prof derek clements-croome -sustainable building solutions

Sustainable Building Sustainable Building Solutions: a review of Solutions: a review of Architecture Biomimetics Architecture Biomimetics and Lessons from the and Lessons from the Natural WorldNatural WorldProf Derek Clements-CroomeProf Derek Clements-Croome

School of Construction Management & Engineering

www.ibrg.rdg.ac.uk

www.rdg.ac.uk/ib

Although human ingenuity makes Although human ingenuity makes various inventions it will never various inventions it will never discover inventions more beautiful, discover inventions more beautiful, appropriate and more direct than in appropriate and more direct than in Nature because in her nothing is Nature because in her nothing is lacking and nothing is superfluous.lacking and nothing is superfluous.

Leonardo Da Leonardo Da VinciVinci

Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature

BiomimeticsBiomimetics

The abstraction of good The abstraction of good design from Naturedesign from Nature

Much of our aesthetic is derived from Much of our aesthetic is derived from an organic and fluid language that you an organic and fluid language that you find in Nature. It involves complex, find in Nature. It involves complex, three dimensional geometries but there three dimensional geometries but there is always a rigorous logic behind them.is always a rigorous logic behind them.

•Primary Functions

Carry structural loads (external, internal)

Provide shelter

• Secondary functions

Interact with environment (external, internal)

Control internal environment (sensing, actuation)

Adapt to changes in environment (sensing, actuation)

•Integration of functions

What Do We Expect What Do We Expect from an Intelligent from an Intelligent Building?Building?

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Carry Structural Loads (external, internal) / Provide Shelter

Are the materials we use the best ones for the job ?

Can you build a 2km high building with existing materials ?

What would be the challenges ? What would be the advantages ?

Existing construction materials are probably not suitable

not enough strength and stiffness

too high a density

not particularly good for implementing functional

integration


Intelligent BuildingsIntelligent BuildingsA multi sensory experience

Must be health and sustainable

Interact with environment (external, internal)

Light

Heat

Air

Humidity

Occupants


Animals and Plants have evolved various Animals and Plants have evolved various strategies for dealing with these problems strategies for dealing with these problems (thermal insulation, cooling – radiating surfaces, (thermal insulation, cooling – radiating surfaces, blood flow), light interception (plants)blood flow), light interception (plants)

In addition, plants are unique in being able to In addition, plants are unique in being able to convert solar power into integrated functionalityconvert solar power into integrated functionality

However, except for colonies (ants, bees, However, except for colonies (ants, bees, termites, …) the individual organism is the sole termites, …) the individual organism is the sole occupant of his “building”occupant of his “building”


Control internal environment (sensing, actuation)Control internal environment (sensing, actuation)

Adapt to changes in environment (sensing, actuation)Adapt to changes in environment (sensing, actuation)

Adaptive passive solutions – no computing power involved but no choice

Active solutions – needs computing power but can provide choice


Functional Biomimetics:Functional Biomimetics:

Capture Capture functional functional attributes of attributes of living organisms and convert living organisms and convert them into to technological them into to technological solutionssolutions

Julian F.V. Vincent

Scientists aspire to replace many of the Scientists aspire to replace many of the essential features of photosynthesis, essential features of photosynthesis, the process by which plants use the process by which plants use sunlight to produce oxygen and organic sunlight to produce oxygen and organic molecules.molecules.

Science and NatureScience and Nature

RSC, Harnessing Light: solar Energy for a low carbon future,

The Artificial LeafThe Artificial LeafResearch groups are now trying to create Research groups are now trying to create artificial leafs by using ruthenium and artificial leafs by using ruthenium and manganese complexes to try and mimic natural manganese complexes to try and mimic natural processes. processes.

An Artificial Leaf would split water to produce An Artificial Leaf would split water to produce oxygen and hydrogen, use hydrogen either as a oxygen and hydrogen, use hydrogen either as a fuel or to reduce carbon dioxide to produce fuel or to reduce carbon dioxide to produce organic fuels.organic fuels.

