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An Introduction to the stuff youwill be learning this year.

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PsychologyWhat is it?The science of behavior (what we do)

and mental processes (sensations,

perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs,

and feelings)

Do our feelings always match our behaviors?

If you call me adumbass, I may feel

sad inside.

But I willstill act

tough.(but I will becrying on theinside, so begentle).

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History of Psychology

Although the science of psychologystarted in the late 1800s, the concept hasbeen around a lot longer.

There was evidence of trephination

(cutting holes into a skull to let evil spiritsout) back in the stone age.

It was like a bad SAW movie!!!!

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Waves of Psychology

The science of psychology has gonethrough about 5 different waves since it

started. Waves are different ways of thinking

over time.

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Psychologys Roots

Prescientific Psychology

In India, Buddha wondered how sensationsand perceptions combined to form ideas.

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Confucius (551-479 B.C.)

In China, Confucius stressed the power ofideas and the importance of an educated

mind.

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Hebrew Scriptures

Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion

to the body.

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Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato(428-348 B.C.)

Socrates and his student Plato believed themind was separate from the body, the mind

continued to exist after death, and ideaswere innate.

Socrates

Pla

to

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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle suggested that the soul is notseparable from the body and that knowledge

(ideas) grow from experience.

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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the

immaterial mind and physical bodycommunicated.

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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Bacon is one of the founders of modernscience, particularly the experimental

method.

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John Locke (1632-1704)

Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa,or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences

wrote on it.

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Mind and body are

connected

Mind and body are

distinct

The Hebrews Socrates

Aristotle Plato

Augustine Descartes

What is the relation of mind to thebody?

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Some ideas are

inborn

The mind is a blank

slate

Socrates Aristotle

Plato Locke

How are ideas formed?

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Prologue:

Psychologys Roots

Psychological Science

Is Born

Empiricism Knowledge comes from

experience via the senses

Science flourishes

through observation

and experiment

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Wave One: IntrospectionKickin it old school

Started with William Wundts firstpsychological laboratory and hisconcept of introspection

(structuralism).

Then William James wrote ThePrinciples of Psychologyand

discussed functionalism.

In reality these ideas do not havemuch impact on how psychologiststhink today. These guys were

considered hot, back inthe day!!!!

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Structuralism: an early school of psychology that used

introspection to explore the structuralelements of the human mind.

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Prologue:

Psychologys Roots

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Prologue:

Psychologys Roots

Functionalismfocused on how

behavioralprocessesfunction- how

they enableorganism toadapt, survive,and flourish

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Wilhelm Wundt

Wundt is referred to as the

father of psychology because

in 1879 he started the first

laboratory in psychology for

studying humans.

He broke into parts the elements

of feelings and thought.

Using a procedure called introspection he introduced

scientific procedure to study feelings.

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Psychological Science isBorn

Structuralism

Wundt and Titchener studied the elements(atoms) of the mind by conducting

experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

W

undt(1832

-1920)

Titchne

r(1867-1927

)

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Functionalism

Influenced by Darwin, William Jamesestablished the school of functionalism,

which opposed structuralism.

James

(1842-1910)

MaryCalk

ins

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William James

In 1890, he publishedPrinciples ofPsychology. The book was 1400

pages long, two volumes in length

and it took him 12 years to write.

Unlike Wundt, he did not want to break behavior

into parts; instead, he never wanted to lose sight of

the individual as a whole.

James is considered to be one ofthe founders of American

psychology.

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Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys focused not on

how we feel, but on how we experience the world. The whole of an experience can be more than the sum

of its parts.

Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom.

If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom?

Hopefully not!!!

This may seemlike one picture,but it can beperceived as 3different faces.Can you find

them?

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Wave Three: Psychoanalysis

This wave of thinking started withSigmund Freud (in the early 1900s).

In a nutshell, during this time periodpeople believed that most of yourfeelings come from a hidden place in

your mind called the unconscious.

