presented by the national air filtration ... - ashrae...

presented by the

National Air Filtration Association

Promoting the Clean Air Industry –Worldwide

Alan C. Veeck, CAFSExecutive Director

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010

Understand Air Filtration PrinciplesLearn About Air Filter Testing Methods

• ASHRAE 52.1• ASHRAE 52.2 – MERV• DOP for HEPA Filters

Sustainability and Energy Savings-LEED


Straining Impingement InterceptionDiffusionElectrostatic Attraction



Airstream Fiber

Very large particlesare capturedbetween two fibers.

Particle

Airflow

Airflow


FiberAirstream

Larger particlesdo not move around the fiber with theairstream and arecarried into thefiber due to theirmomentum.

Particle

Airflow

Airflow


Airstream Fiber

Midsize particlesmove along withairstream linesand contact a Fiber. Fiber and Particle size dependent

Particle

Airflow

Airflow


FiberAirstream

Smaller particlesmove randomlyacross airstreamlines and contactfibers by BrownianMotion. Optimum at lower airflows.

Particle

Airflow

Airflow


Airstream Fiber

Particles are pulled to the fiber due toelectrostaticattraction (charge) of the fiber, that is opposite of theparticle charge.

Particle

Airflow

Airflow

+ -

Particle Sizes (Microns)

Settling Velocity

100.00 59.2 feet per minute

50.0 14.8 feet per minute

10.0 7.1 inches per minute

5.0 2.5 inches per minute

1.0 5.1 inches per hour

0.5 1.4 inches per hour

0.1 1.13 inches per day

<0.1 negligible


Aerodynamic Diameter (micrometer) Likely Region of Deposit

> 9.0 Filtered by nose

6.0 to 9.0 Pharynx

4.6 to 6.0 Trachea / Primary Bronchi

3.3 to 4.6 Secondary Bronchi

2.15 to 3.3 Terminal Bronchi

0.41 to 2.15 Alveoli

< 0.41 May be exhaled *


* Ultrafine particles may be removed by diffusion mechanism


Sizes of Specific Indoor ContaminantsElectron Microscope Microscope Naked Eye

0.001 µ 0.01 µ 0.1 µ 0.5 µ 1.0 µ 10 µ 100 µ

Bacteria

Viruses

Tobacco Smoke

Plant Spores

Cooking Smoke / Grease

Dander Hair

Dust

Fertilizer

Insecticide Dust

Coal Dust

ASHRAE 52.1 – (retired)

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2

HEPA/ULPA

• Dioctylphthalate (DOP) MIL STD 282

• Poly-alpha olefins (PAO) Institute of Environmental Sciences & Technology


ASHRAE 52.1 was retired in January of 2009, and is no longer recognized an ASHRAE Test Standard. It joins all other 52 Standards that have been retired including:

ASHRAE 52-68

ASHRAE 52-76

ASHRAE 52-91


A destructive test to measure minimumefficiency reporting value (MERV)

Efficiency test aerosol is Potassium Chloride (KCl) particles, 0.3 to 10 micrometers

Dust loading aerosol is ASHRAE Standard Test Dust:

Size classified Arizona Road Dust Cotton linters Carbon black


Initial Resistance

Pressure required to move air through filter at a certain air flow written in inches water, Pascal or millimeters water

Final Resistance

Pressure at which the filter would be considered fully loaded

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V 2010


Exhaust

Room Air

OutletFilters

ASMENozzle Downstream Mixer

Blower Flow Control Valve

InletFilters

AerosolGenerator

UpstreamMixer

OPC

DeviceSection

Backup FilterHolder (UsedWhen Dust loading)

ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2

Test Duct Configuration

Size Range(micrometers)

