KOUKAROUDIS PANAGIOTIS

PORTFOLIO | M.Sc. DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

CHALMERS ARCHITECTURE

ARK172 _LOCAL CONTEXT

PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MARIESTAD, SWEDEN

EXAMINERS & SUPERVISORS: LENA FALKHEDEN (CO-ORDINATOR)BJÖRN MALBERT

ASSISTANT TEACHER: LISA ÅHLSTRÖM COURSE ASSISTANT: AMANDA WERGE

3

ANALYSIS 1

GEOGRAPHICAL INVENTORY OF MARIESTAD: AREA 4|GREEN SPACE AND RELATION |

The theme for the design studio is planning and design for sustainable development in the small Swedish town of Mariestad, located about 170 km north east of Göteborg. The layout of residential buildings and houses in this area reflects the wish of creating ‘islands’ surrounded by nature in different scales, varied from neighborhood to single house.

AROUND GREEN

PUBLIC BACKYARD

INSIDE GREEN

PRIVATE

NATURE INSIDE

NATURE INSIDE

NATURE AROUND

NATURE AROUND

NATURE AROUND

BACKYARD

BACKYARD

WAY OUT

WAY OUT

WAY OUT

NATURE INSIDE

NATURE AROUNDSweden

BACKYARD

WAY OUT

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ANALYSIS 2

PERSPECTIVE IN A BROADER CONTEXT| EUROPEAN CONTEXT |

MOBILITY

EUROPEANINSTITUTIONALISING

ECONOMICCRISIS

OVERCONSUMPTION

TECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION

RENEWABLEENERGY

URBANISATION

EDUCATION

COMMUTING

SEGREGATION

CENTRALISATION

URBAN SPRAWL

GROWINGTOURISM

FLEXIBILITY

EXTREMEWEATHER

CURRENCY

INCREASINGDEBT

INCREASINGENERGY DEMAND

UNEMPLOYMENT

OUTSOURCING

COMMERCIALISATION

INDIVIDUALISATION

AGEING POPULATION

LOW BIRTHRATE

ECOLOGICALFOOTPRINT

LEGISLATION

POLLUTION

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

ACCELERATION

INTENSIFICATION OF TIME-USE

TECHNOLOGICALADDICTION

AUTOMATION

MIGRATION

EUROPEANINSTITUTIONALISING

TECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

OVERCONSUMPTION

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION

MOBILITY

URBANISATION

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

RENEWABLEENERGY

ECONOMICCRISIS

In this assignment, the intention was to study and reflect upon Mariestad, and the future development in the small town, in a sub-regional (the sub-region Skaraborg and the Vänern region), regional (Region Västra Götaland), national, European and global context. In addition, this analysis was about identifying and reflecting upon some of the development trends in the surrounding world, in different areas of society and at different levels, and the driving forces behind these trends – trends and driving forces which might have impact on the future situation and development of Mariestad. The main sources were documents and surveys by Eurostat and Eu-policy. The applied tool-method was the E.P.I.S.T.E.L.M. one.

TRENDTRACKS

TECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION

URBANISATION

CLIMATE CHANGE

RENEWABLEENERGY

ECONOMICCRISIS

EUROPEANINSTITUTIONALISING

MOBILITY

OVER-CONSUMPTION

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ANALYSIS 3

S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS | STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS|

INDIVIDUAL TASK phase 1GROUP TASK phase 2COMMON TASK phase 3

STRENGTHS

Small Scale makes physical distances shorter.

Cultural Heritage in the sense of the built environment and its traditions.

Location strategically between Stockholm and Göteborg, by the river outlet into Vänern.

Natural Resources like the water, the fertile lands, the forests etc.

University Connections with University of Gothenburg, the municipality and the community.

Sense of Community in the various associations, a safe and familiar city.

WEAKNESSES

Car Dependent implying a hierarchy for car oriented infrastructure and oversized parking over bikers and pedestrians.

Dependent on Third Parties for energy, food and waste disposal.