RSC, Harnessing Light: solar Energy for a low carbon future,

The Physical Worlds of Plants The Physical Worlds of Plants and Animalsand Animals

GravityGravity movement, growthmovement, growth

Fluid flowsFluid flows air, water, bloodair, water, blood

Surface tensionSurface tension wetting, moving on wetting, moving on

water surfacewater surface FrictionFriction

joints, burrowingjoints, burrowing

AdhesionAdhesion Gecko, fliesGecko, flies

ImpactImpact Fighting, feedingFighting, feeding

TemperatureTemperature heating, coolingheating, cooling

Gas transferGas transfer breathing, breathing,

respirationrespiration

Dr Bonser R, What is Biomimetics,

BiomimeticsBiomimetics, , Design and Design and Intelligent BuildingsIntelligent Buildings

WHY ?WHY ?

HOW ?HOW ?

BOTH ORGANISMS AND BUILDINGS HAVE TO BOTH ORGANISMS AND BUILDINGS HAVE TO SURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTSSURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

ADAPTATION (Shape, Materials, Structures,ADAPTATION (Shape, Materials, Structures,…),MODULATION…),MODULATION

SENSING, ACTUATION (Passive, Active)SENSING, ACTUATION (Passive, Active) INTELLIGENCE (Choices)INTELLIGENCE (Choices) ENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY MANAGEMENT


Biomimetics Design and Biomimetics Design and ArchitectureArchitecture

WHY ?WHY ?

HOW ?HOW ?

FINDING HOW BIOLOGY SOLVES THE SAME FINDING HOW BIOLOGY SOLVES THE SAME KIND OF PROBLEMSKIND OF PROBLEMS

MATERIALS / STRUCTURES MATERIALS / STRUCTURES → FIBRES / COMPOSITES→ FIBRES / COMPOSITES SENSING, ACTUATIONSENSING, ACTUATION → INTEGRATED→ INTEGRATED INTELLIGENCE (Choices)INTELLIGENCE (Choices) → NERVOUS SYSTEM → NERVOUS SYSTEM ENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY MANAGEMENT → METABOLISM→ METABOLISM


smart materials and structures (sensing, actuation)

Functionality level

Molecular

Application field

medicine, biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials science (self-assembly), surfaces

Cell / tissuematerials science, textiles, fibrous composites, engineering structures, surfaces, architecture

Organ

Organism

composites and engineering structures, smart materials and structures, architecture

Sectors Influenced by Sectors Influenced by BiomimeticsBiomimetics


StimulusSignalling

Regulation Transduction Response

Intelligence involves Intelligence involves sensing, processing and sensing, processing and actingacting

Smart / Adaptive (no choice)

Intelligent (choice)


Energy input (Stimulus)

Signalling

Regulation Transduction Response

Smart / Adaptive (no choice)

Intelligent (choice)

The sensing function proper is carried out by living The sensing function proper is carried out by living cells but often the hierarchical organisation of the cells but often the hierarchical organisation of the materials and structures can be used to amplify materials and structures can be used to amplify signals (vibration, temperature, deformation, etc.)signals (vibration, temperature, deformation, etc.)

Highly Integrated Hardware-Software SystemsHighly Integrated Hardware-Software Systems

Most biological sensors can achieve sensitivities comparable Most biological sensors can achieve sensitivities comparable to thermal noise (~ 10-21W/s) and detect energies typical of to thermal noise (~ 10-21W/s) and detect energies typical of single quantasingle quanta


Chemical (most animals and some plants)

Vibration (spiders, scorpions, insects, crocodiles)

Infrared (beetles, snakes)

Fluid-flow (various insects, crustaceans)

Strain (insects, arthropods)

Pressure (fish)

Touch (most animals and some plants)

Electrical (fish)

Magnetic (fish, birds)

Electromagnetic (vision, most animals)

Biology offers a number of Biology offers a number of specialised sensing “devices”” specialised sensing “devices”” of Remarkable Sensitivityof Remarkable Sensitivity