We protect ourselves from our realfeeling by using defense mechanisms.

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The Unconscious Mind

Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasizedthe importance of the unconscious mind and

its effects on human behavior.

F

reud(1856-1

9

39)

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Wave Four: Behaviorism

During this time period (early to mid 1900s), peoplestarted to ignore how you feel inside.

All that mattered was how you acted.

If you they could change your behavior, who careshow you feel.

Very popular during the conservative 1950s whensocial appearance mattered more than selfexpression.

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Wave Five: Eclectic We are now in wave five.which is about variety.

Psychologists pick and choose what theories to usedepending on the situation and the client.

Just like Ben 10 choosing the right alien tofight the bad guy depending the situation.

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Wave Five is made up of about 7different perspectives.

In other words, psychologists today, pickand choose from about 7 schools of

thought to help you with your problems.

Thus we have:THE SEVEN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

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Biopsychology (Neuroscience)Perspective

All of your feelings and behaviors

have an organic root.

In other words, they come from your

brain, body chemistry,neurotransmitters, etc

Let us imagine for a second that your

dog died (sad but it will happen). Youbecome depressed. You stop eatingand sleeping. What would apsychologist from this school say isgoing on and how might they helpyou?

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Neuroscience Perspective

Focus on how the physical body and

brain creates our emotions, memories

and sensory experiences.

If you could not remember thenames of your parents and wentto a psychologist who adheres to

the neuroscience perspective,what might they say?

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Biological Perspective

Study the physiological mechanisms inthe brain and nervous system that

organize and control behavior

Focus may be at various levels individual neurons

areas of the brain

specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning

Interest in behavior distinguishesbiological psychology from many other

biological sciences

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Evolutionary Perspective

Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way

we do because we

inherited thosebehaviors. Thus, those behaviors

must have helped

ensure our ancestorssurvival. How could this behavior ensuredHomers ancestors survival?

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

Focuses on theunconscious mind.

We repress many ofour true feelings and

are not aware ofthem. In order to get

better, we mustbring forward thetrue feelings we havein our unconscious.

If a man hasintimacyissues andcannot formrelationshipswith others.What do youthinksomeonefrom thisschool maythink?

Perhaps they maydelve into themans unconsciousand discover thathe was bulliedwhen he wereyounger. Thebullying may havecaused fear ingetting close to

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Behaviorism

the view that psychology:

should be an objective science that

studies behavior without reference to mentalprocesses.

35

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Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on ourOBSERVABLE

behaviors. Only cares about

the behaviors that

impair our living,and attempts tochange them.

If you bit your fingernails when youwere nervous, a behaviorist would notfocus on calming you down, but ratherfocus on how to stop you from biting

your nails.

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Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on observablebehaviors while puttingfeelings to the side.

We behave in ways

because we have beenconditioned to do so.

To change behaviors, wehave to recondition the

client.

Pretend thatyou failpsychologyclass. Youbecomedepressed. In

turn, you beginto binge andgain weight.

What do you thinka behaviorist maydo?

They would probablyignore the fact that you

are depressed and justfocus on yourovereating.

Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over 2000 calories.

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Psychological ScienceDevelopsBehaviorism

Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasizedthe study of overt behavior as the subject

matter of scientific psychology.

Watson(1878

-1958)

Skinne

r(1904-19

90 )

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Other Pioneers

John B. Watson (18781958)

psychologists should study overt behavior

Father of Behaviorism

B. F. Skinner(19041990) American psychologist at Harvard

studied learning and effect of reinforcement

Father of Operant Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Father of Classical Conditioning

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John B. Watson (18781958)

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B. F. Skinner (19041990)

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Humanistic Perspective

Developed byAbraham Maslow &

Carl Rogers behavior reflects innate actualization

focus on conscious forces and selfperception

more positive view of basic forces than

Freuds historically significant perspective thatemphasized the growth potential of healthypeople and the individuals potential for

personal growth.