Economic Vulnerability regarding decision making and employment.

Lack of Public Life especially in the winter, evenings and weekends.

Undeveloped Public Spaces such as the harbor, coast line, various parks.

Undefined IdentityPhysical and Mental Barriers such as Tidan, the industries, the main roads, the segregation between locals and others and housing styles within the areas.

OPPORTUNITIES

Eco Tourism for the Biosphere area of Vänerkulle and the old town.

Regional Cooperation in Skaraborg, in Västra Götaland and around Vänern.

Self Sufficiency - production of organic food and renewable energy.

IT-Connectivity - ability to live in a different place than the one you work in.

Immigration - balances the negative demographic trends like the ageing population, emigration of young people and the low level of higher education.

THREATS

Climate Change - rising water level, extreme weather events and stress on ecosystems.

Ageing Population - fewer tax payers and higher costs for the welfare system.

Regional Competition - leaving Mariestad left out.

Centralisation - causing a third party dependency (on energy, employment, legislation) on an even higher level.

Globalisation of Economy - jobs moving abroad.

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STRATEGIES

PLANNING AND DESIGN STRATEGIES

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

- Eco-friendly commuting within Mariestad as a tourist- Sustainable Traveling for tourism- Transforming touristical buildings into green buildings in terms of performance- Slow Travel- Ecotourism in conjunction with Ekudden preserved area and shore lake

ENRICH PUBLIC LIFE

- Music festivals - Ekudden + camping in the fields that exists there- Creation of a cafe-restaurant on the harbor- Micro-brewery is built within the industrial area- Flexible outdoor harbour faming market- Recurring competitions of graffiti and skate/inline tournaments

GROUP PROJECT

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES

BIOPHILIC SHORELINE

- An alternate proposal for a “biophilic” harbor/ Harbour Farming- The central shoreline as a place of leisure- Label the beaches with Blue Flags Certification- Small boat line in Tidan - Connects Mariestad with the Cities of Vänern

STRENGTHEN CULTURE & TRADITION

- Changing the use of cultural heritages to combine them with public life- Handicraft / Traditional techniques should not be limited to the campus- Festivals and markets are effective methods to strengthen the spiritual atmosphereof tradition.

NATIONALLY KNOWN

- Website to introduce the touristic character of Mariestad

JOB OPPORTUNITIES

- Develop harbor into mix-used area for tourism, where houses and places will be given to young people at a cheap price allowing them to use their knowledge and creativity.

Climate change: Food and Energy

Tourism, Identity and Branding

Transport and Planning

Built environment

People and Planning

Business and Education

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IN - DEPTH PROJECT

3/3 HARBOR

The area of development is located on the northern of the city center. Almost the entire area is surrounded by water, except for the southern part which borders People’s Karlshome park. The area has enormous potential for creating a close relationship between the town and the water, emphasizing Maries-tad’s identity as a port. The location is out-standing, with views over theTorsö islands, Östersundet and Viknässundet.

The name of the project “3/3 Harbor” expresses its major aim to unite 3 main functions in one complete entity of mix uses, public activities, trade, tourism and sustainable living. There are 3 zones, each of them is approximately 1/3 of the whole developed area named according its main characteristics.

Supporting inward movement from the outskirts to the city center and the harbor.

GROUP PROJECTAngelina GeorgievaPanagiotis Koukaroudis

3/3HARBOR

of Mariestad

0 10m 35m

Scale

1. Warehouse2. Climbing wall3. Green house and living machine4. Restaurant5. Pool bar and lockers6. Tidal pool/ Ice ska ng circuit 7. Saunas8. Sharing car parking9. Boat parking/ Camping lots10. Public Boat stop11.Public Bus stop12. Children playgrounds13. Wind mils14. Sailing club15. Container building

Wooden deck

Green Gravel pavement

Surfaces

Rip raps

Asphalt

Stone pavementWater

Bridges- ground fl oor topBridges- fi rst fl oor top

Exis ng buildingsGreen house

Second fl oor containers

Ground fl oor containers First fl oor containers

Buildings

Legend

1km0N

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IN - DEPTH PROJECT

1/3 HARBOR

The first zone is called “Harbor “, because its main function is to support the boat transportation, storage and maintenance. In this zone the existing warehouse, navigation workshop and sailing club are preserved to keep the identity of the Harbor. In the winter the harbor will be used as boat lay- up and in the summer it will function as a camping site with a lot of water sport activities.

