prof derek clements-croome - intelligent buildings as a multy sensory experinece

Intelligent Buildings as a Multi-sensory

ExperienceDerek Clements-CroomeUniversity of Readingwww.derekcroome.com

Building Centre SeminarFeeling Good :

The Science and Economics of Wellbeing in Interiors

24th February 2012

http://www.derekcroome.com/

We live through our senses

”Walking through the gardens of memory, I discover that my recollections are associated with the senses”, wrote the Chilean writer Isabel Allende.

Isabel Allende describes the idea for her book Aphrodite (1998) as being “a mapless journey through the regions of sensual memory”

(The Times, April 1998).

How important is to you to live in a well-`designed house? – Vey important. I can’t operate unless I have a

calm and organised environment. I think beauty enhances your life. Good design creates a better quality of living and can affect your mood.

How involved were you in the project – If there is a great relationship between a

designer and client you can get great results. But projects can go wrong if clients aren’t clear about the brief.

Which is your favourite room?– My top-floor studio. It’s where I work when I am

at home. It’s a calm space with masses of natural light and a fantastic view across London. Its design helps me to be very organised.

Sir John Sorrell, Chairman of the London Design Festival, Chairman of the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE)

Financial Times, September 13/14 p.3

Achieving Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in the

WorkplaceNeedPhysiological

Safety

Social

Esteem

Self-actualisation

Achieved byGood working conditions, attractive salary, subsidised housing, free catering

Private health care, pension, safe working conditions, job security.

Good relationships, team spirit, company sports, office parties, informal activities, open communication.Regular positive feedback, prestige job titles, write-up in company news sheets, promotion and reward.Challenging job, discretion over work activity, promotion on opportunities, encouraging creativity, autonomy and responsibility

Source: (CIBSE 1999, Huczynski 1991)

Subjective Well-being for Working

Awareness Satisfaction with life Edge of comfort – discomfort Good body – mental health Freshness

SELF

Cognitive/Emotional

Mind

Body Spirit

Soul

Stimuli

HumanBeing

Social psychological aurasGravity

Matter

Matter

Matter

Matter

Electromagneticradiation

Mechanicalradiation

Chemical

People, Environment and Matter

Brain and MindParallel ProcessingProcessing Speed 60 bits/s

109 neurones1014 Synapses

AURAL

VISUAL

SMEL

L

TAST

E

TOUCH

STIMULI

Psychology/mood of a person influences perception. It needs to be taken into account when designing the built environment

The senses interact with the environment. Senses are stimulated by the environment and transmit the signals to the brain.

Behling 1996

Brain – Body

Pathways

Weiss (1997) suggests that the mind can affect immune system

Clements-Croome, D. J., 2004, Intelligent Buildings,

Davison (2003) led a research study at University of Wisconsin-Madison showed positive thinking (good moods optimism) can promote good health because the body’s defences (the immune system) are stronger. This suggests that the balance between the mind and the body is a sensitive one.

Clements-Croome, D. J., 2004, Intelligent Buildings,

Schematic Diagram of Four Human Circadian Rhythms

Source: CIE, 2004 in Chung 2005 Int Lighting Symposium Proceedings, Hong Kong

Nine Levels of Consciousness

The five senses felt by the eyes, ears, nose mouth and skin

The integration of senses using reason and logic

Rational thought expressed via self awareness and intuition

The stores of experience in the long and short term memories

Pure consciousness within the inner self; this also involves emotion.

Allwright (1998)

Architecture and the Senses

Although the five basic senses are often studied as individual systems covering visual, auditory, taste–smell, orientation and the haptic sensations, there is an interplay between the senses.

Our sensory experience is a fully integrated existential interaction (Pallasmaa)

The hands want to see, the eyes want to caress (Goethe)

The colour of wine leads the smell, then the taste

Dame Evelyn Glennie went fully deaf at 16 now world leading percussionist

The senses help each other

Listening and Hearing

It is a simple fact that sound is perceived by the ear. Aristotle said that the eyes are organs of temptation and the ears the organs of instruction; not only does the ear take sound in, by sending it directly to the brain, it sets in motion an entire creative process of thought; the physical and cognitive processes of thought; the physical and cognitive processes of hearing are by no means passive.

Barenboim, D., 2008, Everything is Connected

Commodity, Firmness and Delight (Vitruvius)

Thermal Delights of Architecture by Heschong 1979: Necessity; Delight; Affection; Sacredness

Quote from Heschong 1979

Thermal qualities – warm, cool, humid, airy, radiant, cosy - are an important part of our experience of a space, they not only influence what we choose to do there but also show how we feel about the space.

The light quality – direct, indirect, natural, artificial, diffuse, dappled, focused –can be subtly manipulated in the design of a space to achieve the desired effects.

The most persistent memory of any space is often its odour. Every building has its individual scent. Our sense of smell is acutely sensitive. Strong emotional and past experiences are awakened by the olfactory sense.