•strains in the exoskeleton (campaniform)

•infrared detectors (modified campaniform)

•air flow and pressure detectors (hairs)

•vibration detectors (slits & lyriform)

Insects, Spiders and Insects, Spiders and Crustacean - sensory Crustacean - sensory information frominformation from


ApplicationsApplications

Hearing prosthetic devicesHearing prosthetic devices

Low-mass, small dimensions vibration Low-mass, small dimensions vibration sensorssensors accelerometers, damage detectors (AE), accelerometers, damage detectors (AE),

seismographsseismographs

Low mass, small dimensions fluid-flow Low mass, small dimensions fluid-flow sensorssensors aero-elastic tailoring, smart wings,….aero-elastic tailoring, smart wings,….


Spiral Bridge based on the sponge Euplectella and the leaves of Tipiana tipu. 2004-ongoing. Dennis Dollens and Ignasi Pérez Arnal.

Dollens, 2005,Design Biomimetics: An Inquiry and Proposal for Architecture and Industrial Dollens, 2005,Design Biomimetics: An Inquiry and Proposal for Architecture and Industrial DesignDesign

Nettle leaf and (Nettle leaf and (rightright) graphic ) graphic extrapolations manipulated into tiling extrapolations manipulated into tiling blocks; see veining, circulation texture, blocks; see veining, circulation texture, and patterns.and patterns.


The Podhotel copies leaves and pods from a flower stalk, the leaves being transformed into solar and shading panels and the pods being prefabricated rooms.

Architect: Dennis Dollens

Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com

Design biomimetics is a bridge that Design biomimetics is a bridge that can connect architectural and design can connect architectural and design professions on a route to linking professions on a route to linking designed, environmental, and, designed, environmental, and, eventually, non-toxic materials. Design eventually, non-toxic materials. Design biomimetics can lead to technological biomimetics can lead to technological means for visualization, digital means for visualization, digital fabrication, and, eventually, fabrication, and, eventually, bioengineering and intelligent systems. bioengineering and intelligent systems.


More importantly, design More importantly, design biomimetics can emphasize ways of biomimetics can emphasize ways of thinking and designing that bring thinking and designing that bring architecture and industrial design architecture and industrial design into a process of environmental and into a process of environmental and biological focus on more responsive, biological focus on more responsive, safer buildings safer buildings


Form/shape biomimetics: Form/shape biomimetics: Capture aesthetical attributes of biological structures and introduce them into man-made artifacts


Architecture inspired by termite nests

Bio-inspired functionBio-inspired function


Giant Water lilies – Kew Gardens

Crystal Palace

Biomimetics – Early ExamplesBiomimetics – Early Examples


The The lotus effectlotus effect in material science in material science is the observed self-cleaning is the observed self-cleaning property found with lotus plants' property found with lotus plants' leaves.leaves.

Some nanotechnologists are Some nanotechnologists are developing methods to make developing methods to make paints, roof tiles, fabrics and other paints, roof tiles, fabrics and other surfaces that can stay dry and surfaces that can stay dry and clean themselves in the same way clean themselves in the same way as the lotus leaf. This can usually as the lotus leaf. This can usually be achieved by treatment of the be achieved by treatment of the surface with a fluorochemical or surface with a fluorochemical or silicone treatment silicone treatment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_effect

The Lotus Effect: Self-Cleaning The Lotus Effect: Self-Cleaning surfacessurfaces

The lotus leaf (Nelumbo Nucifera)

Microscopic structure and surface chemistry mean surfaces never get wet. Surface roughness and surface tension are basis of system

Water on leaf


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The Lotus Effect. Water forms droplets on the tips of the epidermal protrusions and collects pollutants, dirt and small insects as it rolls off the leaf.

Pooley, B. Biomimetics: Borrowing from Biology Thenakedscientists.com

Fractal topology of extruded leaf wax

Physical principle = Surface tension

Simple and Effective

Droplet collects particles and clean leaf


Sense OrgansSense OrgansCrab eyes may be Crab eyes may be either large or either large or reduced.reduced.