1/3BIRD VIEW OF THE HARBOR

BOAT LAY-UP IN WINTER CAMPING SITE IN SUMMER

CLIMBING AND GRAFFITI WALL

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IN - DEPTH PROJECT

1/3 PUBLIC SPACE

The second zone “Public space” consists mainly of open space available to Mariestad residents and tourists with a lot of possibilities for recreation,cycling and walking. From the entrance to the middle it is designed as a green space with wooden deck alleys which takes the visitor to the water, so that they can enjoy the view from a distance as well as in immediate closeness to the water.

1/3THE TIDAL POOL IN WINTER

THE TIDAL POOL IN SUMMER VIEW TO THE GREENHOUSE AND TO THE WIND TURBINES

THE SAUNA HOUSES AND THE BRIDGE- PLATFORM

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IN - DEPTH PROJECT

1/3 NEIGHBORHOOD

The third zone “Neighborhood” is dense mix-used built up area with a unique appearance, because the buildings are constructed of shipping containers. It is predicted to house approximately 280people and has the characteristics of a sustainable neighborhood as it provides a variety of public services for its resident. Nevertheless, it is attractive and welcoming place for visitors all year round.

1/3INSIDE THE NEIGHBORHOOD

Interior dimensions of a containerL:12.056mW:2.347mH:2.70mFloor: 28.29sq.m

= 28.29 sq.m + 28.29sq.m =56.59 sq.m

x 118 = 236 containers for houses

x 118 = 280 (approx.) people’s capacity

DOUBLE CONTAINER MODULE

= +

or

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PUBLIC PRESENTATION

INDIVIDUAL TASK _ Repsonsible for Graphics | Flyer | CD covers | Poster

ARK465_SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014_FRANCE_PARIS_VERSAILLES

EXAMINERS & SUPERVISORS: JONAS LUNDBERG, MAGNUS PERSSON, CHARLOTTE ERDEGARD, ANGELA SASICASSISTANT TEACHER: FRANS MAGNUSSON, STIG ANTON NIELSEN, ANNA MARIA ORRU

COURSE ASSISTANT: ANNA SOFIA WANNERSKOG

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The project A.01 consists of two parts. The first is to select materials and productions processes which could be inspiring and adopted to the following design projects. From the unexpected building materials DuraPulp and FoamPulp were chosen and applied to the project A.02 entitled BoldFold. A pleated portable shelter was designed as a lightweight structure which could be an addition on rooftops, standing alone or as alternative facade material. From the unconventional building materials E.T.F.E. was chosen and applied to the project B.01 entitled O2. An innovative building envelope was designed to cover our row house proposal for the Solar Decathlon Competition 2014 France- Versailles.

PROJECT A.01

MATERIAL DATABASE AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES

TR

AD

ITIO

NA

LU

NC

ON

VE

NTIO

NA

L

UN

EX

PE

CTE

D N

EW P

RO

DU

CTI

ON

PR

OC

ESS

INDIVIDUAL TASK

1

STONE

E.T.F.E.

BEETLE SKIN

3D PRINTING OF GRADED MATERIALS

FORGED COMPOSITE

CARBON FIBRES

SELF HEALING

CONCRETE

DURA_PULP FOAM_PULP

FRACTAL GEOMETRY

COB

STRAW

FABRIC

BAMBOO

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PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | EXPLORATION | FOLDING PAPER |

The main task of the project A.02 is to develop a concept for the Team Sweden entry in Solar Decathlon 2014 Versailles France. (duration 3 weeks) The project entitled BoldFold and is a pleated canopy designed as a lightweight, easily transportable, assembled and disassembled structure. BoldFold mainly can stand alone and as an addition on rooftops or alternatively as a new facade on old buildings. The adopted fabrication techniques are folding, interlocking and laser cutting.

