power sector in india

Electricity sector in India 1

Electricity sector in India

Ramagundam Thermal Power Station, AndhraPradesh

Yamunanagar Thermal Power Station, Haryanacommissioned in 2008

The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 199.87Gigawatt (GW) as of March 2012, the world's fifth largest.[1] Captivepower plants generate an additional 31.5 GW. Thermal power plantsconstitute 66% of the installed capacity, hydroelectric about 19% andrest being a combination of wind, small hydro, biomass,waste-to-electricity, and nuclear. India generated 855 BU electricityduring 2011-12 fiscal.

In terms of fuel, coal-fired plants account for 55% of India's installedelectricity capacity, compared to South Africa's 92%; China's 77%; andAustralia's 76%. After coal, renewal hydropower accounts for 21%,and natural gas for about 10%.[2][3]

In December 2011, over 300 million Indian citizens had no access toelectricity. Over one third of India's rural population lacked electricity,as did 6% of the urban population. Of those who did have access toelectricity in India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable. In 2010,blackouts and power shedding interrupted irrigation and manufacturingacross the country.[4][5]

The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption inIndia in 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areasfor those with access to electricity, in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2600 kWh and 6200kWh in the European Union.[6] India's total domestic, agricultural and industrial per capita energy consumptionestimate vary depending on the source. Two sources place it between 400 to 700 kWh in 20082009.[7][8] As ofJanuary 2012, one report found the per capita total consumption in India to be 778 kWh.[4]

India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricity generation capacity, even though it is the world's fourthlargest energy consumer after United States, China and Russia.[9] The International Energy Agency estimates Indianeeds an investment of at least $135 billion to provide universal access of electricity to its population.The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1200 GW of additional new powergeneration capacity before 2050.[5] This added new capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generationcapacity of European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts, as it adds thiselectricity generation capacity, may make significant impact to global resource usage and environmental issues.[10]

India's electricity sector is amongst the world's most active players in renewable energy utilization, especially windenergy.[11] As of December 2011, India had an installed capacity of about 22.4 GW of renewal technologies-basedelectricity, exceeding the total installed electricity capacity in Austria by all technologies.India's network losses exceeded 32% in 2010 including non-technical losses, compared to world average of less than15%. Both technical and non-technical factors contribute to these losses, but quantifying their proportions isdifficult. Some experts estimate that technical losses are about 15% to 20%, A high proportion of nontechnicallosses are caused by illegal tapping of lines, but faulty electric meters that underestimate actual consumption alsocontribute to reduced payment collection. A case study in Kerala estimated that replacing faulty meters could reducedistribution losses from 34% to 29%.[5]

Key implementation challenges for India's electricity sector include new project management and execution, ensuring availability of fuel quantities and qualities, lack of initiative to develop large coal and natural gas resources present in India, land acquisition, environmental clearances at state and central government level, and training of


skilled manpower to prevent talent shortages for operating latest technology plants.[7]

HistoryThe first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24 July, 1879 by P W Fleury & Co. Mumbaisaw electric lighting for the first time in 1882 at Crawford Market. First hydro-electric installation in India was setupby Crompton & Co for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1896. The Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company(B.E.S.T.) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway. The first electric train ranbetween Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla along the Harbour Line, in February 1925. In November, 1931,electrification of the meter gauge track between Madras Beach and Tambaram was started.

DemandDemand drivers

Satellite pictures of India show thick haze andblack carbon smoke above India and other Asian

countries. This problem is particularly severealong the Ganges Basin in northern India. Major

sources of particulate matter and aerosols arebelieved to be smoke from biomass burning inrural parts of India, and air pollution from large

cities in northern India.

"Expanding access to energy means including 2.4 billion people:1.4 billion that still has no access to electricity (87% of whomlive in the rural areas) and 1 billion that only has access tounreliable electricity networks. We need smart and practicalapproaches because energy, as a driver of development, plays acentral role in both fighting poverty and addressing climatechange. The implications are enormous: families foregoentrepreneurial endeavors, children cannot study after dark,health clinics do not function properly, and women are burdenedwith time consuming chores such as pounding grain or haulingwater, leaving them with less time to engage in incomegenerating activities. Further, it is estimated that kitchen smokeleads to around 1.5 million premature deaths every year, morethan the number of deaths from malaria each year. After gainingaccess to energy, households generate more income, are moreproductive and are less hungry, further multiplying theMillenium Development Goal's progress."

Rebeca Grynspan, UNDP Associate Administrator and UnderSecretary General, Bloomberg New Energy Summit, April 7, 2011[12]

Of the 1.4 billion people of the world who have no access to electricity in the world, India accounts for over 300million.Some 800 million Indians use traditional fuels fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass cakes for cooking andgeneral heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as chulah or chulha in some parts ofIndia. [13][14] Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other airpollutants.[15][16][17][18] Some reports, including one by the World Health Organization, claim 300,000 to 400,000people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burningand use of chullahs.[19] Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts ofpollutants, between 5 to 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality,haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. Burning of biomass andfirewood will not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologiesbecome reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of electricity sector in India mayhelp find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.


