post-trauma risk factors and resources psychological stress lazarus and folkman psychological stress...
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Post-trauma risk factors and resources
Psychological Stress
• Lazarus and Folkman
• Psychological stress is a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being
Critical Mediators
Person Environment
Cognitive Appraisals
Coping
Coping
• Efforts an individual makes to reduce their distress
• Coping can be a pre- and post-trauma risk factor
• Coping can include:– Behavioral Coping– Emotional Coping
Coping Dimensions
Coping Dimensions
Problem Focused Emotion Focused
Approach
Avoidance
Coping Dimensions
Problem Focused Emotion Focused
Approach
Avoidance
Cognitive Adaptations to Trauma
Assumptive Worlds
• Schema
• A cognitive structure that represents organized knowledge about a given concept or type of stimulus
• Assumptive World
• A stable conceptual system that affords us equilibrium in a constantly changing world
Core Assumptions: Revolve around a sense of
invulnerability
• Benevolence of the World
• Meaningfulness of the World
• Belief in Self-Worth
• “Just World Belief”
Coping Following a Traumatic Experience
• Assimilation• Rather than changing set of beliefs change the
event that happened• Accomodation• Change set of beliefs to reflect what happened• OverAccomodation• Change set of beliefs but go overboard• Characterological versus behavioral self-blame
Information Processing Model of PTSD
Traumatic Event
Why Me?
Assimilation Over-Accomodation
Violation of Just World
Social Support
• Refers to how people are treated following a traumatic event
• Studying social support is complicated because the trauma itself may affect an individual’s social support
Measurement Strategy
• Quantity
• Quality
Flannery (1990)
• Four types of helpful social support– Emotional support– Informational support– Social companionship– Instrumental support
Social Support and PTSD
• Boscarino (1995)– Vietnam vets with lower quality social support
were more likely to have current PTSD, general anxiety, depression or alcohol abuse
– Lower social support >80% of developing PTSD than those with average and >180% than those with high social support