Fractional Efficiency (%) at Resistance (in H20) CompositeMinimum

CompositeAverage0.28 0.32 0.46 0.64 0.82 1.00

0.3 to 0.4 2.7 6.7 17.2 29.4 37.1 37.9 2.7

E1 = 9.80.4 to 0.55 7.8 15.9 27.7 43.3 53.2 54.6 7.8

0.55 to 0.7 11.2 30.2 46.0 60.7 70.5 71.6 11.2

0.7 to 1.0 17.6 42.6 59.3 73.7 81.3 81.8 17.6

1.0 to 1.3 20.4 51.6 70.3 80.8 83.7 85.2 20.4

E2 = 27.21.3 to 1.6 23.9 58.2 76.5 84.7 86.1 87.2 23.9

1.6 to 2.2 28.3 69.6 84.1 89.1 90.2 91.0 28.3

2.2 to 3.0 36.3 83.9 91.9 94.2 94.4 93.2 36.3

3.0 to 4.0 39.4 89.4 93.7 95.8 96.4 94.9 39.4

E3 = 44.84.0 to 5.5 42.8 90.6 95.3 96.5 97.9 95.6 42.8

5.5 to 7.0 46.5 92.3 97.1 98.0 98.4 97.9 46.5

7.0 to 10.0 50.4 94.8 97.5 98.3 100 99.2 50.4

Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value is 6 at 492 fpm

Minimum Efficiency

Reporting Value

Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%) Average Arrestance by ASHRAE 52.1

Minimum Final Resistance

0.3 to 1.0E1

1.0 to 3.0E2

3.0 to 10E3

Pa In Water

1 n/a n/a E3 < 20 Aavg < 65 75 0.3

2 n/a n/a E3 < 20 65 ≤ Aavg < 70 75 0.3

3 n/a n/a E3 < 20 70 ≤ Aavg < 75 75 0.3

4 n/a n/a E3 < 20 75 ≤ Aavg 75 0.3

5 n/a n/a 20 ≤ E3 < 35 n/a 150 0.6

6 n/a n/a 35 ≤ E3 < 50 n/a 150 0.6

7 n/a n/a 50 ≤ E3 < 70 n/a 150 0.6

8 n/a n/a 70 ≤ E3 < 85 n/a 150 0.6

9 n/a E2 < 50 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

10 n/a 50 ≤ E2 < 65 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

11 n/a 65 ≤ E2 < 80 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

12 n/a E2 ≥ 80 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 250 1.0

13 E1 < 75 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

14 75 ≤ E1 < 85 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

15 85 ≤ E1 < 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

16 E1 ≥ 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4


Minimum Efficiency

Reporting Value

Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%) Average Arrestance by ASHRAE 52.1

Minimum Final Resistance

0.3 to 1.0E1

1.0 to 3.0E2

3.0 to 10E3

Pa In Water

1 n/a n/a E3 < 20 Aavg < 65 75 0.3

2 n/a n/a E3 < 20 65 ≤ Aavg < 70 75 0.3

3 n/a n/a E3 < 20 70 ≤ Aavg < 75 75 0.3

4 n/a n/a E3 < 20 75 ≤ Aavg 75 0.3

5 n/a n/a 20 ≤ E3 < 35 n/a 150 0.6

6 n/a n/a 35 ≤ E3 < 50 n/a 150 0.6

7 n/a n/a 50 ≤ E3 < 70 n/a 150 0.6

8 n/a n/a 70 ≤ E3 < 85 n/a 150 0.6

9 n/a E2 < 50 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

10 n/a 50 ≤ E2 < 65 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

11 n/a 65 ≤ E2 < 80 E3 ≥ 85 n/a 250 1.0

12 n/a E2 ≥ 80 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 250 1.0

13 E1 < 75 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

14 75 ≤ E1 < 85 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

15 85 ≤ E1 < 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4

16 E1 ≥ 95 E2 ≥ 90 E3 ≥ 90 n/a 350 1.4


E1 = 9.8%

E2 = 27.2%

E3 = 44.8%

MERV 6

Added for ability to test lower efficiency filters (MERV 1-4) with an arrestance and dust holding capacity percentage.


Arrestance – ability of an air cleaning device with efficiencies less than 20% in the size range of 3.0 to 10.0 micrometers to remove loading dust from test air.