Having eyes Having eyes mounted on stalks mounted on stalks helps to increase helps to increase field of view and field of view and range.range.

Light is limited or Light is limited or absent in the deep absent in the deep sea.sea.

Reduction or loss of Reduction or loss of eyes is common in eyes is common in some deep sea some deep sea decapodsdecapods

A giant red hermit crab collected from the shallow continentalshelf near the Charleston Bump shows off his large eye stalks.

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of ReadingPhoto by Project Oceanica

Velcro: George de Mestral, Velcro: George de Mestral, 1948 -1948 -Seed podsSeed podsGaliumaparine(Stickywilly)


The hooks on a piece of Velcro brand fastener

The loops on a piece of Velcro brand fastener

Tiny hooks on a Burdock (Arctium lappa) (detail)

hooks (left) and loops (right).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velcro

Shark-Skin Effect: Drag Shark-Skin Effect: Drag ReductionReduction


MEMS fabricated hair array, produced by MESA at the University of Twente

Fig. 1a Mechanosensor hair array on cercus(image has been artificially enhanced for better visualisation of hairs )

Adult male cricket Acheta domesticus

Jeronimidis et at, Customised Intelligent Life-inspired Arrays, The University of Reading

Microelectromechanical (MEMS) system longhairs sensors for airflow and acoustic measurements also photonics e.g. crickets, gecko


Sensors connected in parallel

Single layer SU-8 Hairs (470 mm)

Biomimetic hair sensors Biomimetic hair sensors arrays - MEMSarrays - MEMS

(MESA, University of Twente2004)

Capacitive MEMS SystemsCapacitive MEMS Systems High sensitivityHigh sensitivity Generator or modulator typeGenerator or modulator type (Low power consumption)(Low power consumption) ••Measures displacementMeasures displacement ••Relative complex read out electronicsRelative complex read out electronics ••Ability for 2 dimensional sensing (directionality)Ability for 2 dimensional sensing (directionality)


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Frogs inspire new super Frogs inspire new super sticky tapesticky tape

The sticky toe pads of tree frogs and crickets The sticky toe pads of tree frogs and crickets have inspired Indian researchers to create an have inspired Indian researchers to create an adhesive tape that is both strong and adhesive tape that is both strong and reusable.reusable.

Tree frogs, lizards and bush crickets have now Tree frogs, lizards and bush crickets have now inspired a team of Indian researchers to create inspired a team of Indian researchers to create a super glue — an adhesive which is highly a super glue — an adhesive which is highly elastic, strong and can re-stick up to 25 times elastic, strong and can re-stick up to 25 times without weakening. without weakening.

After studying how these creatures use their After studying how these creatures use their sticky toe pads to cling on to surfaces, Dr sticky toe pads to cling on to surfaces, Dr Animangsu Ghatak, an assistant professor at Animangsu Ghatak, an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, and the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, and colleagues have made an adhesive tape by colleagues have made an adhesive tape by running air or oil filled micro channels through running air or oil filled micro channels through a soft, elastic material, making it stickier than a soft, elastic material, making it stickier than conventional glues. conventional glues.

The frog-inspired adhesive tape is 30 times more sticky, report researchers (Image: iStockphoto)

Reuter, Frogs inspire new super sticky tape, 17.10.2007

one metre square of a new one metre square of a new super-sticky material inspired by super-sticky material inspired by gecko feet could suspend the gecko feet could suspend the weight of an average family car weight of an average family car

Synthetic Gecko is Synthetic Gecko is composed of millions of composed of millions of mushroom-shaped hairsmushroom-shaped hairs

Geckos inspire 'super-adhesive‘, BBC News 26.07.06

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Geckos, glue and sticky tape Geckos, glue and sticky tape

Scanning electron microscope image of a 1cm2 section of the Gecko-sticky tape.

Spiderman toy hanging from a glass plate, attached using the tape with a contact areaof approximately 0.5cm2.