Clements-Croome, 2004, Intelligent Buildings, p.20

How Do You Smell?

The average person has about 400 different types of olfactory receptors, but not everyone has the same setThe average person has about 400 different types of

olfactory receptors, but not everyone has the same set

Tillotson 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

T H

T

T

H

Ambient Air

Spray Nozzle

Regulating Valve

AirHandlingUnit

Heat Exchanger Spray Fan

Control Unit

Atrium

EssenceContainer

Thermostat

Humidistat

Atrium Fragrance Control System for Kajima Building in

Tokyo

Atrium Fragrance and Control Scenario for Kajima Building in

TokyoCOME LUNCH BREAK

TO OFFICE WORK WORK LEAVE THE OFFICESCHEDULE

FRAGRANCE & IMAGEOVER-TIME WORK

No 1 WOOD

No 2 FLORAL

No 3 CITRUS

SPLAY PATTERN

One’s new experience gained via the senses can evoke memories. I first heard the music of Bruckner in the newly opened Coventry Cathedral in 1962. Now a visit to this cathedral or hearing Bruckner's ninth symphony stirs my memory of those precious moments years ago. The combination of feeling the architectural space and the sound of music within it were powerful.

Our sense of smell is acute and strongly emotional. Experiences are awakened by our olfactory sense. Kohler (2002) describes how Marcel Proust’s childhood memories were awakened by the smell and taste of a cake, recalling his Sundays with his aunt, who gave him a cake dipped in her tea (Proust 1992). Odours can also influence cognitive processes that affect both creative task performance and personal memories.

Intelligent Buildings Chapter 3 (Clements- Croome 2004)

Colour affects in various ways like these Rothko Paintings

Freshness

A Multi-faceted word - tidiness - colour

- air (smell/movement/cool)

- space Transients – changes; contrast

pattern recognition -Feng Shui (energy

flows)

Total aesthetic is visual plus other senses

Listen to sound in light then dark Smell with eyes open then shut

Limbic System

Commands behaviours that are necessary for the survival

of all mammals.– distinguish between the agreeable and the disagreeable.– induces the females to nurse and protect their toddlers– induces playful moods.

In mammals:– emotions and feelings, like wrath, fright, passion, love,

hate, joy and sadness originate in the limbic system.– aspects of personal identity and for important functions

related to memory.

Malcolm I Heggie, 2006, A scent of man, , University of Sussex, Brighton Science Festival Presentation,

What is Emotion?

.…”Everyone knows what an emotion is, until asked to give a definition”….

- Beverly Fehr and James Russell –

Emotions play a major role in:– motivation, perception, cognition, coping,

creativity, attention, planning, reasoning, learning, memory, and decision making.

We do not seek to define emotions but to understand them….

Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3

Understanding Emotion

Emotion is not a phenomenon, but a construct

Components of emotion: cognitive processes, subjective feelings, physiological arousal, behavioural reactions


Affect, Mood, and Emotion

Emotion: a concept involving three components– Subjective experience– Expressions (audiovisual: face, gesture,

posture, voice intonation, breathing noise)– Biological arousal (ANS: heart rate, respiration

frequency/intensity, perspiration, temperature, muscle tension, brain wave)

Affect: some more than emotions, including personality factors and moods

Mood: long-term emotional state, typically global and very variable over the time, dominates the intensity of each short-term emotional states.


Emotion ModelsHigh arousal

Low arousal

Negative Positive

Terror Agitation

MournfulBliss

Excited AnticipationDistressed

Disgust Relaxed


Circular Ordering of Mood Descriptors

Farshchi in Clements-Croome, 2005

Different emotional expressions produce different changes in autonomic activity:– Anger: increased heart rate and skin

temperature– Fear: increased heart rate, decreased skin

temperature– Happiness: decreased heart rate, no

change in skin temperature Continuous data collection Robust against human social artifact Easily integrated with external channels

(face and speech)

Why Biosignal ?


Sensing Physiological Information

BVP- Blood volume pulse

EMG – Muscle tension

EKG– Heart rate

Respiration – Breathing rate

Temperature

GSR – Skin conductivity

Acoustics and noise

EEG – Brain waves


BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and integration with home, working, and hospital environments.

Body Parameters - Armband

Body Parameters – Ears’ Clip

SenTec Digital Monitoring System from Artemis Medical

Real time monitoring of • Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), • Oxygen saturation (SpO2) • Pulse

Body Parameters - Plasters

Toumaz Wireless Body Monitoring SystemDevelopment phase, ready end of 2007

Real time monitoring of • Skin Temperature• Breathing activity• ECG heartbeat• Blood PH• Blood CO2

http://www.toumaz.com/products/sensium.htm

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Measures contractile activity of the heart On surface of chest or limbs Heart rate (HR), inter-beat intervals (IBI) and

heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Emotional cues:– Decreasing HR: relaxation, happy– Increasing HRV: stress, frustration


BVP (Blood Volume Pulse)

Photoplethysmography, bounces infra-red light against a skin surface and measures the amount of reflected light.