In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most importantcause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment ofdomestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that thesewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewagetreatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate theplants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastesaccumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches tosurface and groundwater.[20][21] Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Waterpollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity isessential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.Other drivers for India's electricity sector are its rapidly growing economy, rising exports, improving infrastructureand increasing household incomes.Demand trends

Electricity transmission grid in eastern India.

As in previous years, during the year 201011, demand for electricityin India far outstripped availability, both in terms of base load energyand peak availability. Base load requirement was 861,591 (MU)against availability of 788,355 MU, a 8.5% deficit. During peak loads,the demand was for 122 GW against availability of 110 GW, a 9.8%shortfall.[22]

In a May 2011 report, India's Central Electricity Authority anticipated,for 201112 year, a base load energy deficit and peaking shortage to be10.3% and 12.9% respectively. The peaking shortage would prevail in all regions of the country, varying from 5.9%in the North-Eastern region to 14.5% in the Southern Region. India also expects all regions to face energy shortagevarying from 0.3% in the North-Eastern region to 11.0% in the Western region. India's Central Electricity Authorityexpects a surplus output in some of the states of Northern India, those with predominantly hydropower capacity, butonly during the monsoon months. In these states, shortage conditions would prevail during winter season.[22]

According to this report, the five states with largest power demand and availability, as of May 2011, wereMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.

In late 2011 newspaper articles, Gujarat was declared a power surplus state, with about 23 GW more poweravailable than its internal demand. The state was expecting more capacity to become available. It was expecting tofind customers, sell excess capacity to meet power demand in other states of India, thereby generate revenues for thestate.[23][24]

Despite an ambitious rural electrification program,[25] some 400 million Indians lose electricity access duringblackouts.[26] While 80% of Indian villages have at least an electricity line, just 52.5% of rural households haveaccess to electricity. In urban areas, the access to electricity is 93.1% in 2008. The overall electrification rate in Indiais 64.5% while 35.5% of the population still live without access to electricity.[27]

According to a sample of 97,882 households in 2002, electricity was the main source of lighting for 53% of ruralhouseholds compared to 36% in 1993.[28]

The 17th electric power survey of India report claims:[29]

Over 201011, India's industrial demand accounted for 35% of electrical power requirement, domestic householduse accounted for 28%, agriculture 21%, commercial 9%, public lighting and other miscellaneous applicationsaccounted for the rest.

The electrical energy demand for 201617 is expected to be at least 1392 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electricdemand of 218 GW.


The electrical energy demand for 202122 is expected to be at least 1915 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electricdemand of 298 GW.

If current average transmission and distribution average losses remain same (32%), India needs to add about 135GW of power generation capacity, before 2017, to satisfy the projected demand after losses.McKinsey claims[30] that India's demand for electricity may cross 300 GW, earlier than most estimates. To explaintheir estimates, they point to four reasons: India's manufacturing sector is likely to grow faster than in the past Domestic demand will increase more rapidly as the quality of life for more Indians improve About 125,000 villages are likely to get connected to India's electricity grid Currently blackouts and load shedding artificially suppresses demand; this demand will be sought as revenue

potential by power distribution companiesA demand of 300GW will require about 400 GW of installed capacity, McKinsey notes. The extra capacity isnecessary to account for plant availability, infrastructure maintenance, spinning reserve and losses.In 2010, electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution were about 24%, while losses because ofconsumer theft or billing deficiencies added another 1015%.[31]

According to two studies published in 2004, theft of electricity in India, amounted to a nationwide loss of $4.5billion.[32][33] This led several states of India to enact and implement regulatory, and institutional framework;develop a new industry and market structure; and privatize distribution. The state of Andhra Pradesh, for example,enacted an electricity reform law; unbundled the utility into one generation, one transmission, and four distributionand supply companies; and established an independent regulatory commission responsible for licensing, settingtariffs, and promoting efficiency and competition. Some state governments amended the Indian Electricity Act of1910 to make electricity theft a cognizable offense and impose stringent penalties. A separate law, unprecedented inIndia, provided for mandatory imprisonment and penalties for offenders, allowed constitution of special courts andtribunals for speedy trial, and recognized collusion by utility staff as a criminal offense. The state government madeadvance preparations and constituted special courts and appellate tribunals as soon as the new law came into force.High quality metering and enhanced audit information flow was implemented. Such campaigns have made a bigdifference in the Indian utilities bottom line. Monthly billing has increased substantially, and the collection ratereached more than 98%. Transmission and distribution losses were reduced by 8%.Power cuts are common throughout India and the consequent failure to satisfy the demand for electricity hasadversely effected India's economic growth.[34][35]


Generation

Tehri Hydroelectric Power station's lake in Uttarakhand. Tehri is world's7th tallest dam.[36] With a capacity of 2.4 GW, it is India's largest

hydroelectric power generation installation.