Bunching of the hairs is a problem that reduces the adhesive properties of the tape.

Pooley, B. Biomimetics: Borrowing from Biology Thenakedscientists.com

Survival of Animal and Plants Survival of Animal and Plants Depends on Sensing to Capture Depends on Sensing to Capture Information from their physical Information from their physical and Chemical Environmentsand Chemical Environments DEFENSEAGAINST PREDATORSDEFENSEAGAINST PREDATORS CAPTURE OF PRAYCAPTURE OF PRAY ADAPTATIONADAPTATION NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

ONE PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTIC OF BIOLOGICAL SENSING IS ITS UNIQUE CAPACITY TO EXTRACT “MEANING” FROM NOISY ENVIRONMENTS


Adult male Gryllodes sigillatus cricket

Example: Sensory filiform hairs of Example: Sensory filiform hairs of crickets: detection of predators (air crickets: detection of predators (air flow)flow)

The filiform sensing hairs are located on the cerci (from a few tens in young, up to 1000+ in adults)

cerci

Filiform hair length varies between 100 and 1500 μm

Diameter typically 4-10 μm


Cerci organs (about 2mm long) carry about 2000 hair-type sense organs each:

air-flow sensorschemical sensorsacceleration sensorsdeformation sensorscontact sensors

WOOD CRICKET (15 mm long)

Integrated Integrated SensingSensing


(Seidel, 2004)

(Dangles et al., 2004)

Sensory filiform hairs of Sensory filiform hairs of cricketscrickets


SEM of cricket cerci at 257x mag

Prey localisation in desert Prey localisation in desert scorpions – vibration-based scorpions – vibration-based triangulationtriangulation


Insects, Spiders and Insects, Spiders and Crustacean-sensory Crustacean-sensory information frominformation from

strains in the exoskeleton strains in the exoskeleton (campaniform)(campaniform)

infrared detectors (modified infrared detectors (modified campaniform)campaniform)

air flow and pressure detectors air flow and pressure detectors (hairs)(hairs)

vibration detectors (slits & lyriform)vibration detectors (slits & lyriform)


Conclusions: Biological Conclusions: Biological SensorsSensors

High sensitivityHigh sensitivity Small dimensions, small mass (arrays)Small dimensions, small mass (arrays) Highly integrated hardware-softwareHighly integrated hardware-software Vast pool of paradigms for inspirationVast pool of paradigms for inspiration

SIMPLE PHYSICS + SMART IMPLEMENTATIONSIMPLE PHYSICS + SMART IMPLEMENTATION


Leaf folding in Mimosa pudica

(1-3 secondes)

Shape Shape ChangeChange

Stimulus:

mechanical contact

vibration

light

temperature

humidity


Differences in fibre orientation

+ layering

Smart adaptive shape changeSmart adaptive shape change


Roof-supporting “trees” – Stuttgart Airport

Bio-inspired Bio-inspired shapeshape


The key to functional integration in biology is the use of fibre architectures for designing structures, incorporating sensors and providing actuation

Experiments in bio-illumination with Experiments in bio-illumination with implications for architecture, industrial implications for architecture, industrial and environmental designand environmental design..

Alberto Estévez’s Bioluminescent TreeAlberto Estévez’s Bioluminescent Tree


Almond shell studied as a monocoque paneling system with experimentally layered and structurally linked panels allowing air movement. Rhino/3D Studio MAX drawings: D. Dollens.


