presented by: elizabeth tom arce heather …...new potential pitfalls regarding cash‐in‐ lieu of...

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NEW POTENTIAL PITFALLS REGARDING CASH IN LIEU OF HEALTH BENEFITS PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE & HEATHER DEBLANC The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of CASBO.

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Page 1: PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE HEATHER …...NEW POTENTIAL PITFALLS REGARDING CASH‐IN‐ LIEU OF HEALTH BENEFITS PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE & HEATHER DEBLANC The views and

NEW  POTENTIAL  PITFALLS  REGARDING  CASH‐ IN‐LIEU  OF  HEALTH  BENEFITS

PRESENTED  BY:  ELIZABETH TOM  ARCE  &  HEATHER  DEBLANC

The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect those of CASBO.

Page 2: PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE HEATHER …...NEW POTENTIAL PITFALLS REGARDING CASH‐IN‐ LIEU OF HEALTH BENEFITS PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE & HEATHER DEBLANC The views and

Agenda◦ The Flores decision ◦ Cash‐in‐lieu & cash‐back programs◦ Flores regular rate of pay impacts◦ Bona fide plans & the “incidental” analysis◦ Next Steps◦ ACA◦ Overview (latest developments)◦ Affordability Impacts (if applicable)◦ Next Steps

Page 3: PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE HEATHER …...NEW POTENTIAL PITFALLS REGARDING CASH‐IN‐ LIEU OF HEALTH BENEFITS PRESENTED BY: ELIZABETH TOM ARCE & HEATHER DEBLANC The views and

Flores Holdings re: Cash in Lieu Payments◦ONE: Cash in lieu of health benefits made to non‐exempt employee cannot be excluded from FLSA regular rate of pay used to pay FLSA overtime.

◦ TWO: Bona Fide Plan? If the total amount of cash paid in lieu of health benefits is more than 40% of the benefits plan payments as a whole, the plan is not “bona fide.” If a plan is not bona fide, all cash contributions paid by the employer to the plan, in addition to cash in lieu, must be included in the regular rate.(Flores v. City of San Gabriel (9th Cir. 2016) 824 F. 3d 890.)

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What is “Cash In Lieu?” ◦For Flores Purposes:◦Cash for opting out of health benefits.◦ Includes unused flex allowance under Section 125 Plan.◦Note:  CalPERS medical participants may use Sec. 125 plans to mitigate equal contribution payments required by PEMHCA.

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Typical Cash In Lieu / Opt Out LanguageThe Court has implemented a Section 125‐qualifying Cafeteria Plan. The Court shall contribute $1300 per month to the Plan per employee. The Court contracts with CalPERS for medical insurance. The $1300 includes the PEMHCAminimum contribution. Employees may use their Cafeteria Plan contributions toward the Court’s medical, dental, and vision programs.  

Any unused Cafeteria Plan allowance shall be payable to the employee as taxable cash back. Employees may opt‐out of the medical plan by providing evidence of alternative medical insurance coverage. Employees who opt‐out of Court‐provided medical coverage are eligible to receive a maximum allowance of $1150 per month. 

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FLORES HOLDING #1:REGULAR RATE IMPACTS

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Background: Flores v. City of San Gabriel◦ In 2012, a handful of police officers filed suit against their employer, the City of San Gabriel, for violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).◦ The officers alleged the City failed to correctly calculate  their overtime rate and thus they were owed overtime.

◦ Specifically, the officers argued the City was not treating cash paid to employees in lieu of health benefits in accordance with the FLSA.

◦ The case was brought as a collective action.◦Both parties appealed the district court’s rulings.  The Ninth Circuit decision was issued June 2, 2016.

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Flores Holding Number 1  ◦Cash‐in‐lieu of health benefits must be included in the regular rate of pay.◦What does this mean in real life?◦Non‐exempt employees, ◦Who receive cash‐in‐lieu and, ◦Who work FLSA overtime, ◦Must have the cash‐in‐lieu amount incorporated into the overtime rate paid for FLSA overtime hours.

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Basic Overtime Pay Calculation◦Chris earns $20/hour and works 44 hours in his 40‐hour/7‐day work period. ◦How much is Chris owed for the week?

$20.00 = hourly base rate/44 hours worked40 x $20.00  =         $800.004 x $20 x 1.5 =        $120.00

$920.00

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Regular Rate of Pay with Additional Type(s) of Pay◦ The FLSA requires most additional types of pay to be included in the regular rate calculation. 

◦ This requires you to:◦ Know what pay must be included.◦ Calculate the value of the pay on a work week/work period basis.

◦ Include the value of the pay in the regular rate calculation.