Power development in India was first started in1897 in Darjeeling, followed by commissioning ofa hydropower station at Sivasamudram inKarnataka during 1902.India's electricity generation capacity additionsfrom 1950 to 1985 were very low when comparedto developed nations. Since 1990, India has beenone of the fastest growing markets for newelectricity generation capacity.The country's annual electricity generationcapacity has increased in last 20 years by about120 GW, from about 66 GW in 1991[37] to over100 GW in 2001,[38] to over 185 GW in 2011.[39]

India's Power Finance Corporation Limitedprojects that current and approved electricitycapacity addition projects in India are expected to add about 100 GW of installed capacity between 2012 and 2017.This growth makes India one the fastest growing markets for electricity infrastructure equipment.[40][41] India'sinstalled capacity growth rates are still less than those achieved by China, and short of capacity needed to ensureuniversal availability of electricity throughout India by 2017.

State-owned and privately owned companies are significant players in India's electricity sector, with the privatesector growing at a faster rate. India's central government and state governments jointly regulate electricity sector inIndia.As of August 2011, the states and union territories of India with power surplus were Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim,Tripura, Gujarat, Delhi and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[22][23]

Major economic and social drivers for India's push for electricity generation include India's goal to provide universalaccess, the need to replace current highly polluting energy sources in use in India with cleaner energy sources, arapidly growing economy, increasing household incomes, limited domestic reserves of fossil fuels and the adverseimpact on the environment of rapid development in urban and regional areas.[42]

The table below presents the electricity generation capacity, as well as availability to India's end user and theirdemand. The difference between installed capacity and availability is the transmission, distribution and consumerlosses. The gap between availability and demand is the shortage India is suffering. This shortage in supply ignoresthe effects of waiting list of users in rural, urban and industrial customers; it also ignores the demand gap fromIndia's unreliable electricity supply.


Electricity sector capacity and availability in India (excludes effect of blackouts /power-shedding)

Item Value Date reported Reference

Total installed capacity (GW) 201.64 April 2012

Available base load supply (MU) 837374 May 2011 [39]

Available peak load supply (GW) 118.7 May 2011 [39]

Demand base load (MU) 933741 May 2011 [39]

Demand peak load (GW) 136.2 May 2011 [39]

According to India's Ministry of Power, about 14.1 GW of new thermal power plants under construction areexpected to be put in use by December 2012, so are 2.1 GW capacity hydropower plants and a 1 GW capacitynuclear power plant.[39] India's installed generation capacity should top 200 GW in 2012.In 2010, the five largest power companies in India, by installed capacity, in decreasing order, were the state-ownedNTPC, state-owned NHPC, followed by three privately owned companies: Tata Power, Reliance Power and AdaniPower.In India's effort to add electricity generation capacity over 20092011, both central government and stategovernment owned power companies have repeatedly failed to add the capacity targets because of issues withprocurement of equipment and poor project management. Private companies have delivered better results.[43]

Thermal power

A super thermal power plant in Rajasthan

Thermal power plants convert energy rich fuel into electricity and heat.Possible fuels include coal, natural gas, petroleum products,agricultural waste and domestic trash / waste. Other sources of fuelinclude landfill gas and biogases. In some plants, renewal fuels such asbiogas are co-fired with coal.Coal and lignite accounted for about 57% of India's installed capacity.However, since wind energy depends on wind speed, and hydropowerenergy on water levels, thermal power plants account for over 65% ofIndia's generated electricity. India's electricity sector consumes about80% of the coal produced in the country.India expects that its projected rapid growth in electricity generation over the next couple of decades is expected tobe largely met by thermal power plants.Fuel constraintsA large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. Theiron content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value ofIndian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal togenerate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh.


A thermal power plant in Maharashtra

The high ash content in India's coal affects the thermal power plant'spotential emissions. Therefore, India's Ministry of Environment &Forests has mandated the use of beneficiated coals whose ash contenthas been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban,ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas, andecologically sensitive areas. Coal benefaction industry has rapidlygrown in India, with current capacity topping 90 MT.

Thermal power plants can deploy a wide range of technologies. Someof the major technologies include: Steam cycle facilities (most commonly used for large utilities);

Gas turbines (commonly used for moderate sized peaking facilities); Cogeneration and combined cycle facility (the combination of gas turbines or internal combustion engines with

heat recovery systems); and Internal combustion engines (commonly used for small remote sites or stand-by power generation).India has an extensive review process, one that includes environment impact assessment, prior to a thermal powerplant being approved for construction and commissioning. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published atechnical guidance manual to help project proposers and to prevent environmental pollution in India from thermalpower plants.[44]

Installed thermal power capacityThe installed capacity of Thermal Power in India, as of June 30 2011, was 115649.48 MW which is 65.34%[45] oftotal installed capacity. Current installed base of Coal Based Thermal Power is 96,743.38 MW which comes to 54.66% of total installed

base. Current installed base of Gas Based Thermal Power is 17,706.35 MW which is 10.00% of total installed capacity. Current installed base of Oil Based Thermal Power is 1,199.75 MW which is 0.67% of total installed capacity.The state of Maharashtra is the largest producer of thermal power in the country.