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Humanistic Perspective

Focuses on positive growth

Attempt to seek self-actualization

Therapists use active listening and

unconditional positive regard.

Mr. Rogers wouldhave made a greatHumanisticTherapist!!!

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The Humanistic

Approach

Carl Rogers is the best

known of the humanists.

This approach emphasizes that people have free will,

self-concepts and are basically good. Humanists believethat every person can fulfill his or her potential.

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Carl Rogers (19021987) Abraham Maslow (19081970)

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Humanist Perspective

Peaked in the late 190sand 70s.so it focusedon spirituality and freewill.

We have to strive to bethe best we can beself-actualization.

Happiness is defined bythe distance betweenour self-concept and

ideal self.

P h l i l S i

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Psychological ScienceDevelops

Humanistic Psychology

Maslow and Rogers emphasized currentenvironmental influences on our growth

potential and our need for love andacceptance.

Maslow(

1908-1

970)

Rogers(1902

-1987)

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Cognitive Neuroscience the inter-disciplinary study of the brain

activity linked with cognition (including

perception, thinking, memory, and

language.)

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C i i P i

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Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on how we think(or encode information)

How do we see theworld?

How did we learn to act tosad or happy events?

Cognitive Therapistattempt to change theway you think.

You meet a girlHopes are high!!!

She rejectsyoudonteven getdigits.How do you react to the rejection?

Some learned get back

on the horseAnd try again.

Some learned to give

up and live a lonely lifeof solitude.

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Social-Cultural PerspectiveThis approach looks at the impact that society, culture,ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality.

Even in the

same highschool,behaviors canchange in

accordance tothe varioussubcultures.

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Social-Cultural Perspective

Says that much of yourbehavior and yourfeelings are dictated bythe culture you live in.

Some cultures kiss eachother when greeting,some just bow.

Does your culture placevalue on individual or the

group?This is my culture!!!(this is the point whenmy wife rolls here eyes).

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Psychologys Three Big Debates

Nature Versus Nurture

Stability Versus Change

Continuity VersusDiscontinuity

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Stability v. Change

As the years pass, do

we change or remain

the same?

Are we become

adults or are we

always just big kids?

Personality traits,physical appearance,

sense of humor,

tastes, etc

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Continuity v. Discontinuity

Does growth occur gradually or in

stages?Clickimage to

Play

Prologue: Contemporary

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Prologue: Contemporary

Psychology

Rationality vs. Irrationality

Rationality reasonableness, good sense of

equity and proportion Irrationality not reasonable in thinking or

behaving, distorted perception of reality

N t N t

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Biology versus Experience

Am I the way I am because I was bornthat way or because of my surroundings?

Nature v. Nurture

Can I ever be like thesepeople, or does nature give

me limitations?

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Psychological Associations& Societies

The American PsychologicalAssociation is the largest organizationof psychology with 160,000 members

world-wide, followed by the British
http://www.bps.org.uk/

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Levels of Analysis

The differing complementary views from

biological to psychological to social-cultural

for analyzing any given phenomenon. Biopsychosocial

An integrated approach that incorporates

biological, psychological, and social-culturallevels of analysis.

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P h l Th M i L l f

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Psychologys Three Main Levels ofAnalysis

Prologue:

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Prologue:

Contemporary Psychology

John Locke

empiricist; believed that knowledge is

acquired solely through life experiences.Tabula Rasa: blank tablet

Claimed each of us is born a blank slateon which are written the life experiences

we acquire through our senses.(Plato believed just the opposite)

Prologue:

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Prologue:


Rene Descartes

rationalist; insisted we should doubt

everything that is not proved by our ownreasoning. True knowledge comesthrough correct reasoning and it is

inborn.

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On the Origin of Species was

published in 1859. His theory

was that humans and animalshad evolved and changed. His

theory inspired scientists to

study animals in order to

understand human

behavior.