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Regular Rate of Pay Calculation with Additional Type of PayChris is also paid $100 per month in bilingual pay. 1. Multiply total hours worked times base: 44 x $20 = 

$880.002. Calculate the work week value of bilingual pay ($23).  

Add $23 bilingual pay for the week: $880 + $23 = $903.00

3. Calculate the regular rate by dividing total amount earned by total hours worked: $903/44 hours = $20.52

FLSA Regular Rate of Pay = $20.52Note: For salaried, non‐exempt employees, the regular rate calculation may be different. Prior to implementation, evaluate the appropriate calculation method 

for your employees. 

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Impact of FloresChris also opts‐out of medical coverage under the agency’s Section 125 Flexible Benefit Plan and 

receives $800/month in Cash in Lieu.

oTo calculate Chris’ regular rate of pay, determine the workweek equivalent of the monthly cash in lieu payments:◦ Cash in lieu = $800/month◦Multiply $800 x 12 months in the year, then divide by 52 (weeks)

◦ ($800 * 12)/52 = $184.62/week

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Regular Rate of Pay Calculation with Cash In LieuChris is paid $80 per month in bilingual pay. Chris’ hourly rate is $20.00 and 44 hours were worked during the workweek.  

The workweek equivalent of Cash in Lieu (CIL) is $184.62.

1. Multiply total hours worked times base: 44 x $20 = $880.00

2. Add $23 bilingual pay for the week: $880 + $23 = $903.00

3. Add CIL workweek equivalent: $903 + $184.62 = $1,087.62 

4. Calculate the regular rate by dividing total amount earned by total hours worked: $1,087.62/44 hours = $24.71

FLSA Regular Rate of Pay = $24.71

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FLORES HOLDING #2:BONA FIDE PLANS

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Flores Holding Number 2◦The second holding in Flores looked at cash‐in‐lieu payments relative to an employer’s total contributions to the plan.◦Under the FLSA, total cash‐back / cash‐in‐lieu payments must be “incidental” to the total plan payments made.  

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Flores Holding No. 2, Cont. ◦Per Flores: If total cash in lieu payments are greater than 40% of the total plan payments, the payments are more than “incidental” and the plan is not “bona fide”.◦This means all payments to the plan must be included in the regular rate.

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The Bona Fide / Incidental Analysis◦ Step 1: Identify the plan and all plan participants.◦ Step 2: Identify total plan payments.◦ Total plan payments = cash in lieu payments + payments employer made to the plan to cover premiums.

◦ Step 3: Calculate cash in lieu payments as a percentage of the total plan payments.

◦ Step 4: What is the percentage?  Is it over 40%? If less than 40%, how close to 40%? The analysis is plan‐wide, i.e. in the 

aggregate, not employee‐by‐employee.

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Example Bona Fide / Incidental Analysis◦ The Court has 350 employees and four bargaining groups. The Court participates in the CalPERS medical program governed by PEMHCA.

◦All employees are provided an allowance under a Section 125 Cafeteria plan of up to $1300 per month to purchase medical, dental, and vision coverage. 

◦ If an employee provides alternate proof of medical coverage, the employee can opt out of medical and receive $1150.

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Example Bona Fide / Incidental Analysis: Relevant Data

Enrollment Level # of EE’s

Employer Paid  

Medical Premiums

Employer Paid Dental & Vision Premiums

Employer Paid 

Opt Out Payments

Employee Paid 

Premiums for all 3 plans

EE Only 40 $22,406 $2,082 $0 $0

EE + 1 64 $76,468 $4,732 $0 $10,477

Family 136 $176,800 $0 $0 $20,601

Opt Out 110 $0 $6,364* $126,500 $0

Total 350 $275,674 $13,178 $126,500 $31,078

*Employees could only opt out of medical, so the Agency still paid vision/dental for opt‐outs.

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Example Bona Fide / Incidental Analysis, Cont.◦ Step 1: Identify the plan and who is covered.◦ All 350 employees are covered by the Court’s Sec. 125 plan.

◦ Step 2: Identify total plan payments.◦ $275,674 + $13,178 + $126,500 = $415,352◦ Employee contributions are excluded from this analysis.

◦ Step 3: Calculate cash in lieu as a % of the total.◦ $126,500/$415,352 = 0.3045

◦ Step 4: What is the percentage?◦ Cash in lieu is 31% of the total plan payments. 

Is 31% incidental?

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OTHER KEY ISSUES

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Flores’ Third Holding: Willfulness◦ FLSA violations have a two‐year statute of limitations unless the employer’s violation was “willful”.

◦ If willful, a three‐year statute of limitations applies.◦ We advise agencies to take and document specific FLSA compliance efforts, such as reliance on DOL administrator letters or advice from legal counsel, to avoid a finding of willfulness.