Hydro power

Indira Sagar Dam partially completed in 2008

In this system of power generation, thepotential of the water falling undergravitational force is utilized to rotate aturbine which again is coupled to aGenerator, leading to generation ofelectricity. India is one of the


Nagarjuna Sagar Hydroelectric power plant onriver Krishna. It is the world's largest masonry

dam, with an installed capacity of 800MW. Thedam also irrigates about 1.4 million acres of

previously drought-prone land.

pioneering countries in establishing hydro-electric power plants. Thepower plants at Darjeeling and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) wereestablished in 1898 and 1902 respectively and are among the first inAsia.

India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydropotential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. Inaddition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini,and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites forpumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of94,000 MW have been identified. It is the most widely used form ofrenewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount ofhydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitablehydro-potential on global scenario.

The present installed capacity as of 30 June 2011 is approximately 37,367.4 MW which is 21.53% of total electricitygeneration in India.[46] The public sector has a predominant share of 97% in this sector.[47] National HydroelectricPower Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj jal vidyut nigam (SJVNL), TehriHydro Development Corporation, NTPC-Hydro are a few public sector companies engaged in development ofhydroelectric power in India.Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB), an illustrative state-owned enterprise in north India, has an installedcapacity of 2.9 GW and generates 12000-14000 MU[48] per year. The cost of generation of energy after four decadesof operation is about 20 paise/kWh. BBMB is a major source of peaking power and black start to the northern grid inIndia. Large reservoirs provide operational flexibility. BBMB reservoirs annually supply water for irrigation to 125lac (12.5 million) acres of agricultural land of partner states, enabling northern India in its green revolution.

Nuclear power

Kudankulam nuclear power plant underconstruction in 2009. It was 96% complete as ofMarch 2011, with first phase expected to be inuse in 2012. With initial installed capacity of 2

GW, this plant will be expanded to 6.8 GWcapacity.

As of 2011, India had 4.8 GW of installed electricity generationcapacity using nuclear fuels. India's Nuclear plants generated 32455million units or 3.75% of total electricity produced in India.[49]

India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signedan agreement with General Electric of the United States for theconstruction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors atTarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's Department ofAtomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurised heavy waterreactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, Indiacreated Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercializenuclear power.Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sectorenterprise, wholly owned by the Government of India, under theadministrative control of its Department of Atomic Energy. Itsobjective is to implement and operate nuclear power stations for India's electricity sector. The state-owned companyhas ambitious plans to establish 63 GW generation capacity by 2032, as a safe, environmentally benign andeconomically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of India.[50]

India's nuclear power generation effort satisfies many safeguards and oversights, such as getting ISO-14001 accreditation for environment management system and peer review by World Association of Nuclear Operators


including a pre-start up peer review. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited admits, in its annual report for2011, that its biggest challenge is to address the public and policy maker perceptions about the safety of nuclearpower, particularly after the Fukushima incident in Japan.[49]

In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four projects of 2.8 GW capacitylaunched. The country plans to implement fast breeder reactors, using plutonium based fuel. Plutonium is obtainedby reprocessing spent fuel of first stage reactors. India successfully launched its first prototype fast breeder reactor of500 MW capacity in Tamil Nadu, and now operates two such reactors.India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 to 540 MWeach. New reactors with installed capacity of 1000 MW per reactor are expected to be in use by 2012.In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in India, the country's largest ever.The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes, could be as large as 150,000 tonnes (making the mine one of the world'slargest). The new mine is expected to provide India with a fuel that it currently imports. Nuclear fuel supplyconstraints had limited India's ability to grow its nuclear power generation capacity. The newly discovered ore,unlike those in Australia, is of slightly lower grade. This mine is expected to be in operation in 2012.[51]

India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power productioncapacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. Nuclear power provided 3% of the country's totalelectricity generation in 2011. India aims to supply 9% of it electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032.[49] India'slargest nuclear power plant project under implementation is at Jaitapur, Maharashtra in partnership with Areva,France.

Other renewable energyRenewable energy in India is a sector that is still in its infancy.As of December 2011, India had an installed capacity of about 22.4 GW of renewal technologies-based electricity,about 12% of its total.[52] For context, the total installed capacity for electricity in Switzerland was about 18 GW in2009. The table below provides the capacity breakdown by various technologies.

Renewal energy installed capacity in India (as of August 31, 2011)

Type[53] Technology Installed capacity (in MW)

Grid connected power

Wind 14989

Small hydro 3154

Biomass 1084

Bagasse Cogeneration 1779

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) 74

Solar 46

Off-grid, captive power

Biomass 141

Biomass non-bagasse cogen 328

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) 76

Solar 73

Aerogen/Hybrids 1


As of August 2011, India had deployed renewal energy to provide electricity in 8846 remote villages, installed 4.4million family biogas plants, 1800 microhydel units and 4.7 million square meters of solar water heating capacity.India anticipates to add another 3.6 GW of renewal energy installed capacity by December 2012.[53]

India plans to add about 30 GW of installed electricity generation capacity based on renewal energy technologies, by2017.[52]

Renewable energy projects in India are regulated and championed by the central government's Ministry of New andRenewable Energy.

