power point_ final studying the past
TRANSCRIPT
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SPORTS IN SOCIETY:
Issues & Controversies
Second Canadian Ed.
Jay Coakley and Peter Donnelly
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Chapter
3Looking at the Past:
Does it Help Us toUnderstand Sports Today?
Understanding History while Studying Sports in Society / Sports
Vary by Time and Place / Ancient Greece / Ancient Rome /Medieval Europe / The Renaissance, Reformation, and
Enlightenment / The Industrial Revolution / Using History toThink About the Future / Summary
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General Historical Issues
Evidence suggests that physical activities and
games have existed in nearly all cultures There are fewer contrasts between the games
that different people play today
Decreasing contrasts are due to culturaldiffusion and the power and influence of
nation-states and sponsoring corporations
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Historical & Cultural Variations
Variations exist because
Sports are cultural practices that can servea variety of social purposes
People create sports within the constraintsof the social worlds in which they live
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Characteristics of Dominant
Sport Forms Today Secularism
Equality
Specialization Rationalization
Bureaucratization
Quantification Records
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Modern sports have seven characteristics that have notappeared together in the past
Table 3.4: Historical Comparison ofOrganized Games, Contests, and Sport
Activities
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Figure 3.1
Organizedcompetitive
sports are a
recent invention.
Physical games inancient history
were usually tied
to religious
rituals andceremonies.
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Sports in Ancient Greece
Grounded in mythology
Linked with religions beliefs
Characterized by
Gender exclusion
Frequent violence Absence of administrative structures
Absence of measurements & record keeping
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Of the thousands of evils in Greece there isno greater evil than the race of athletes
Since they have not formed good habits, they
face problems with difficulty. They glisten
and gleam like statues when they are intheir primes, but when bitter old age comes
they are like tattered and threadbare old rugs.
- Euripides, Greek dramatist (fifth century BCE)
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Roman Contests and Games
Emphasized spectacle, combat, and the
power of political leaders Characterized by
Diversions for the masses
Exclusion of women as athletes Absence of quantification and record keeping
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Figure 3.2
Dominant sportforms in society
tend to celebrate
forms of
masculinity that
emphasize
aggression,
conquest, andDominance.
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Medieval Europe
Folk games played by peasants
Tournaments played by elite for purposesof military readiness
Gender restrictions grounded in religiousdogma and beliefs
Games lacked specialization and formalorganization
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Renaissance, Reformation,
& Enlightenment
Increasing control over peasants Peoples lives often restricted by labor
Calvinist and Puritan beliefs did not
promote or support leisure
Sports constituted diversions for people
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Industrial Revolution:
Early Years
Organized competitive sports emerged,
especially among elite Time and space for games were limited in
urban areas
Slavery among Africans, and exploitationof other workers limited widespreadinvolvement in sports
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Industrial Revolution:
Later Years
Growing emphasis on rationality andorganization in society & sports
Most sports were segregated by socialclass and race
Womens participation in sports was verylimited
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Capitalism and the industrial revolution were not organized toprovide play spaces for anyone, including children. Play did not lead
to profits. But there were children who found ways to play
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History Lessons:
Origins of Distorted Views
Who tells the stories about what sports were like
in the past? Whose perspectives are used to frame these
stories?
How is power related to whose stories are told
and how they are told? Why are histories usually incomplete?
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Sports often were used by wealthy people toreinforce status distinctions
The organization of sports favored the interestsof people with power and wealth
Increased sports participation opportunities forworkers, especially men
(continued)
Organized,Competitive Sports
in Canada: 1880-1920
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Sportparticipation comes to be linked withcharacter development
Organized sports were tied close to ideas about
masculinity and femininity
skin color and ethnicity
age and disability
Organized,Competitive Sports
in Canada: 1880-1920 (cont.)
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Girls and women did engage in physical activities during the early20th century, but those activities usually emphasized grace and
beauty as the basis for ladylike character
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Meaning(what do sports and participationsymbolize)
Purpose(to be fit and fair or to win and set records) Organization(what is official and who decides
this)
Conditions of participation(who can play whenand where)
Sponsorship(public, private, corporate, individual,etc.)
1920 to Today:
Struggles Continue Over Sports
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1920 to Today:
These struggles are often related to issues such as: Entertainment, professionalization, and
commercialism
Masculinity and violence Nationalism and chauvinism Gender inequities and homophobia Racism and racial discrimination Physical abilities and access to participation Class dynamics and use of resources Media images and narratives
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The histories of sports are linked to ideologies in society.
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Meaning and Disability
Through History Disability has been associated with revulsion,
shame, dread, resentment, sinfulness, andlimitations
Retard and gimp = terms that carry negativeconnotations, just as racial and ethnic slurs do
People with disabilities have been defined asothers, segregated, and treated by therapistsand holy men in the hope of normalizingthem
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Sports History does not
just happen
Sports history has always depended on theactions of people as they construct physicalactivities in their lives
Historical changes in sports have often occurredin connection with peoples visions of whatsports could and should be like
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History and The Future
Sports history will forever emerge in connectionwith struggles related to the ideals that peopleuse to organize sports in the present andenvision them in the future
Turning our visions into realities is a key basisfor how we participate in social worlds. Sittingon the bench takes you out of the game.
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Question for Consideration:
Discuss these quotations in relation to chapter material:Do you agree? What kind of political meaning can sportshave within a given time-period? Give specific examples
from the text, outside knowledge, or personal experience.
Just as the dominantclass writes history, so
that same class writesthe story of sport.
- James Riordan, socialhistorian and formersoccer player (1996)
Sports have been revered by fascists andcommunists, by free-marketers and filibusters.They have also been, paradoxically, reviled by allthose political factions. Sports may be among themost powerful human expressions in all history.
- Gerald Early, Professor of Modern Letters,Washington University, St. Louis (1998)