GROUP PROJECTMariya HasamovaPhilip HettingerPanagiotis KoukaroudisFrancesca Tassi Carboni

The principle for this prototype is having a flat surface which is hinged and create a form by erecting the structure made of identical shapes.

The principle for this prototype is having a flat surface which isn’t hinged in advance. The elements aren’t identical , hence a more interesting structure is formed.

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PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | FABRICATION TECHNIQUE |

Robotic hot wire cutting can be used to create the triangular volumes with their predefined angles. Moreover the lego negative and positives can be shaped by this process. The shapes where solar panel are placed can be made of the same proces by creating their rigid frame.

Rigid - Waterproof Exterior DuraPulp Layer : 5mmInsulation FoamPulp Layer : 1500mmRigid - Waterproof Interior DuraPulp Layer : 5mmPredefined Angle

0.16

LAYOUT OF THE PLEATED SHELLSTRUCTURE WHEN FLATTEND

INTERLOCKING-PVS’ FRAME

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PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | BUILDING PRODUCTION |

The prefabricated lightweight triangular sandwich elements and window frames are hinged together forming arches whichare erected on site using a crane. These arches are connected together forming the outer shell of the house.This construction system makes for a fast and easy assembly of the house with the need of only a minimal amount of builders.

Organizing the prefabricated pieces Fixating the pieces together with hinges. An industrial strength tape will waterproof the structure.

Constuct the arches using a crane. Assembling the arches together to form the shape of the house.

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

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PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | MATERIAL FABRICATION |

The production of a new composite material DuraPulp begun by Södra Cell in Värö in April 2008. This cellulose-fibre based material has huge potential as an alternative plastic: it is renewable, biode-gradable, highly water resistant and very strong in the same time. The same company in 2009 together with industrial research institute SIK start-ed developing FoamPulp, a cellulose fiber based material similar to DuraPulp. With small changes in the production process they aim to produce a paper that is light as well as insulating against heat, cold, and with high acoustic performance.

WET CELLULOSE FIBRESWET CELLULOSE PULP

HEAT THE MIX TO 100°CHEAT THE MIX TO 167°C

STARCH PLA, BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC MADE FROM CORNSTARCH

WATER STEAM EXPANDS

FOAM_PULPDURA_PULP

C

CH2OH

O

C H

HOH

C CH

H OH

H

OO

C

CH2OH

O

C H

HOH

C CH

H OH

H

O

C

CH2OH

O

C H

HOH

C CH

H OH

H

O

SOUND INSULATIONTHERMAL INSULATION

WATER RESISTANTNOT AFFECTED BY AIR HUMIDITY

HIGH DIMENSIONAL STABILITYHIGH BENDING STIFFNESS

HIGH MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITE SANDWICH STRUCTURAL COMPONENT

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retail store

office building

existing gym

existing market

Järntorget

car lane

car lane N

bike storage

PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | URBAN SCENARIO |

BoldFold is a building with short life span 5-15 years. Taking into consideration the contemporary way of living , people move more often due to work or study. Our build-ing addresses the demands of the this no-madic way of living and aim to meet the need of the inhabitants for 5-15 years. Then, it can be recycled. Refurbishment is not one of our goals due the short life span. BoldFolf comes as an urban parasite in mainly in urban voids creating small urban villages or urban camps. Secondary it can be added on rooftops with additional exte-rior stairs.