Solar power

Solar resource map for India. The western statesof the country are naturally gifted with high solar

incidence.

India is bestowed with solar irradiation ranging from 4 to 7kWh/square meter/day across the country, with western and southernregions having higher solar incidence.[54]

India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. India receives thehighest global solar radiation on a horizontal surface.With its growing electricity demand, India has initiated steps todevelop its large potential for solar energy based power generation. InNovember 2009, the Government of India launched its JawaharlalNehru National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan onClimate Change. Under this central government initiative, India plansto generate 1 GW of power by 2013 and up to 20 GW grid-based solarpower, 2 GW of off-grid solar power and cover 20 million squaremetres with solar energy collectors by 2020.[55] India plans utility scalesolar power generation plants through solar parks with dedicatedinfrastructure by state governments, among others, the governments ofGujarat and Rajasthan.[54]

The Government of Gujarat taking advantage of the national initiative and high solar irradiation in the state,launched the Solar Power Policy in 2009 and proposes to establish a number of large-scale solar parks starting withthe Charanka solar park in Patan district in the sparsely populated northern part of the state. The development ofsolar parks will streamline the project development timeline by letting government agencies undertake landacquisition and necessary permits, and provide dedicated common infrastructure for setting up solar powergeneration plants largely in the private sector. This approach will facilitate the accelerated installation of privatesector solar power generation capacity reducing costs by addressing issues faced by stand alone projects. Commoninfrastructure for the solar park include site preparation and leveling, power evacuation, availability of water, accessroads, security and services. In parallel with the central government's initiative, the Gujarat Electricity RegulatoryCommission has announced feed-in-tariff to mainstream solar power generation which will be applied for solarpower generation plants in the solar park. Gujarat Power Corporation Limited is the responsible agency fordeveloping the solar park of 500 megawatts and will lease the lands to the project developers to generate solarpower. Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited will develop the transmission evacuation from theidentified interconnection points with the solar developer. This project is being supported, in part, by the AsianDevelopment Bank.[54]

The first Indian solar thermal power project (2X50MW) is in progress in Phalodi (Rajasthan), and is constructed byCORPORATE ISPAT ALLOY LTD.The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy Globe World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for


solar home power systems. Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financedthrough 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programme was a four-year partnership between UNEP, the UNEP RisoeCentre, and two of India's largest banks, the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.[56][57]

Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. Some state governments are exploring means toaddress land availability through innovation; for example, by exploring means to deploy solar capacity above theirextensive irrigation canal projects, thereby harvesting solar energy while reducing the loss of irrigation water bysolar evaporation.

Wind power

Wind farm in Rajasthan.

Wind turbines midst India's agricultural farms.

India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in theworld.[58] In 2010, wind power accounted for 6% of India's totalinstalled power capacity, and 1.6% of the country's power output.

The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s by TamilNadu Electric Board near Tuticorin, and has significantly increased inthe last few years. Suzlon is the leading Indian company in windpower, with an installed generation capacity of 6.2 GW in India.Vestas is another major company active in India's wind energyinitiative.[59]

As December 2011, the installed capacity of wind power in India was15.9 GW, spread across many states of India.[52][58] The largest windpower generating state was Tamil Nadu accounting for 30% ofinstalled capacity, followed in decreasing order by Maharashtra,Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.[60] It is estimated that 6 GW ofadditional wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012.[61]

In Tamil Nadu, wind power is mostly harvested in the southerndistricts such as Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Tuticorin.

The state of Gujarat is estimated to have the maximum gross windpower potential in India, with a potential of 10.6 GW.[59]

Biomass power

In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry and agro residue & agricultural wastes are used as fuel to produceelectricity.[62]

Biomass gasifierIndia has been promoting biomass gasifier technologies in its rural areas, to utilize surplus biomass resources such asrice husk, crop stalks, small wood chips, other agro-residues. The goal was to produce electricity for villages withpower plants of up to 2 MW capacities. During 2011, India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems fordistributed power generation in 70 remote villages of Bihar. In addition, gasifier systems are being installed at 60rice mills in India. During the year, biomass gasifier projects of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and 0.5 MW in Tamil Naduwere successfully installed.[52]

Biogas


Wind farms midst paddy fields in India.

This pilot program aims to install small scale biogas plants for meetingthe cooking energy needs in rural areas of India. During 2011, some45000 small scale biogas plants were installed. Cumulatively, India hasinstalled 4.44 million small scale biogas plants.In 2011, India started a new initiative with the aim to demonstratemedium size mixed feed biogas-fertilizer pilot plants. This technologyaims for generation, purification/enrichment, bottling and pipeddistribution of biogas. India approved 21 of these projects withaggregate capacity of 37016 cubic meter per day, of which 2 projectshave been successfully commissioned by December 2011.[52]