Average Arrestance - Difference between the weight of the dust fed versus dust passing through the device to final filter calculated as dust captured by test device.Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010

Dust Holding Capacity – total weight of the synthetic loading dust captured by the air cleaning device over all of the incremental dust loading steps tested to a final resistance of 1.4” wg or specified final resistance.


Optional method of Conditioning a filter using fine KCl particles (0.04 to 0.08 micrometers) on electrically charged (electret) media

Minimum efficiency in some types of may be less than the initial efficiency



0

20

40

60

80

100Fil

tratio

n Effic

iency

(%)

0.1 1 10Particle Diameter (micrometers)

Pleated Panel FilterSummary of Conditioning Tests

ASHRAE Dust

Initial10 wks. Ambient

MERV –A - Added to determine the amount of the efficiency loss a filter may realize in field application

Depending on the critical nature of the application, owner may want to ask for optional Appendix J testing


A non-destructive penetration test

Dioctylphthalate (DOP) or poly-alpha olephins (PAO) aerosolized to 0.3 micrometers• Instrument measures overall intensity of light scattered by

aerosol both upstream and downstream

Polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) –fractional efficiency measured with particle counter


Physical – Adsorption• Activated carbons

Chemical - Chemisorption• Chemically treated activated carbons• Potassium permanganate impregnated

media


Adsorption - The process by which one substance is attracted and held onto the surface of another.• It is a surface phenomena.• Capacity is independent of particle size• Adsorption rate is inversely proportional to

particle size.


Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V 2010

Molecular Filtration

Chemisorption - The result of chemical reactions on and in the surface of the adsorbent.• Fairly specific and depends upon chemical

nature of media and the contaminant• Irreversible and essentially instantaneous


Standard 145.1

• Gaseous contaminant standard developed by ASHRAE

• Standard 62 includes recommendations for particle and molecular contaminant removal –especially Ozone O3



• Outdoor Air – too many to list• Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide

• Vehicle Exhaust• Same as above

• Office Equipment• VOC’s, Formaldehyde, Carbon Black, Ammonia, Ozone

• People


• Building Materials and Furnishings• VOC's, Formaldehyde

• Cleaning Agents• VOC's,

• Environmental Tobacco Smoke• Hundreds

Particles captured by Straining, Impingement Interception, Diffusion, and Electrostatic Attraction

ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2 Test Standard is Fractional Efficiency test

MERV and composite curve provides particle size removal efficiencies

Gaseous contaminants removed with Activated Carbon and/or Potassium Permanganate Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010

“Looking beyond initial cost factors towards the total cost throughout life of operation”

Benefits to the Facility: Lower energy use Lessen impact on the environment Lower use of resources – raw materials and human Increases Productivity and Improves Environment

Impacting Health and Productivity of Building Occupants

Inv. + Mant. EnergyDisposal

81%

18.5%

0.5%

Carlsson, Thomas; “Indoor Air Filtration: Why Use Polymer Based Filter Media”, Filtration+Separation, Volume 38 #2, March 2001, pp 30-32.

Energy Consumption

(kWh)

Q x ΔP x tη x 1000=

Q = Air Flow (m3/sec) t = Time in Operation (hrs)

ΔP = Avg. Pressure Loss (Pa) η = Fan/Motor/ Drive Efficiency

Energy required to overcome filter system resistance

Typical versus Fictitious Curves

0.30000

0.40000

0.50000

0.60000

0.70000

0.80000

0.90000

1.00000

1 334 667 1000 1333 1666 1999 2332 2665 2998 3331 3664 3997 4330

Time

Pres

sure

Dro

p

Series1

Series2

Life Cycle Cost Analysis INPUT DATA

Segment #

Initial Resistance ("WG)

Final Resistance ("WG)

Hours of Operation

Energy Consumption (kWh)