URBAN IMPLICATIONS

TRANSPORTATION

INHABITANTS + CLIENTS

BUILDING QUALITIES

ROOFTOPS STUDENTS

BICYCLES BIODEGRADABLE

URBAN VOIDS YOUNG COUPLES

TRAM TEMPORARY

GREEN STAIRS EMERGENCY

BUS ECONOMICBOATS ADAPTABILITY

SHARED SPACES

LAUNDRY GREENHOUSE

REAL LIFE SITUATION | GÖTEBORG

19

7.9

9.5

5.7

N

PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | ARCHITECTURE |

ROOF | The roof is a self load bearing shell, based on the folding concept. It’s entirely made out of cellulose-fibres based materials, so that the structure can be light, cheap and easy to assemble.

FURNITURE | The project investigates minimum space in our daily activities: the four modular pieces of furniture could be opened according to each moment of the day, revealing everything it’s needed.

PLAN | The interior layout is generated by the arrangement of the modules, and for this reason can vary following the needs of the inhabitants.

LIVING ROOM MODULE

BEDROOM MODULE

BATHROOM MODULE

KITCHEN MODULE

20

PROJECT A.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | CONCEPT | BOLD_FOLD | INNOVATION |

MATERIALS | The paper-cellulose based materials, DuraPulp and FoamPulp are rigid and could be used as waterproof covering, thermal and sound insulation re-spectively.

PORTABILITY | means that we designed a house which can fit in 1 shipping con-tainer or one truck, is flat when is being transported, can be easily assembled by a small group of inexperienced people. The bathroom is a “plug and play” prefabricat-ed module.

ADAPTABILITY | Windows and solar pan-els can be embedded on the canopy af-ter the assembling by changing the corre-sponding triangle. Natural illumination can be achieved and energy production can be optimized.

MA

TE

RIA

LS

PO

RTA

BIL

ITY

ADAPTABILITY

i

BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL COMPONENT

DURA_PULP & FOAM_PULP

MINIMISING TRANSPORTATIONS

BY MODERATING THE HOUSE KIT

EASY MODIFICATION OF THE CANOPY BY CHANGING THE CORRESPONDING TRIANGLES. NO CUTS, NO DEMOLISHIONS.

EASY REPLACEMENTS.

LIVING ROOM MODULE

BEDROOM MODULE

BATHROOM MODULE

KITCHEN MODULE

CANOPYMODULES

21

PROJECT B.01-B.02

22

O2 architecturePROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | ARCHITECTURE | SELECTED_VOTED PROJECT FOR SDE 2014 |

23

PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | ARCHITECTURE | URBAN CONCEPT | PRINCIPLES

GROUP PROJECTAnna EsbjörnssonHelene FlinkJames FordDaniela GonzalezHanna JohanssonPanagiotis KoukaroudisOrnella LindmarkPatrik Magnusson

The urban situation presented for the O2 has the idea of the block association, a type of private housing cooperative. Within the block you have the possibility to own a house and at the same time share several functions and spaces with your neighbors. The building methodology is adapatble to bigger scales and diffrent coditions, for example ETFE membranes span over courtyards or work as additional facades on existing buildings, creating shared in-habitable space underneath. The adaptability of the O2 house and its emphasis to sharing aspects within the block results in a sustainable urban village for both social and environmental services.

TO SHARE

BUILDING A CITY

ADAPTABLE ARCHITECTURE

THE CITY ROW HOUSE

DENSE

FLEXIBLE CAR-FREE

REUTILIZED LIGHTWEIGHTAWARENESS FAIR

ENERGYSAVINGS

LOW EMBODIED

ENERGYDIVERSE

USERFRIENDLY

GREENENERGY

CO

MM

UN

ITY

BU

ILD

ING

EN

ER

GY

24

PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | ARCHITECTURE |ON SITE |

O2’s urban concept should be visible at the competition site. We present the house in a row house scenario and devices that can be shared among the neighboring houses are placed in a separate technical box that also functions as info spot. Streets and bicycle lanes are included in the plan within the footprint of our building site as well as collective allotments.

25

PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | INNOVATION | PNEUMATIC ENVELOPE |

As a way of drastically reducintg car-bon footprint and of building with low em-bodied energy, an inflatable building en-velope does the work of glazing, structure an insulation. Integrated with an adaptable meshwork of PV cells, the building enve-lope becomes a power station.

