prof. scott donne, university of newcastle: supercapacitors in light rail regenerative braking...
DESCRIPTION
Professor Scott Donne, Associate Professor, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle delivered this presentation at the 2014 Light Rail conference in Melbourne. Across the globe the conception and delivery of light rail projects has been growing at an incredible rate. Seen as an efficient and sustainable way to alleviate the congestion that cripples the expansion of many key urban zones, light rail is fast becoming a central solution in the evolution of Australia's major urban areas. In order to work towards a congestion free future, it is imperative that federal and state governments support light rail projects. Light Rail 2014 explored all the possible funding options for light rail projects, while also looking at international case studies, the latest rolling stock, braking technology, among many more. For more information about the event, please visit the conference website: http://www.informa.com.au/lightrailconferenceTRANSCRIPT
Supercapacitors in Light Rail Regenera3ve Braking Systems
Outline
• Introduc)on – Energy conserva)on and efficiency – Move away from fossil fuels
• Regenera)ve breaking – what is it? • Energy storage
– What op)ons are available? – Supercapacitors – what are they, and what do they offer?
• Examples of previous use – Other applica)ons
• Rail examples • Research in this area at the University of Newcastle • Summary
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Energy Dependence
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TWh
Total energy consumption and source
Problems with Fossil Fuel Derived Energy
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Emissions
Limited Resource
Transi<on to Renewable Energy
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 Slide 5
What is required? 1. Efficient processes 2. Energy storage
Regenera<ve Breaking
• Regenera)ve braking is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle down by conver)ng its kine)c energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored un)l needed.
• Conven)onally this energy is dissipated as heat upon braking.
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 Slide 6
A moving vehicle has a lot of kinetic energy.
E.g., a 40 tonne train travelling at 20 km/h has 0.62 MJ of energy to dissipate before it comes to a complete halt.
Energy Storage
• Many different forms • Electrochemical energy storage
– Supercapacitors – BaKeries – Fuel cells
• Addi)onally – Cyclability – Environmental – Cost
• Supercapacitors
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 Slide 7
ICE
Capaci<ve Energy Storage
• Electroly)c capacitors (105 W/kg; 10-‐2 Wh/kg)
• Supercapacitors (104 W/kg; 10 Wh/kg)
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• Advantages – High power
• Up to 104 W/kg
• High charge-‐discharge rates • Small )me constants (<1 s)
– Excellent cyclability • >105 cycles
– Very high efficiency • >99% of ini)al capacitance a^er 105
cycles
• Disadvantages – Rela)vely low energy
• <10 Wh/kg
• Discharge does not last long – Rela)vely high cost
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 Slide 9
Supercapacitor Performance
Environmental performance • Aqueous systems • Non-‐aqueous systems
Examples – Garbage Truck
• Oshkosh truck hybrid garbage vehicle
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Examples – Excavator
• Diesel-‐electric hybrid excavator
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Examples – Gantry Crane
• Hybrid rubber-‐)red gantry crane – 7 MJ Capacitor – efficient regenera)ve energy capture – ~40 % fuel savings and significant emissions reduc)on
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 Slide 12
Rail Examples
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Rail Examples
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Rail Examples
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BaFery Systems
Zn/MnO2 Li/MnO2 LixMnO2 LiFePO4 ACuO2 Zn/air
Collaborators CSIRO (Australia) FMC Lithium (USA) Litronik (Germany) Pure Energy (Canada) Duracell (USA) Timcal (Switzerland) Delta EMD (Australia)
Supercapacitors Ac)vated carbon MnO2 Fe3O4 Conduc)ng polymers
CSIRO (Australia) University of Nantes (France) University of Surrey (UK)
Fuel Cell Research
O2 reduc)on catalysts (aqueous and non-‐aqueous) Direct carbon fuel cell Microbial fuel cell
Collaborators MIT (USA) CSIRO (Australia) Coal Innova)on NSW NSW DPI
Chemical Energy Storage
H2 produc)on (Hybrid Sulfur Cycle) Thermochemical S/SO2/SO4
2-‐ system
Collaborators CSIRO (Australia) General Atomics (USA)
Photo-‐electrochemical cells
Redox mediators for DSSC Collaborators CSIRO (Australia)
Corrosion
Cast iron corrosion Titanium corrosion In-‐situ condi)on evalua)on
Collaborators Delta EMD (Australia) Sydney Water University of Technology, Sydney Hunter Water
Chars
N-‐modified chars Microbial fuel cells
Collaborators Anthroterra NSW DPI DAFF/GRDC
University of Newcastle – Applied Electrochemistry
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Capaci<ve Energy Storage
• Pseudo-‐capacitance
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Electrolyte
Ac)ve material
M+
e-‐
Conduc)ve material
Materials for Supercapacitors
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K. Naoi and P. Simon; Electrochemical Society Interface, 34, Spring 2008.
Summary – Power and Energy
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Fuel cells
Summary
• Energy storage is a key aspect of improving energy efficiency
• Supercapacitors are an energy storage technology typified by high specific power and excellent cyclability
• Supercapacitors are well suited for high power, repe))ve pulse applica)ons
• In rail (and other large scale) applica)ons they have the demonstrated ability to improve energy efficiency by ~40%
• Our research has led to higher energy materials
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 Slide 20
Ques3ons?
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Light Rail 2014 Slide 22
Acknowledgements
• University of Newcastle – Ariana Cormie – Andrew Cross – Madeleine Dupont – Andrew Cross – Andrew Gibson – $$$$
• CSIRO Energy Technology – Dr. Tony Hollenkamp – Dr. Tony Pandolfo – $$$$
March 5, 14 Light Rail 2014 23
• University of Nantes, France – Prof. Thierry Brousse – Prof. Olivier Crosnier – Alban Morel – Mickael Drozd – Paul Arcidiacono – Laurane Loup