India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generationprogramme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881MW (agro-residues and plantations), 5000MW (bagassecogeneration) and 2700MW (energy recovery from waste). Biomass power generation in India is an industry thatattracts investments of over INR 600 crores every year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity andyearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas.As of 2010, India burnt over 200 million tonnes of coal replacement worth of traditional biomass fuel every year tomeet its energy need for cooking and other domestic use. This traditional biomass fuel fuelwood, crop waste andanimal dung is a potential raw material for the application of biomass technologies for the recovery of cleaner fuel,fertilizers and electricity with significantly lower pollution.Biomass available in India can and has been playing an important role as fuel for sugar mills, textiles, paper mills,and small and medium enterprises (SME). In particular there is a significant potential in breweries, textile mills,fertilizer plants, the paper and pulp industry, solvent extraction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and otherindustries to harness biomass power.[63]

Geothermal energyIndia's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.India has potential resources to harvest geothermal energy. The resource map for India has been grouped into sixgeothermal provinces:[64]

Himalayan Province Tertiary Orogenic belt with Tertiary magmatism Areas of Faulted blocks Aravalli belt, Naga-Lushi, West coast regions and Son-Narmada lineament. Volcanic arc Andaman and Nicobar arc. Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age such as Cambay basin in Gujarat. Radioactive Province Surajkund, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand. Cratonic province Peninsular India


India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of this, 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya, inthe States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. They are found concentrated along a30-50-km wide thermal band mostly along the river valleys. Naga-Lusai and West Coast Provinces manifest a seriesof thermal springs. Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity, a continuation of theIndonesian geothermal fields, and can be good potential sites for geothermal energy. Cambay graben geothermal beltis 200 km long and 50 km wide with Tertiary sediments. Thermal springs have been reported from the belt althoughthey are not of very high temperature and discharge. During oil and gas drilling in this area, in recent times, highsubsurface temperature and thermal fluid have been reported in deep drill wells in depth ranges of 1.7 to 1.9 km.Steam blowout have also been reported in the drill holes in depth range of 1.5 to 3.4 km. The thermal springs inIndia's peninsular region are more related to the faults, which allow down circulation of meteoric water toconsiderable depths. The circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area, and dependingupon local condition, emerges out at suitable localities. The area includes Aravalli range, Son-Narmada-Taptilineament, Godavari and Mahanadi valleys and South Cratonic Belts.[64]

In a December 2011 report, India identified six most promising geothermal sites for the development of geothermalenergy. These are, in decreasing order of potential: Tattapani in Chhattisgarh Puga in Jammu & Kashmir Cambay Graben in Gujarat Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh Surajkund in Jharkhand Chhumathang in Jammu & KashmirIndia plans to set up its first geothermal power plant, with 25 MW capacity at Puga in Jammu and Kashmir.[65]

Tidal wave energyTidal energy technologies harvest energy from the seas. The potential of tidal wave energy becomes higher in certainregions by local effects such as shelving, funneling, reflection and resonance.India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its potential to harness tidal energy is significant.Energy can be extracted from tides in several ways. In one method, a reservoir is created behind a barrage and thentidal waters pass through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity. This method requires mean tidal differencesgreater than 4 meters and also favorable topographical conditions to keep installation costs low. One report claimsthe most attractive locations in India, for the barrage technology, are the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch onIndia's west coast where the maximum tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 mrespectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans, West Bengal is another possibility, although with significantlyless recoverable energy; the maximum tidal range in Sunderbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of2.97 m. The report claims, barrage technology could harvest about 8 GW from tidal energy in India, mostly inGujarat. The barrage approach has several disadvantages, one being the effect of any badly engineered barrage onthe migratory fishes, marine ecosystem and aquatic life. Integrated barrage technology plants can be expensive tobuild.In December 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India and the Renewable EnergyDevelopment Agency of Govt. of West Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement India's first 3.75 MWDurgaduani mini tidal power project. Indian government believes that tidal energy may be an attractive solution tomeet the local energy demands of this remote delta region.[65]

Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the sea surface. A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai estimates the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per meter, suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting from India's 7500 kilometer coast line may be about 40 GW. However,


the realistic economical potential, the report claims, is likely to be considerably less.[66] A significant barrier tosurface energy harvesting is the interference of its equipment to fishing and other sea bound vessels, particularly inunsettled weather. India built its first seas surface energy harvesting technology demonstration plant in Vizhinjam,near Thiruruvananthpuram.The third approach to harvesting tidal energy consists of ocean thermal energy technology. This approach tries toharvest the solar energy trapped in ocean waters into usable energy. Oceans have a thermal gradient, the surfacebeing much warmer than deeper levels of ocean. This thermal gradient may be harvested using modified Rankinecycle. India's National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) attempted this approach over the last 20 years, butwithout success. In 2003, with Saga University of Japan, NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MWdemonstration plant.[67] However, mechanical problems prevented success. After initial tests near Kerala, the unitwas scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in 2005. The demonstrationproject's experience have limited follow-on efforts with ocean thermal energy technology in India.

Problems with India's power sectorIndia's electricity sector faces many issues. Some are:[4][18]

Government giveaways such as free electricity for farmers, partly to curry political favor, have depleted the cashreserves of state-run electricity-distribution system. This has financially crippled the distribution network, and itsability to pay for power to meet the demand. This situation has been worsened by government departments ofIndia that do not pay their bills.