Replaceable PV cells plug into a flexible gridded mesh

Flexible net holds the PV cells and transfers energy.

Polymer press diskRubber seal

Welded reinforcing patch

Tension cords transfer force out of the membrane and control the shape of the envelope

26

PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | SUSTAINABILITY | ON SITE |

The concept of sharing and sustainable consumption are very important in O2, and are part of the experience we want for our visitors. Hence, O2 is shows the business scenario on site, a second-hand boutique. In the greenhouse, visitors can participate in a seedling swap - bring a small plant of your own, and trade it for another. And, recharge their electric bicycles to make the uphill ride home less tedious

27Chalmers Architecture | ARK 465 Sustainable building | Esbjörnsson, Flink, Ford, Gonzalez, Johansson, Koukaroudis, Lindmark, Magnusson

PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | SUSTAINABILITY | FURNISHING |

The clt-walls are prefabricated with a perforation of small pre-drilled holes with a distance of 100 mm. Supplemented with small custom made gadgets the wall-mounted furniture can easily be moved to different locations in the house without de-stroying the coating with nails and screws. The perforation is very much a part of the interior aesthetics and makes for endless possibilities of placing the furniture. Instead of beds, O2 has bed-boxes. The bed-boxes are mobile and have integrated blinds to provide just enough privacy. Also the sides of the bed-boxes have the same perforation as the walls. Two bed-boxes can be placed next to each and instantly create a master bed.

PREFABRICATED PERFORATION OF CLT-ELEMENTS SET OF CUSTOMIZED FURNITURE

PRINCIPLE & DETAIL

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PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING | CONSTRUCTION |

Here is a collection of the most common connections in the O2 house. Wall and floor elements are designed to self-lock. This ensures air tight joints and decreases the need for steel components. At site floor elements and wall panels are post ten-sioned by tension cables running through the CLT core of each element. This makes construction and disassembly simple and fast.

1. ROOF/WALL CONNECTION

2. FLOOR - WALL

3. BASE OF WALL - FLOOR

4. FLOOR - FLOOR

5. WALL - WALL

6. ROOF

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PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING | SYSTEMS |

Heating, cooling and ventilation play major role in O2 project’s comfort performance. As long as our holistic approach is dominant, our aim is to integrate sustainable and efficient passive heating , cooling and ventilation systems with assisting mechanical systems. Our technical room is placed next to our building because the main idea is that one technical room can support more than one house in our urban village context.

District heatingUnderfloor heatingSolar gains

HEATING

Air flows from positive to negative pressure areas.

PRESSURE [+][-]

BERNULLI EFFECT

STACK EFFECT

SUMMER | Cross ventilationStack effect, Bernulli effect

HOT DOMESTIC WATERSollar collectorsWater heat exchanger

WINTER | Mechanical air heatexchanger, Trickle Vents

GREY WATER TREATMENTFlter & water tankFlushingIrrigation

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PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | MODEL | ROOF_PROTOTYPING| | | _

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PROJECT B.01-B.02

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014 | DETAIL DESIGN| O2 HOUSE | MODEL | ROOF_PROTOTYPING

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MASTER’S THESIS

MASTER PROGRAMM COORDINATOR : LENA FALKHEDENEXAMINER : KRYSTYNA PIETRZYK

SUPERVISOR : YORK OSTERMEYER

2×F(ACADE) PROPERTIES AND DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR DOUBLE-SKIN FACADES IN SWEDEN

Literature review + Energy Efficiency + Cost + Life Cycle Assessment

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2×F(ACADE)

ABSTRACT

Double-skin facades consist of two separate glass skins enclosing an intermediate space where a sunshading system is deployed. The objectives are control of solar radiation, improvement of the thermal insulation and provision of natural ventilation. Architectural firms or researchers, who are positive to double-skin facades, find them responsible for energy savings and use them as a flagship of sustainable design. On the other side there are firms and interdisciplinary teams who are skeptical because double-skin facades might not balance the capital cost with the desirable energy savings that is possible to occur by the implementation of a double-skin facade.