◦ Violators can be penalized with liquidated damages.◦ Liquidated damages = amount owed in back wages.◦ Good faith defense?

◦ Prevailing employees are also entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees from the losing defendant.

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Status of Appeal Process  ◦ The Ninth Circuit denied the City’s petition for rehearing on August 23, 2016.

◦ The City will seek review by the U.S. Supreme Court.◦ The deadline is November 21, 2016.

◦ If the Supreme Court denies the petition, the Ninth Circuit decision stands.

◦ If the petition is granted, the Supreme Court could affirm, reverse or issue its own decision.

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Next Steps for Your Agency1. Focus preliminary efforts on coming into compliance 

with Flores going forward.• Is plan bona fide?• Is regular rate calculation is correct?• Minimize overtime liability (offsets/work periods) prior 

to incorporating cash in lieu into your regular rate.

2. Update payroll system to separately calculate MOU overtime obligations and FLSA obligations each workweek?

3. Get into compliance, then evaluate possible back liability.

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Other Issues to Consider◦How to respond to inquiries re: Flores.◦ Lawsuits have been filed – some not served. ◦ Should you sign a tolling agreement?◦Union reps may want to negotiate Flores‐impacts, but you may not need to bargain how you implement Flores to come into compliance with the FLSA.

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Affordable Care Act What’s Happening & Does 

Cash‐in‐Lieu Matter?

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ACA ‐ Current StatusEmployer Mandate?

ACA Reporting?

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January 20, 2017 – Trump Executive OrderDirects the Secretary of Health and Human Services and agency heads to: 

o Exercise legally conferred authority to grant waivers, deferrals, and exemptions to the ACA, and

o Delay implementation of ACA provisions that would have the effect of imposing “fiscal” burdens on states, individuals, families, healthcare providers, insurers, patients, recipients of health care services, and manufacturers of medical products.

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Memo to Department HeadsoJanuary 20, 2017oRegulatory FreezeoPublished Regulations not yet effective (postponed 60 days)oACA RegulationsEffective January 1, 2017 or earlier

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1/30/17 Executive OrderoFor this fiscal year.

oWhen a federal department or agency (e.g. Dept. of Treasury) proposes a new regulation.

oIt generally must identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed. 

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American Health Care ActIndividual Mandate ‐ $0 Starting 2016Employer Mandate ‐ $0 Starting 2016Repeals Tax on OTC Meds for HRA’s and Health FSAs

Starting 2018

Repeals Tax Increase on HSAs Starting 2018Health FSAs – Eliminates limits on Employer Contributions

Starting 2018

No Premium Tax Credit Starting 2020Cadillac Tax  No tax through 2024

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Breaking NewsThe Latest Developments:

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Large Employer Mandate◦Applicable Large Employers.◦Trigger: FT employee purchases subsidized coverage in Covered California. 

(Penalty A) Employer does not offer “minimum essential coverage” to “substantially all” FT employees & dependents; or

(Penalty B) Coverage offered is “unaffordable” or doesn’t provide “minimum value”.

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Employer Mandate PenaltiesPenalty A

◦ $2,260/year ($188.33/month)* multiplied by # of ACA FT employees less 30.

Penalty B◦ $3,390/year ($282.50/month)* multiplied by # of ACA FT employees who obtain subsidized coverage through Covered California.

*2017 amounts above ‐ increase annually.

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Affordability Safe HarborsEmployee’s Required Contribution toward premium for the lowest cost self‐only coverage does NOT exceed 9.69% (2017) of:

◦ The employee’s Form W‐2 wages reported in Box 1 (Form W‐2 Safe Harbor).

◦ The lowest hourly rate x 130 ormonthly salary) (Rate of Pay Safe Harbor); or

◦ The monthly Federal Poverty Line (in effect 6 mo. prior to start plan year) (FPL Safe Harbor).

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AffordabilityTotal Premium of Lowest Cost Plan

Less

Employer Contribution that qualifies as a Health Flex Contribution

Plus

Cash‐in‐lieu (other than Eligible Opt Out Arrangement )

=

Employee’s Required Contribution

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Does Contribution Reduce Premium?oExamine Employer Contribution.

oCan it be cashed out? OR

oCan the employee direct it to non‐health benefits?

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Health Flex ContributionsEmployer Contributions Only Reduce the Employee Premium if:

◦ They cannot be cashed out; &◦ They cannot be applied to non‐health benefits.

Employer Contribution that meets this definition is called a “Health Flex Contribution”.

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Case Study ‐MaryThe City offers Mary $1000 in flex credits under a Section 125 Plan that he can use toward health benefits, dependent care, or take in cash.  Can the employer contribution be applied to reduce Mary’s premium?

NO

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Case Study ‐Mary◦ Lowest cost plan ‐ $466/month.