Palm surface or fingertip Features: heart rate, vascular dilation (pinch),

vasoconstriction Cues:

– Increasing BV- angry, stress– Decreasing BV- sadness, relaxation


EEG (Electroencephalography)

Electrical voltages generated by brain cells (neurons) when they fire, frequencies between 1-40Hz

Frequency subsets: high beta (20-40Hz), beta (15-20Hz), Sensorimotor rhythm (13-15Hz), alpha (8-13Hz), theta (4-8Hz), delta (2-4Hz), EMG noise (> 40Hz)

Standard 10-20 EEG electrode placement Mind reading, biofeedback, brain computing

Raw

Alpha


EMG (Electromyogram)

Muscle activity or frequency of muscle tension

Amplitude changes are directly proportional to muscle activity

On the face to distinguish between negative and positive emotions

Recognition of facial expression, gesture and sign- language


SC (Skin Conductivity)

Measure of skin’s ability to conduct electricity

Linear correlated with arousal Represents changes in sympathetic

nervous system and reflects emotional responses and cognitive activity


RESP (Respiration)

Relative measure of chest expansion On the chest or abdomen Respiration rate (RF) and relative breath

amplitude (RA) Emotional cues:

– Increasing RF – anger, joy– Decreasing RF – relaxation, bliss


Temp (Peripheral Temperature)

Measure of skin temperature as its extremities

Dorsal or side of any finger or toe Dependent on the state of sympathetic

arousal Increase of temp: anger > happiness,

sadness > fear surprise, disgust


AuDB (Augsburger database of biosignal)

Musical induction: each participant selects four favorite songs reminiscent of their certain emotional experiences corresponding to four emotion categories

Song selection criteria– song1: enjoyable, harmonic,

dynamic, moving– song2: noisy, loud, irritating,

discord– song3: melancholic, reminding

of sad memory– song4: blissful, slow beat,

pleasurable, slumberous

3 subjects x 25 days x 4 emotions x 4 sensors (SC, RESP, ECG, EMG)

song2 song1

song3 song4

Energetic

Calm

Anxious Happy

High arousal

Low arousal

PositiveNegative

angry joy

blisssad

Music genre / Emotion


AuDB Raw Signal (sample)


Skin Conductivity Muscle Tension Respiration Electrocardiogram

Measures of Emotion

Helical sweat glands act like antennae in 75-110 GHz range. Reflected EM radiation from palm depends on activity level of perspiration system and correlates with blood pressure, pulse rate and emotions

Feldman and Agranat, in Applied Physics at Hebrew University of Jerusalem see The Physical Review Letters (April 2008) and Science Daily 29 April 2008

Light

Sound

Smell

Heat

Air quality

Electric climate

Partial climate InducesOrganic

Reactions

StimulatesSensorsOrgans

CreateAssociations

DescribesThe

Environment

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Effects of Partial Climates

Public Works Canada Study (1985)Source:

Poor Environmental Conditions can Rapidly Fatigue Office

Workers Aural/acoustic quality Visual illumination quality Thermal quality Air quality Building amenities Functional ergonomics

Greener Offices Make Happier Employees

Employees with interior plants in their offices tend to consider themselves happier or more content when compared to employees without plants in their offices. Additionally, the group of employees that did not have either plants or windows were “dissatisfied” with their quality of life.

Michael W. Neff ScienceDaily, (May 19, 2008) @ American Society for Horticultural Science]

Andrew O’Hagan (Author)

… I love the light in the room where I work and where things seem to change every day. The flowers are important. The room makes me want to work hard…

Guardian, 31.03.07

Happiness is in Simplicity Elio Fiorucci

Fiorucci HomeLots of glass, air, light is fundamentalSo is the panoramaA garden with a fruit treeSun for solar panelsWood for fuelWind sheltered patioSouthern orientation

(Madeleine Johnson, FT July 12, 2008)

Holistic Environmental Model

Hum

an

Management

Sustainability

HolisticEnvironment

HumanSenses

BuiltForm &

Services

Management

PollutionErgonomics

Well-being

Interiordesign

Mission

workplacework flow

furniture

computer

ionisationhumidity

temperature

indoorair quality

aesthetics

lightingspace

textures

colour

sound

electro-magnetic

noisechemical particulate

Ecologicaldesign

energy materialswaste

recycling

water

Forminfrastructure

structures

utilities

intralinks

policies

resourcesstrategies

imageBusinesses

systemsprocess

planning

monitoringfinance

Workingculture

integration

creativitysocial

production

innovation

prof derek clements-croome - intelligent buildings as a multy sensory experinece

Engineering

good health

good design

good relationships

good working conditions

organised environment

brain body pathways

immune system clementscroome

intelligent buildings