The goal of this master thesis is to bridge this gap between architecture and engineering by translating engineering facts in architectural choices, oriented to Swedish climate.

Main questions:1) Can double-skin facades reduce the energy demands of buildings?2) Which type of double-skin facade is more suitable in Sweden?3)How does an architect should design a double-skin facade?

In conclusion, it seems that double-skin facades are very expensive solutions with too little energy savings compared with a refurbished existing envelope. Also, these energy savings is very difficult to balance the initial investment of building a double-skin facade. In Swedish climate conditions the type which is more suitable called airflow window (AFW). Finally, if double skin facades are not properly designed they might cause more problems than resolve.

DOUBLE SKINFACADES

EXTERNAL GLASSFACADE

(MAINLY SINGLE GLAZING)

INNER GLASSFACADE

(MAINLY DOUBLE GLAZING)

INTERMEDIATE SPACE(CAVITY)

AIR DUCT IN SUMMER

NATURAL VENTILATION

IN MID-SEASONS

AIR-INLETS

THERMAL INSULATION

AIR-OUTLETS

INSTALLEDSUNSHADING SYSTEM

NO SUSHADING SYSTEM (RARE)

VENETIAN BLINDS

WOODENLOUVERS

ROLLER BLINDS

PLANTS

SOILING

WIND

RAIN

NOISE

PROTECTION AGAINST

OPENABLE WINDOWS

VENTILATION

VENTILATION

BUFFER ZONE IN WINTER

TT CECE

35

2×F(ACADE)

AIRFLOW WINDOW TYPE IN SWEDISH CONTEXT

WINTER /MID SEASONS SUMMERDuring winter and mid seasons warm air from the interior is supplied to the cavity and increase its thermal resistance. The heat of the used air is being recovered by a heat exchanger, which warms the fresh air introduced in the building through the ventilation ducts. The inner windows remain closed. The external glazing needs to be well insulated in order to maintain the accumulated heat and avoid condensation on its surface.

During summer, cool air from outside is introduced in the rooms through the system’s ducts. The warm air from the rooms is being introduced into the cavity through the open upper row of windows and due to thermal buoyancy the warm air is extracted at the top of the double skin facade. During summer nights, free cooling is possible through operable windows of the existing building. During day and night air-inlet at the bottom and air-outlet on top of the double skin facade are open.

DSF MADE OF E.T.F.E. MEMBRANE The method I followed in this M.T. consists of a literature review (11 weeks) and a small project (3 weeks) to question the materiality of double-skin facades.

The aim of the project is to compare glass and ETFE membrane and the potential reductions of the embodied energy and CO2 emissions between these two materials.

36

2×F(ACADE)

AIRFLOW WINDOW TYPE IN SWEDISH CONTEXT

52m

15m

0.90m

1.20m

51.60m

17.6

0m

20m

918m2

DSF

1 3

45

6

7

8

1

3

8

4

5

7

9

10

6

24 vertical ETFE cushions facing south: 4 layer cushions with U=1.4 W/m2K. Transparent outer layers. The middle has printed squares reducing the solar transmit-tance. The inner layer has printed the negative squares. they are pneumatically adjusted to reduce solar transmittance.

Aluminum joints

Base case office building

Steel structure

Operable louvers as air-inlets, 5% of total facade

Operable louvers as air-outlets, 5% of total facade

Cushions’ air supply unit

Heat exchanger

Perforated metallic gratings to allow sun penetration and maintenance.

9 10

2

2 12 vertical ETFE cushions facing east and west: 4 layer cushions with U=1.4 W/m2K. All layers are transparent outer layer.