Seabed Plumbing SchemeSeabed Plumbing SchemeGlobal warming can be halted by Global warming can be halted by plumbing a gigantic array of pipes into plumbing a gigantic array of pipes into the depths of the oceans the depths of the oceans

Professor James Lovelock believes that Professor James Lovelock believes that the water-piping scheme could be the water-piping scheme could be implemented in the Great Barrier Reefimplemented in the Great Barrier Reef

The plankton growth would then take The plankton growth would then take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and encourage cloud formation that and encourage cloud formation that together would, they believe, cool the together would, they believe, cool the world and save it from global warming. world and save it from global warming. Smith L., Scientists propose 'plumbing' method to

solve crisis of global warming, The Times Online, 26.09.07

Giant Seabed Giant Seabed Plumbing Plumbing SchemeScheme

Plankton Absorb CarbonPlankton Absorb Carbon

Smith L., Scientists propose 'plumbing' method to solve crisis of global warming, The Times Online, 26.09.07

Green Roofs Green Roofs

Dandelion House by Terunobu Fujimori

Animal and Human Animal and Human TechnologiesTechnologies

Spider’s webs, devices for Spider’s webs, devices for catching food; old in biological catching food; old in biological

developmentdevelopment

Spider’s web in detail hardened forms Spider’s web in detail hardened forms

of viscous thready massesof viscous thready masses..

Bubble and net formation in a living cell (radiolaria)

Otto –Rasch 2001 Otto –Rasch 2001

Examples of Spiders WebsExamples of Spiders Webs

Foelix 1996

Birds’ nests: houses for Birds’ nests: houses for vertebrates, built from local vertebrates, built from local materialsmaterials

InsideInside a termite city – a termite city – three dimensional light three dimensional light constructionconstruction

Wasps’ nest: miniature city Wasps’ nest: miniature city built of self-made paperbuilt of self-made paper

Oryx weaverbirds nests, South Africa


Reed Hut Offers Protection from Reed Hut Offers Protection from the Weather: The Primeval Housethe Weather: The Primeval House

More highly developed building technology for woven More highly developed building technology for woven reed hut. reed hut.


Cross section of an American termite nest. The nest is ventilated by Cross section of an American termite nest. The nest is ventilated by air cooled by the ground water. air cooled by the ground water.

Melet 1999

Compass termites in AustraliaEvolved orientation of termitary for preferred maximum temperature level of about 320C

Von Frisch 1975

Termitary of Macro-termes subhyalinus at Lake Manyara, National Park Tanzania

Von Frisch 1975

Longitudinal section through the nest of Macroternes bellicosus from Ivory Coast. Air is circulated by buoyancy.

Various termitaries with temperature conditions

Nest of a termite species (Apicotermes gurgulifex) that uses its own excrement to fashion a harmonious structure. The nest, about 20cm high, lives below ground and is surrounded by an air space. The surface is pierced by ventilation slits, each slit being surrounded by a raised ring.

Von Frisch 1975

Encampment of Black Goats Wool Tents on Ajdir Plateau in the Middle Atlas Mountains, near the Sahara.

TentsTents

Rudofsky 1964

•Lateral Thinking and Creativity

•Inspiration not Imitation

•Simple Physics – Smart Engineering Implementation

• Functional Integration – Adaptive Design

Lessons from Nature?Lessons from Nature?

What is Vernacular What is Vernacular Architecture?Architecture? VernaculusVernaculus = native = native In linguistics: local In linguistics: local

dialects, common speech dialects, common speech of a regionof a region

In architecture: local or In architecture: local or regional building regional building traditionstraditions

Enormous variety and Enormous variety and diversity, across and diversity, across and within cultureswithin cultures

Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

DefinitionDefinition Vernacular architecture comprises Vernacular architecture comprises the dwellings and all other buildings the dwellings and all other buildings of the people. Related to their of the people. Related to their environmental contexts and environmental contexts and available resources, they are available resources, they are customarily owner- or community-customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of vernacular technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of values, economies and ways of living of the cultures that produce living of the cultures that produce them them (Oliver 1997:xxiii)(Oliver 1997:xxiii)


Key ElementsKey Elements

Often self-built (no architects Often self-built (no architects or qualifications)or qualifications)

Traditional knowledge, tested Traditional knowledge, tested and handed downand handed down

Culturally appropriateCulturally appropriate Environmentally sustainableEnvironmentally sustainable


Why is the Vernacular Why is the Vernacular Intelligent?Intelligent? Adapted to local cultural Adapted to local cultural

and environmental and environmental circumstancescircumstances

Based on the needs, Based on the needs, values and wishes of its values and wishes of its usersusers

Able to adapt to Able to adapt to changing circumstanceschanging circumstances


Example: Middle EastExample: Middle East


Middle EastMiddle East


IndonesiaIndonesia


What Lessons from the What Lessons from the Vernacular?Vernacular?