Shortages of fuel: despite abundant reserves of coal, India is facing a severe shortage of coal. The country isn'tproducing enough to feed its power plants. Some plants do not have reserve coal supplies to last a day ofoperations. India's monopoly coal producer, state-controlled Coal India, is constrained by primitive miningtechniques and is rife with theft and corruption; Coal India has consistently missed production targets and growthtargets. Poor coal transport infrastructure has worsened these problems. To expand its coal production capacity,Coal India needs to mine new deposits. However, most of India's coal lies under protected forests or designatedtribal lands. Any mining activity or land acquisition for infrastructure in these coal-rich areas of India, has beenrife with political demonstrations, social activism and public interest litigations.

The giant new offshore natural gas field has delivered less fuel than projected. India faces a shortage of naturalgas.

Hydroelectric power projects in India's mountainous north and northeast regions have been slowed down byecological, environmental and rehabilitation controversies, coupled with public interest litigations.

India's nuclear power generation potential has been stymied by political activism since the Fukushima disaster inJapan.

Average transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses exceeding 30%. Over 300 million people in India have no access to electricity. Of those who do, almost all find electricity supply

intermittent and unreliable. Lack of clean and reliable energy sources such as electricity is, in part, causing about 800 million people in India

to continue using traditional biomass energy sources namely fuelwood, agricultural waste and livestock dung for cooking and other domestic needs.[13] Traditional fuel combustion is the primary source of indoor air pollutionin India, causes between 300,000 to 400,000 deaths per year and other chronic health issues.

Indias coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and offer significant potentialfor greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction through better technology. Compared to the average emissions fromcoal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants in European Union (EU-27) countries, Indiasthermal power plants emit 50 to 120 percent more CO2 per kWh produced.[68]


Resource potential in electricity sectorAccording to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reservesas of January 2011, worlds 26th largest. United States Energy Information Administration estimates that Indiaproduced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010, while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. Theelectrical power and fertilizer sectors account for nearly three-quarters of natural gas consumption in India. Naturalgas is expected to be an increasingly important component of energy consumption as the country pursues energyresource diversification and overall energy security.[69][70]

Until 2008, the majority of India's natural gas production came from the Mumbai High complex in the northwest partof the country. Recent discoveries in the Bay of Bengal have shifted the center of gravity of Indian natural gasproduction.The country already produces some coalbed methane and has major potential to expand this source of cleaner fuel.According to a 2011 Oil and Gas Journal report, India is estimated to have between 600 to 2000 Tcf of shale gasresources (one of the worlds largest). Despite its natural resource potential, and an opportunity to create energyindustry jobs, India has yet to hold a licensing round for its shale gas blocks. It is not even mentioned in India'scentral government energy infrastructure or electricity generation plan documents through 2025. The traditionalnatural gas reserves too have been very slow to develop in India because regulatory burdens and bureaucratic redtape severely limit the countrys ability to harness its natural gas resources.[4][68][71]

Rural electrificationIndia's Ministry of Power launched Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana as one of its flagship programme inMarch 2005 with the objective of electrifying over one lakh un-electrified villages and to provide free electricityconnections to 2.34 crore rural households. This free electricity program promises energy access to India's ruralareas, but is in part creating problems for India's electricity sector.[4]

Human resource developmentRapid growth of electricity sector in India demands that talent and trained personnel become available as India's newinstalled capacity adds new jobs. India has initiated the process to rapidly expand energy education in the country, toenable the existing educational institutions to introduce courses related to energy capacity addition, production,operations and maintenance, in their regular curriculum. This initiative includes conventional and renewal energy.A Ministry of Renewal and New Energy announcement claims State Renewable Energy Agencies are beingsupported to organize short-term training programmes for installation, operation and maintenance and repair ofrenewable energy systems in such places where intensive RE programme are being implemented. Renewable EnergyChairs have been established in IIT Roorkee and IIT Kharagpur.[52]

Education and availability of skilled workers is expected to be a key challenge in India's effort to rapidly expand itselectricity sector.


Trading

India lit up at night. This media, courtesy ofNASA, was taken by the crew of Expedition 29

on October 21, 2011. It starts over Turkmenistan,moving east. India begins past the long wavy

solid orange line, marking the lights at theIndia-Pakistan borderline. New Delhi, India's

capital and the Kathiawar Peninsula are lit. So areMumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore and

many smaller cities in central and southern India,as this International Space Station's video shiftssouth-eastward through southern India, into the

Bay of Bengal. Lightning storms are also present,represented by the flashing lights throughout the

video. The pass ends over western Indonesia.

Multi Commodity Exchange has sought permission to offer electricityfuture markets in India.[72]

Regulation and administration

The Ministry of Power is India's apex central government bodyregulating the electrical energy sector in India. This ministry wascreated on 2 July 1992. It is responsible for planning, policyformulation, processing of projects for investment decisions,monitoring project implementation, training and manpowerdevelopment, and the administration and enactment of legislation inregard to thermal, hydro power generation, transmission anddistribution. It is also responsible for the administration of India'sElectricity Act (2003), the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and toundertake such amendments to these Acts, as and when necessary, inconformity with the Indian government's policy objectives.[73]

Effective 28 May 2010, the Union Minister of Power is Sushil KumarShinde.