◦ The City offers Mary $1000 in flex credits under a Section 125 Plan that she can use toward health benefits, dependent care, or take in cash.  But: NONE of flex credits may be applied to Mary’s premium.

◦Result:  Mary’s Required Contribution = $466.

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When Do Health Flex Rules Start?

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2016 Plan YearExcept:◦ If Arrangement was in place as of December 16, 2015. 

AND◦Amount has not “substantially increased”.◦Then, can use non‐health flex $$ to reduceRequired Contribution in 2016.◦January 1, 2017 – No Relief.

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Cash‐in‐Lieu ‐ $$$ if Opt Out

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Cash‐in‐Lieu ‐ AffordabilityGeneral Rule:◦Cash amount is ADDED to employees Required Contribution.

Exception:◦Eligible Opt Out Arrangement.

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Impact of Cash‐in‐Lieu◦Lowest cost plan is $500.◦City offers Jim $400 toward health coverage. (health flex contribution)◦City offers $350 as cash‐in‐lieu for opting out of coverage.◦ Jim’s Required Contribution = $450.

(500 premium less 400 health flex plus 350 cash in lieu amount).

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Eligible Opt‐Out Arrangement•Employee & Tax Family (individuals employee expects to claim personal exemption deduction);

•Proof of alternative minimum essential coverage (not individual coverage; not individual coverage from Covered California);

•Employee must provide reasonable evidence (attestation) each plan year;

•Evidence/attestation provided during open enrollment (or just after); and

•Arrangement must provide – Cash payment cannot be made if employer knows or has reason to know that employee or Tax Family doesn’t have such coverage.

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Impact of Eligible Opt Out◦Lowest cost plan is $500.◦City offers Jim $400 toward health coverage. (health flex contribution)◦City offers $350 as cash‐in‐lieu for opting out under an eligible opt out arrangement.◦ Jim’s Required Contribution = $100.

(500 premium less 400 health flex).

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When does Cash‐in‐Lieu rule apply?◦ January 1, 2017, as long as the employer maintained the arrangement prior to December 16, 2015.

◦Any relief?

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Opt‐Out Under Collective Bargaining AgreementsEmployers with CBAs + opt‐out payments that aren’t eligible opt‐out arrangements.◦Not required to increase the amount of EE's required premium contribution by amount of opt‐out payments until later of: ◦ (1) first plan year after the CBA in effect before 12/16/15 (disregarding extensions on or after 12/16/15) expires, or 

◦ (2) January 1, 2017.

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Constructive Receipt◦ Income made available to you.◦ Option to use part of salary toward health coverage premiums.

◦ Option to take taxable cash or pre‐tax health benefit.

◦Not constructive receipt?◦ Employer Pays Entire Benefit (no salary reduction election by employee).

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Purpose of Cafeteria Plan◦Avoids constructive receipt doctrine.

◦No Cafeteria Plan?◦Employee who elects to enroll in health benefits will be in constructive receipt of the cash they could have elected,◦Taxed like other W‐2 wages, &◦Employer subject to wage withholding and employment taxes on cash amount.

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Cafeteria Plan Document◦ Internal Revenue Code Section 125◦Written plan document required◦ description of available benefits;◦ participation rules;◦ election procedures;◦manner of contributions;◦maximum amount of contributions;◦ the plan year;◦Other information depending on plan.

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Note:  Section 125 Plan◦Are you offering health insurance pre‐tax, but the employee may take taxable cash?

◦ If yes, must have Section 125 Cafeteria Plan to avoid constructive receipt doctrine.

◦ If no Section 125 plan, employee who elects to enroll in health benefits will be in constructive receipt of the cash they could have elected.◦ Taxed like other W‐2 wages, &◦ Employer subject to wage withholding and employment taxes on cash amount.

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Cafeteria Plan Benefit Options◦Health Insurance/Premiums◦Health FSAs◦Dependent Care FSA (DCAP)◦Health Savings Account ◦Accidental death or dismemberment coverage◦Short/long‐term disability

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Benefit allowed – Section 125◦Health Reimbursement Arrangements◦Deferred Compensation (457b)◦Long Term Care◦Spousal/Dependent Care Life Insurance◦Fringe Benefits◦Meals & Lodging◦Educational Assistance Program◦Scholarships

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What’s Next?◦Should you make changes to your Health Benefit Arrangement?◦Health Benefits are a mandatory subject of bargaining◦Section 125◦PEMHCA◦ACA/AHCA

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Thank YouElizabeth Tom ArcePartner | Los Angeles Office310.981.2000 | [email protected]/our‐people/elizabeth‐arce

Heather DeBlancPartner | Los Angeles Office310.981.2028 | [email protected]/our‐people/heather‐deblanc