Intelligent buildings Intelligent buildings already exist in large already exist in large parts of the worldparts of the world

Importance of Importance of engagement and engagement and shared experience shared experience and knowledgeand knowledge

Cultural Cultural appropriateness is appropriateness is essentialessential


Recommended ReadingRecommended Reading

MSc Intelligent Building Programme at the University of ReadingMSc Intelligent Building Programme at the University of Reading Clements-Croome D.J., Intelligent Buildigs, Chapter 14 (Thomas Clements-Croome D.J., Intelligent Buildigs, Chapter 14 (Thomas

Telford)Telford) Oliver, Paul (2003): Dwellings: Oliver, Paul (2003): Dwellings: The Vernacular House World-wideThe Vernacular House World-wide. .

London: Phaidon.London: Phaidon. Prussin, Labelle (ed.)(1995): Prussin, Labelle (ed.)(1995): African Nomadic Architecture: African Nomadic Architecture:

Space, Place and GenderSpace, Place and Gender. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Press.. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Press. Rapoport, Amos (1969): Rapoport, Amos (1969): House, Form and CultureHouse, Form and Culture. New York: . New York:

Prentice Hall.Prentice Hall. Turan, Mete (ed.)(1990): Turan, Mete (ed.)(1990): Vernacular Architecture: Paradigms of Vernacular Architecture: Paradigms of

Environmental ResponseEnvironmental Response. Aldershot: Avebury.. Aldershot: Avebury. Waterson, Roxana (1990): Waterson, Roxana (1990): The Living House: An Anthropology of The Living House: An Anthropology of

Architecture in South-East AsiaArchitecture in South-East Asia. Singapore: University of Oxford . Singapore: University of Oxford Press.Press.


Recommended ReadingRecommended Reading

Asquith, L. and Vellinga, M. (2006): Asquith, L. and Vellinga, M. (2006): Vernacular Vernacular Architecture in the 21Architecture in the 21stst Century: Theory, Century: Theory, Education and PracticeEducation and Practice. London: Taylor & Francis.. London: Taylor & Francis.

Bourdier, J-P and Al-Sayyad, N. (1989): Bourdier, J-P and Al-Sayyad, N. (1989): Dwellings, Dwellings, Settlements and TraditionSettlements and Tradition. USA: University . USA: University Presses of AmericaPresses of America

Glassie, Henry (2000): Glassie, Henry (2000): Vernacular ArchitectureVernacular Architecture.. Oliver, Paul (ed.)(1969): Oliver, Paul (ed.)(1969): Shelter and SocietyShelter and Society. .

London: Barrie and Rockliff.London: Barrie and Rockliff. Oliver, Paul (ed.)(1997): Oliver, Paul (ed.)(1997): The Encyclopedia of The Encyclopedia of

Vernacular Architecture of the WorldVernacular Architecture of the World. Cambridge: . Cambridge: Cambridge University press.Cambridge University press.


ConclusionsConclusions

Bioarchitectural engineering shows:Bioarchitectural engineering shows: Economy of energy and materials as in Economy of energy and materials as in

NatureNature AestheticsAesthetics Sensor SystemsSensor Systems Integrated SolutionsIntegrated Solutions


ConclusionsConclusions

Vernacular architecture shows Vernacular architecture shows passive environmental solutions passive environmental solutions work in various climateswork in various climates

Intelligent Buildings have existed Intelligent Buildings have existed throughout history. Different types throughout history. Different types are stylised at particular ages but are stylised at particular ages but history sets some common history sets some common perceptionsperceptions

prof derek clements-croome -sustainable building solutions

Engineering

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