Energy Cost This Period

Energy Cost per 1000 hours

1 0.35 0.40 1000 152.20858 $12.18 $12.182 0.40 0.50 1250 228.31287 $18.27 $14.613 0.50 0.60 750 167.42944 $13.39 $17.864 0.60 0.70 550 145.10551 $11.61 $21.115 0.70 0.80 450 136.98772 $10.96 $24.356 0.80 0.90 350 120.75214 $9.66 $27.607 0.90 1.00 250 96.39877 $7.71 $30.85

$83.78

Current 0.35 1.00 4600 1260.28705 $100.82 $21.92

INPUT DATA

Option 1 Option 2

Filter Type Pleat Pleat

Filter Model XXXXX XXXXX

Model # Std Cap Hi Cap

Filter Price ($ per filter) $3.25 $4.00

Number of Filters Per Case 12 12

Shipping Cost Per Case ($) $5.00 $5.50

Estimated Damage Loss (%) 5% 5%

Number of Filters in Bank 30 30

Estimated Filter Life (months) 3 4

Changeout time required - full bank (min) 60 60

Changeout Labor Cost ($/hour fully loaded) $25.00 $25.00

Disposal Cost ($/filter) $0.50 $0.50

Initial Resistance ("WG) 0.34 0.28

Recommended Final Resistance ("WG) 1.2 1.2

System Airflow Rate (cfm) 60,000 60,000

Days in Operation 365 365

Hours in Operation Per Day 24 24

Energy Cost ($/kWH) $0.080 $0.080

Fan/Blower/Drive Efficiency (%) 80% 80%

OUTPUT DATAInitial Investment Costs Std Cap Hi Cap

Number of Filters 30 30Filter Price $3.25 $4.00Estimated Filter Life (months) 3 4Number of Changeouts/Year 4 3Subtotal Annual Filter Costs $390.00 $360.00

Inventory Costs Std Cap Hi Cap # Filters Used/Year 120 90# Filters/Case 12 12Number of Cases Used/Year 10.00 7.50Actual # Cases Purchased 10.00 8.00"Extra" Filters Purchased/Year 0 6Filter Cost $3.25 $4.00Subtotal Annual Inventory Cost $0.00 $24.00

Shipping Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Shipping Cost/Case $5.00 $5.50# cases Purchased/Year $10.00 $8.00Subtotal Annual Shipping/Storage costs $50.00 $44.00

Damage/Storage Loss Std Cap Hi Cap Estimated % Damage Loss 5% 5%# filters Used/Year 120 90Cost/Filter $3.25 $4.00Subtotal Annual Damage/Storage Loss $19.50 $18.00

Installation/Removal Costs - Full Cycle Std Cap Hi Cap Time Required/Changeout (minutes) 60 60Time Required/Changeout (hours) 1 1# Changeouts/Year 4 3Fully Loaded Labor Cost $25.00 $25.00Subtotal Annual Installation/Removal Costs $100.00 $75.00

Disposal Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Disposal Cost/Filter $0.50 $0.50# Filters Disposed/Year 120 90Subtotal Annual Disposal Costs $60.00 $45.00

Energy Costs Std Cap Hi Cap Initial Resistance (Pa) 85 70Recommended Final Resistance (Pa) 299 299Average Resistance (Pa) 192 184System Airflow (m3/sec) 28.30 28.30 Filter Airflow (m3/sec) 0.94 0.94 Filter Life 2190 2920Energy Consumption (kwh) 495 635Energy Cost Per Filter ($) $39.63 $50.78Energy Cost Per Changeout ($) $1,188.79 $1,523.30Subtotal Annual Energy Cost ($) $4,755.18 $4,569.91

Initial Investment Costs $390.00 $360.00Inventory Costs $0.00 $24.00Shipping Costs $50.00 $44.00Damage/Storage Loss $19.50 $18.00Installation/Removal Costs - Full Cycle $100.00 $75.00Disposal Costs $60.00 $45.00Energy Costs $4,755.18 $4,569.91

Total Life Cycle Cost $5,374.68 $5,135.91

Savings $238.77

Overall Cost is Reduced with Life Cycle CostingCleaner Equipment and Indoor Environment with Higher MERV FilterSavings in Shipping, Storage, Labor, and Disposal Costs

EA Credit 6 - 1 point - Document sustainable building cost impacts.