37

2×F(ACADE)

SAME DSF MADE WITH GLASS AND E.T.F.E. MEMBRANEETFE DSF Weight

kg/m2Quantity

m2Total

weight(kg)

Embodiedenergy

(MJ/unit)

TotalEmbodied

energy(MJ)

GWPkgCO2eq

GWPCO2

emissions(kg)

ExternalcushionsUg=1.4W/m2K

1.2 918 1,101.6 252(MJ/m2)

231,336 109.6/m2

100,612.8

Steel structure(galvanized)**

4,061 61.05(MJ/kg)

247,924 3.59/kg 16,517.6

Transportationof ETFE **(LondonGoteborg1,596km)

1,101.6 4.65(MJ/tkm)

8,163.5 0.28/kg 491.6

TOTAL FACADE 487,423.5 117,622

Glass DSF Weightkg/m2

Quantitym2

Totalweight

(kg)

Embodiedenergy

(MJ/unit)

TotalEmbodied

energy(MJ)

GWPkgCO2eq

GWPCO2

emissions(kg)

External glassUg=1.2W/m2K

20 918 18,360 371.21(MJ/m2)

340,771 16.98/m2 15,587.7

Steel structure(galvanized)**

7,449 61.05(MJ/kg)

454,761.5 3.59/kg 26,742

Transportationof glass **(VetlandaGoteborg223 km)

18,360 4.65(MJ/tkm)

19,079.9 0.28/kg 148.9

TOTAL FACADE 814,612.4 42,478.6

250mm

120mm

120mm

50mm

120mm

900mm

50mm

50mm

STEEL STRUCTURE FOR ETFE

WEIGHT OF ETFE

EMBODIED ENERGY OF ETFE

EMBODIED ENERGY OF STEEL

TOTAL WEIGHT : 4,061KG TOTAL WEIGHT : 7,449KG

STEEL STRUCTURE FOR GLASS

WEIGHT OF GLASS

EMBODIED ENERGY OF GLASS

EMBODIED ENERGY OF STEEL

× 78parts × 13kg=920kg

918m2 × 1.2kg/m2=1101.6kg

918m2 × 252MJ/m2=231,336MJ

4,061kg × 61,5MJ/kg=247,924MJ

918m2 × 20kg/m2=18,360kg

918m2 ×371.21MJ/m2=340,771MJ

7,449kg ×61,5MJ/kg=454,761.5MJ

× 78parts × 13kg=920kg

× 173.8m × 13.40kg/m=2,398.5kg × 431.8m × 13.40kg/m=5,786.1kg

× 116.2m × 6.39kg/m=742.5kg × 116.2m × 6.39kg/m=742.5kg

DSF MADE OF GLASSDSF MADE OF E.T.F.E.

GW

P E

M.E

NER

GY

VS

CO

2

7,449kg100%

4,061kg54,5%

18,360kg100%

1,101.6kg6%

231,336MJ68%

340,771MJ100%

454,761.5M100%

247,924MJ54,5%

WEI

GH

TEM

BO

DIE

D E

NER

GY

42,478.6kgCO2eq

63.8%

117,622kgCO2eq

100%

814,612.4MJ100%

487,423.5MJ60%

STEELETFE & GLASS

15,587.7kgCO2eq

16%

100,612.8kgCO2eq

100%

38

2×F(ACADE)

AIRFLOW WINDOW TYPE MADE OF E.T.F.E. IN SWEDISH CONTEXT

The existing building’s envelope is not protected by regulation and the architectural intention is to transform the heavy massive brick envelope to lightweight, airy and transparent facade. In order to reduce the amount of materials, the simplest geometrical type of double-skin facade was applied; a multistorey facade with openings at the bottom and top. For further reduction of the weight of the supporting structure, the cavity is accessible only for maintenance reasons with metallic gratings. In case of emergency, they can be used as escaping routes where tenants can rip the external membrane and be rescued. This space is not considered as leasable area. The clear depth is approximately 650 mm and fluctuates due to the inflation of the ETFE cushions which are being used instead of glass. The total depth is about 1200 mm. The steel structure’s depth is 900 mm.

39

40

KOUKAROUDIS PANAGIOTIS

PORTFOLIO | M.Sc. DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

CHALMERS ARCHITECTURE