Electricity is a concurrent subject at Entry 38 in List III of the seventhSchedule of the Constitution of India. In India's federal governancestructure this means that both the central government and India's state governments are involved in establishingpolicy and laws for its electricity sector. This principle motivates central government of India and individual stategovernments to enter into memorandum of understanding to help expedite projects and reform electricity sector inrespective state.[74]

Government owned power companiesIndia's Ministry of Power administers central government owned companies involved in the generation of electricityin India. These include National Thermal Power Corporation, Damodar Valley Corporation, National HydroelectricPower Corporation and Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The Power Grid Corporation of India is alsoadministered by the Ministry; it is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development ofnational grid.The Ministry works with various state governments in matters related to state government owned corporations inIndia's electricity sector. Examples of state corporations include Andhra Pradesh Power Generation CorporationLimited, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Kerala State Electricity Board, andGujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited.Funding of power infrastructureIndia's Ministry of Power administers Rural Electrification Corporation Limited and Power Finance CorporationLimited. These central government owned public sector enterprises provide loans and guarantees for public andprivate electricity sector infrastructure projects in India.


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Article Sources and Contributors 20

Article Sources and ContributorsElectricity sector in India Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=494282895 Contributors: 4twenty42o, Adityarn, Ahoerstemeier, Amangarg05, Ambarish, Amitesh Bajad,ApostleVonColorado, Arruri, Ashish itct, Auntof6, AxiomOfFaith, BPositive, Bangalore102, Bbmbjdpr, Beagel, Berkut, Bhadani, Biz123, Boolyme, Bouchecl, CalJW, Chanakyathegreat,Chandraguptamaurya, Cherokawa, Chris the speller, Claidheamohmor, Closedmouth, Cold Season, Courcelles, DSachan, Ddlj95, Edward, Eemanish, Free Bear, G1MFG, Generalboss3,GoingBatty, Gralo, Hrishie, IMpbt, Ias2008, IdiotSavant, Igrek, Incidious, IndianGeneralist, Ingolfson, JaGa, Jawvin, John254, Kakash, Kalyan gnp, Kerotan, Kickinpants, King Zebu, Kranix,KuwarOnline, Kwdt2, Lalit Jagannath, Letsgiv, Linas, Longhair, Loren.wilton, Mahendra 143us, Marcus334, Materialscientist, Mattisse, NPrice, Naveen Reddy, Naveenpf, Niceguyedc, Nichalp,Nithinbh, Nomi887, Nosedown, P.K.Niyogi, PREVRAVANTH, Pdsharma61, Peter Chastain, Piano non troppo, Pinaki ghosh, Prateekramachandra, Rakeshpsc, Ravi.sattavan, Rengasathish,Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Rigmahroll, Rjwilmsi, Ross Rhodes, Rsrikanth05, SQGibbon, Sachinvenga, Safemariner, Sardanaphalus, Sarvagyana guru, Satyanandapatel, Sayanc, Shadowjams,Shameer, Sharonjose, Shoeofdeath, Shradhasapra, SkyMachine, Ssm83, Sumita.saha, Sumitinnpti, Suntech, Tanmay21192, Tedder, TeleComNasSprVen, Timmonsgray, Tri400, Utcursch,Venkatarv, Vyom25, Wikiguruindia, Ynhockey, 256 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Rstps4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rstps4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Getsuhas08File:Ynr1.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ynr1.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: GarvitkambojFile:The Dark Side of Carbon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Dark_Side_of_Carbon.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NASAFile:Choudwar Cuttack.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Choudwar_Cuttack.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Funfood,Psubhashish, Roland zhFile:Tehri lake bridge.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tehri_lake_bridge.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Clara & Jamesfrom Auckland, New ZealandFile:STPS.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:STPS.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: BhuvantooFile:Dahanu-chimney-rel.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dahanu-chimney-rel.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:PakeezahskhanFile:Indira sagar dam 0003.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indira_sagar_dam_0003.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:NvvcharFile:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Sumanthk aten.wikipediaFile:Kudankulam NPP.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kudankulam_NPP.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Petr Pavlicek/IAEAFile:Solar Resource Map of India.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Solar_Resource_Map_of_India.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: Roland zh, SolarSoft, Surajt88File:Turbines-thar-india.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turbines-thar-india.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: user:nomoFile:India fields and wind turbines.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_fields_and_wind_turbines.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors:Yahoo! Blog from Sunnyvale, California, USAFile:Paddies and wind turbines in India.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paddies_and_wind_turbines_in_India.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0Contributors: Yahoo! Blog from Sunnyvale, California, USAFile:Views of the Mideast at Night.ogv Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Views_of_the_Mideast_at_Night.ogv License: Public Domain Contributors: ISS Expedition 29crew

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