membrane, Amoeba Sisters (Feb 28, 2018)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCVVszQQNs

Membrane Structure and Function , CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, 9th Edition

| Pearson, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A.

Wasserman, Peter V Minorsky, Robert B Jackson (2011)

Osmosis image, M4533791, Toluna Influencers,

https://uk.toluna.com/opinions/4233889/OSMOSIS

Osmosis image, Sagar Aryal (2020),

https://microbenotes.com/osmosis-and-diffusion/

Page 114: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

114

Active transport, kaiserscience.wordpress.com,

https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/biology-the-living-

environment/cells/active-transport-across-cell-membranes/

Endocytosis, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (2007)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis

Difference Between Endocytosis and Exocytosis, Lakna ( 2017)

https://pediaa.com/difference-between-endocytosis-and-exocytosis/

Active, Passive, and Bulk Cell Transport, RicochetScience (2016)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGeSDI03aaw

Alzheimer's disease By Mayo Clinic Staff (2018)

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-

causes/syc-

20374373#:~:text=Leukemia%20is%20cancer%20of%20the,involves%

20the%20white%20blood%20cells

Leukemia By Mayo Clinic Staff (2018)

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-

causes/syc-

20374373#:~:text=Leukemia%20is%20cancer%20of%20the,involves%

20the%20white%20blood%20cells

Errors in cell division by The law of science (2013)

https://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/errors-in-cell-division

Membrane transport by wikipedia.org

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport Structural components of Cell Membrane by A-LevelBiology (2020)

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/plasma-membrane-structure-and-

functions/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-

the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane

Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, Khan Academy (2015)

https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo

Curation and Revision. Provided by: Boundless.com. License: CC BY-

SA: Attribution-ShareAlike

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-

biology/chapter/components-and-structure/

Active transport https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/biology-the-living-

environment/cells/active-transport-across-cell-membranes/

Mariana Ruiz Villarreal 27 July 2007

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis

Difference Between Endocytosis and Exocytosis 2017 by Lakna https://pediaa.com/difference-between-endocytosis-and-exocytosis/

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC –

STEM by The Commission on Higher Education and Philippine Normal

University (2016) pp 78-85;

Page 115: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

115

Enzymes review 2020 Khan Academy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/a/hs-enzymes-review

Enzyme structure and function by wikiversity.org (2020)

https://bit.ly/2CgCMCB

https://www.livescience.com/45145-how-do-enzymes-work.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme

Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism, Melinda Grant (2018)

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12502012/

Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Cofactors by en.wikibooks.org (2019)

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme/Cofactors

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Christopher Spohrer (UCD), Christina

Breitenbuecher (UCD), Luvleen Brar (UCD) (2020) https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistr

y/Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions

Chapter 8 redox reactions ppt for class 11 CBSE, ritik (2015)

https://www.slideshare.net/deepikajonnes/chapter-8-redox-reactions-ppt-for-class-11-cbse

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity, Charles C. Worthington, Von

Worthington, Andrew Worthington, Ph.D. (2019) http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introbiochem/factors.html#:~:text=Several%20factors%20affect%20the%20rate,of%20any%20inhibitors%20or%20activators.

https://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme/Factors-affecting-enzyme-

activity

Factors affecting enzyme activity

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/a/hs-enzymes-review

Factors-Affecting-Enzymatic-Activity-Notes-PDF by

easybiologyclass.com https://bit.ly/2W3SFU9

Factors affecting enzyme activity by www.khanacademy.org

https://bit.ly/3iL9XPr

Page 116: Quarter 1 - Module 1 Cell: the basic unit of life

116

(OUTSIDE BACK COVER)

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang

Cagayan de Oro Telephone Nos.: (08822)855-0048 E-mail Address: [email protected]