psychology 001 introduction to psychology christopher gade, phd office: 621 heafey office hours: f...
TRANSCRIPT
Psychology 001Introduction to
Psychology
Christopher Gade, PhDOffice: 621 Heafey
Office hours: F 3-6 and by apt. Email: [email protected]
Class WF 7:00-8:30 Heafey 650
Personality
To effectively examine the topic of personality, one can ask a number of questions… How is an individual’s
personality defined? How do we determine
different personalities? Can and do our
personalities change? How does personality
come about?
What is personality? Personality – all the consistent ways in which
the behavior of one person differs from and is similar to that of others, especially in social situations
Specific behaviors signify specific personalities
Personality measures can’t determine what we do all of the time in every social situation, but it can give us a good indication about what we are likely to do
Personality traits are often tough to define, but there are a number of theories about how many, and what types of traits individuals have
Personality is said to be the product of experience and genetics
Defining Personality: Freud and His Psychodynamic
Approach Psychodynamic theory – personality isbased on the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual. This includes forces that the individual is both aware of (conscious), and unaware of (unconscious). Our personality is a derivative of the experiences
of our past, as well as the current desires acting on the individual
Abnormal personality is a result of pent up or conflicting forces within the individual
Personality-based behaviors are committed in order to reduce the strain built up by desires
Catharsis – a release of pent up tensions
Where do the pent up desires come from?
the ‘id’: an unconscious force that constantly seeks satisfaction of basic needs (survival, sex, immediate gratification)
The ‘superego’: an unconscious force that’s only goal is to push us to do what is ‘right’ (society’s standards)
The ‘ego’: a conscious force that operates on the reality principle. It seeks to satisfy id’s and the superego’s desires in realistic ways
What causes tensions
(according to Freud)?
Tensions and irrational behavior come from a pent up store of desires and experiences that have an effect on the individual Conscious – thoughts,
memories, and emotions that we are aware of
Unconscious – thoughts, memories, and emotions that we are unaware of due to their traumatic or unacceptable nature
Note on the impact of the unconscious in personality
How do we get at these unconscious
memories/emotions/thoughts? Psychoanalysis
Hypnosis
Free association
Dream interpretation
“Freudian Slips”
Differentiation of Sexual Desires
Freud eventually went on to argue that these tensions often come from sexual desires. In particular, libido (psychosexual energy), which comes in different forms throughout development
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder stinginess(18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control strict orderliness
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus FixationOral Pleasure centers on the mouth-- smoking, (0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing overeating
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with penis envy(3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings castration fear
Latency Dormant sexual feelings (6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)
So what can we take from Freud?
Humans apparently have a mental life that is at least partly unconscious
People often have conflicting motives and desires
Childhood experiences contribute to the development of adult personality and social behavior
Sexual development has an impact on psychological development
Where was Freud just dead wrong?
Unconscious thoughts defined by Freud are very different from today’s theories of unconscious
Its not all about sex and psychosexual stages (if these stages even exist)
Almost all (if not all) forms of mental disorders have been only weakly linked to childhood experiences
Then and now… In the first part of
this class, we began discussing personality psychology by discussing the theories proposed by Sigmund Freud
Now we’ll be continuing our exploration of personality psychology be examining other theories of where personality comes from
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Colleague of Freud’s
Accepted many of Freud’s beliefs about theformation of personality Personality is formed from both conscious and
unconscious forces Our past experiences have an impact on our
personalities
Broke with Freud’s work because of his differing beliefs about personality formation Our personal unconscious did not contain the basic
instincts that Freud proposed (primarily the id) People possess personality traits as a result of a
collective unconscious. Archetypes – vague, existential, and spiritual
images/concepts found within our personality. Some archetypes are inherited from the experiences of our ancestors, others are unique to the individual.
Alfred Adler’s Superiority Theory
Another early student of Freud’s, but broke awaybecause of differing theories (too much focus on sex)
Formed a branch of psychology called individual psychology Individual psychology – a psychology of the person
as a whole rather than a person in parts Believed that personality was based on our
attempts to pursue our strengths and make up for our shortcomings Striving for superiority – a desire to seek personal
excellence and fulfillment Inferiority complex – an exaggerated feeling of
weakness, inadequacy, and helplessness
Carl Rogers’ & Self Actualization
Formed theory that was very similar in structure to Adler’s theory of striving for superiority
Postulated that people are constantly striving for betterment and to reach a point of self actualization Self-actualization – the achievement of one’s full
potential (note: self-actualization is said to rarely be met by individuals)
Our personality is based on a number of selves that we have, and the discrepancy between these selves Actual self – the person that we are Ideal self – the person that we want to be
Aught self – the person that we feel we “should” be (not Rogers’ idea)
Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow wasanother positivepsychologist thatbelieved in theconcept of self-actualization. However, he believed that self-actualization was met through another mechanism… The fulfillment of needs.
Maslow proposed that each of us has a hierarchy of needs, and once all of those needs are met, we are able to approach self-actualization.
What does it mean to be self actualized?
According to positive psychologists (Rogers and Maslow), once a person reaches self actualization, a number of recognizable behaviors take shape. Unconditional positive regard An accurate perception of reality Independence, creativity, and spontaneity Acceptance of oneself and others Enjoyment of life A good sense of humor
***Note: Skeptics have questions whether or not this was a sign of self-actualization, or just a list
of characteristics that Rogers and Maslow valued.