Charles Darwin

Prologue:

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Natural selection principle that those

inherited traitvariationscontributing tosurvival will mostlikely be passed onto succeedinggenerations

Charles Darwin

Psychologys Current Perspectives

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Psychology s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample Questions

Neuroscience How the body and brainenables emotions? How are messagestransmitted in the body?How is blood chemistrylinked with moods andmotives?

Evolutionary How the natural

selection of traits thepromotes theperpetuation of onesgenes?

How does evolution

influence behaviortendencies?

Behavior

genetics

How much our genes

and our environmentsinfluence our individualdifferences?

To what extent are

psychological traits such asintelligence, personality,sexual orientation, andvulnerability to depressionattributable to our genes?To our environment?

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Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsPsychodynamic How behavior springs

from unconscious drivesand conflicts?

How can someonespersonality traits anddisorders be explained interms of sexual and

aggressive drives or asdisguised effects ofunfulfilled wishes andchildhood traumas?

Behavioral How we learn observableresponses?

How do we learn to fearparticular objects orsituations? What is the mosteffective way to alter ourbehavior, say to lose weightor quit smoking?

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Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode, process,

store and retrieveinformation?

How do we use informationin remembering?Reasoning? Problemsolving?

Social-cultural How behavior andthinking vary acrosssituations and cultures?

How are we as Africans,Asians, Australians or NorthAmericans alike asmembers of human family?As products of differentenvironmental contexts,

how do we differ?

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Psychologys Subfields: Research

Psychologist What she does

Biological Explore the links between brain andmind.

Developmental Study changing abilities from womb totomb.

Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, andsolve problems.

Personality Investigate our persistent traits.

Social Explore how we view and affect oneanother.

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Sigmund Freud

Freud developed the first

comprehensive theory of human

development and behavior,especially how the personality

develops.

He believed that childhood memories and thoughts

influenced the behavior of people when they

became adults.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

Fathered bySigmund Freud.

Our behaviorcomes fromunconscious

drives. Usually stemming

from ourchildhood.

What might a psychoanalyst say is thereason someone always needs to be chewinggum?

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Psychodynamic Perspective

View of behavior based on experiencetreating patients

Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud) both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind behavior reflects combinations of conscious and

unconscious influences

drives and urges within the unconscious component ofmind influence thought and behavior

early childhood experiences shape unconsciousmotivations

John B Watson

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John B. Watson

Watson studied the impact oflearning on people. This led to

the school of behaviorism.

He believed that careful andstructured parenting could

eliminate psychological

problems.

Watson later wrote a book applying scientific

methods to raising children.

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The Behavioral Approach

This approach emphasizes that behavior is primarilythe result of learning and not due to a persons

thoughts and unconscious processes.

People such as B. F. Skinnerand John B. Watson are called

behaviorists.

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Cross-Cultural Perspective

The study of psychological differencesamong people living in different

cultural groups How are peoples thoughts, feelings

and behavior influenced by their

culture? What are the common elements

across culture? Are these innate?

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Basic Research

pure science that aims to increase thescientific knowledge base.

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Psychologys Subfields:

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Psychology s Subfields:Research

Data: APA 1997

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Applied Research

scientific study that aims to solve practicalproblems.

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Psychologys Subfields:

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Psychology s Subfields:Applied

Data: APA 1997

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Counseling Psychologists

a branch of psychology that assistspeople with problems in living and in

achieving greater well-being.

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Clinical Psychology vs

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A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies,assesses, and treats troubled people

with psychotherapy.

Psychiatrists on the other hand are

medical professionals (M.D.) who usetreatments like drugs andpsychotherapy to treat psychologically

diseased patients.

Clinical Psychology vs.Psychiatry

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Survey: What you are about to read, includingchapter outlines and section heads.

Question: Ask questions. Make notes.

Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections andchapters in entirety.

Review: Margin definitions. Study learningoutcomes.

Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself withquizzes.

Close-up

Your Study of PsychologySurvey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

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Distribute your time. Listen actively in

class.

Overlearn. Be a smart test-

taker.

Close-up

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prologue 2010

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