NAFA Life Cycle Costing Formula can document sustainable impact on existing buildingwww.nafahq.org

http://www.nafahq.org/�

Energy & Atmosphere• Preq.-Existing Building Commissioning Prepare a commissioning plan for carrying out the

testing of all building systems to verify that they are working according to the specifications of the building operation plan.

“Verify and ensure that fundamental building elements and systems are installed, calibrated and operating as intended so they can deliver functional and efficient performance. “

ASHRAE Guideline 26-2007 – “Guideline for Field Testing of General Ventilation Filtration Devices and Systems for Removal Efficiency In-situ by Particle Size and Resistance to Airflow “

EA Credit 3.1 - Staff Education – 1 point“Support appropriate operations and maintenance of buildings and building systems so that they continue to deliver target building performance goals over the long term.”

NAFA Certified Technician (NCT) certifies individuals who study the text, “Installation, Operation and Maintenance of Air Filtration Systems,” and pass the national exam

Preq. - Establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality in buildings, thus contributing to the health and well-being of the occupants.

Increased Ventilation - + 30% over ASHRAE 62.1…??

IEQ Credit 3 – 1 Point –MERV 8 at each return grill

Possible use of carbon filtration after construction during “bakeout” phase

IEQ 4.1 – Absenteeism and Healthcare Costs – 1 pointDocument decrease in absenteeism by increasing efficiency of air filtration system

IEQ 4.2 Other Improvements 1 Point –“Documentation of the other productivity impacts (beyond those identified in IEQ Credit 4.1) of sustainable building performance improvements.

IEQ Credit 5.1 – 1 point – “Reduce exposure of building occupants and maintenance personnel to potentially hazardous particle contaminants, which adversely impact air quality, health, building finishes, building systems and the environment. Establish and follow a regular schedule for maintenance and replacement of these filters. ”

MERV 13 filters on occupancy

IEQ Credit 10.6 – 1 point“Reduce exposure of building occupants and maintenance personnel to potentially hazardous chemical, biological and particle contaminants, which adversely impact air quality, health, building finishes, building systems and the environment.”

HEPA filtered cleaning equipment

IUOM Credit 1 – 1 point“To provide building operation and upgrade teams

with the opportunity to be awarded points for additional environmental benefits achieved beyond those already addressed by LEED for Existing Buildings Rating System.”

Clean and re-circulate bathroom exhaust air Clean outdoor air of ozone (prevalent during “rush-

hour” traffic, temperature inversions, etc. with bypass OA ducting

Source removal of copying and printing equipment through HEPA & HEGA filters

Energy & Atmosphere – 2 Point• Staff Education• Sustainable impact

Indoor Environmental Quality – 4 points• MERV 8 during construction• Molecular filtration instead of “bakeout”• MERV 13 filters after construction• HEPA filtered cleaning equipment

Innovations in Upgrade, Operations & Maintenance - >?limited only by your mechanical creativity

Sustainability is a combination of savings of many items & many efforts

Air filters can be part of your overall sustainability directive

Using life cycle costing is Green -Conserving energy, resources and the environment

Less Ventilation?Life Cycle Costing gets the highest

efficiency filter for $$


The mission of NAFA is to conduct education and certification programs for members and end-user personnel;

To provide forums for the exchange of information about technical standards, government regulations, and product information;

To educate consumers about the importance of air filtration and NAFA's certifications; to certify air filtration products; to set field performance standards for products.

NAFA Certified Air Filter Specialist -CAFS

NAFA Certified Technician – NCTNAFA Certified Technician – Level IINAFA Product CertificationNAFA “Best Practice” Guidelines


How we can help you…

• Over 200 air filtration manufacturers and distributors

• United States and 14 foreign countries

• www.nafahq.org


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