Political Developments of the Political Developments of the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Content Goals and Content Goals and Objectives:Objectives:

Goal 7 – Political Development in the Holy Roman Empire, England, Goal 7 – Political Development in the Holy Roman Empire, England, and France and France

The student will trace the political developments of the Holy Roman The student will trace the political developments of the Holy Roman Empire, England and France in medieval Europe.Empire, England and France in medieval Europe.– 7.05 Evaluate the reigns of the Anglo-Norman kings of England including William I, 7.05 Evaluate the reigns of the Anglo-Norman kings of England including William I,

William II, and Henry I.William II, and Henry I.– 7.06 Assess the political achievements and developments of the reigns of the 7.06 Assess the political achievements and developments of the reigns of the

Plantagenet kings including but not limited to Henry II, Richard I, John, and Edward Plantagenet kings including but not limited to Henry II, Richard I, John, and Edward I.I.

– 7.07 Judge the influence of the Magna Carta and the English Parliament on later 7.07 Judge the influence of the Magna Carta and the English Parliament on later forms of representative government.forms of representative government.

– 7.08 Trace the events of the Hundred Years’ War and Wars of the Roses.7.08 Trace the events of the Hundred Years’ War and Wars of the Roses.– 7.09 Judge the effects of the Hundred Years’ War and Wars of the Roses on later 7.09 Judge the effects of the Hundred Years’ War and Wars of the Roses on later

cultural and political developments in medieval England and Francecultural and political developments in medieval England and France– 7.10 Assess the political achievements and developments of the Capetian dynasty 7.10 Assess the political achievements and developments of the Capetian dynasty

in medieval France.in medieval France. Goal 8 – Nation-Building on the Periphery of EuropeGoal 8 – Nation-Building on the Periphery of Europe The student will trace the political developments of the nations of The student will trace the political developments of the nations of

Spain, Portugal, the Swiss Confederation, Russia, and Eastern Spain, Portugal, the Swiss Confederation, Russia, and Eastern Europe.Europe.– 8.01 Describe the political developments of medieval Spain and assess its cultural 8.01 Describe the political developments of medieval Spain and assess its cultural

distinctiveness from medieval Europe.distinctiveness from medieval Europe.– 8.02 Survey the political developments of medieval Portugal.8.02 Survey the political developments of medieval Portugal.

FranceFrance Hugh Capet (938Hugh Capet (938–996)–996) Philip II (1180–1222)Philip II (1180–1222) Philip IV (1285Philip IV (1285–1314)–1314) Most powerful kingdom Most powerful kingdom

in Europe by the 14th in Europe by the 14th centurycentury

Hugh Capet

France continuedFrance continued Beginning in the 8th century, foundations were laid for many Beginning in the 8th century, foundations were laid for many

modern European nations. Although the borders would stay modern European nations. Although the borders would stay fluid for many coming centuries, the political basis for fluid for many coming centuries, the political basis for countries like France, England, and Spain began to appear.countries like France, England, and Spain began to appear.

In 987, the Capetian dynasty assumed French rule under In 987, the Capetian dynasty assumed French rule under Hugh Capet (“capet” is a nickname meaning “wearing a Hugh Capet (“capet” is a nickname meaning “wearing a cape”). At the time, France was a collection of semi-cape”). At the time, France was a collection of semi-independent states that included Normandy, Flanders, Anjou, independent states that included Normandy, Flanders, Anjou, and Aquitaine. Capet thus had limited royal authority and the and Aquitaine. Capet thus had limited royal authority and the nobles in the territories gave him only token allegiance. nobles in the territories gave him only token allegiance.

Later, Philip II managed to bring several feudal territories Later, Philip II managed to bring several feudal territories claimed by England under French control. His military claimed by England under French control. His military successes also enabled him to gain more authority over the successes also enabled him to gain more authority over the nobility. By the reign of Philip IV (1285nobility. By the reign of Philip IV (1285–1314)–1314), France had , France had become the most powerful state in Europe.become the most powerful state in Europe.

EnglandEngland

1066: Norman Invasion1066: Norman Invasion William the Conqueror William the Conqueror

(1027(1027–1087)–1087)– Brought feudalism to Brought feudalism to

EnglandEngland Henry II (1154Henry II (1154–1189)–1189)

– Instituted a single Instituted a single common law code, common law code, unified court systemunified court system

William the Conqueror

England continuedEngland continued In 1066, the NormansIn 1066, the Normans——a French-speaking group of Viking a French-speaking group of Viking

descendants who had settled in Northern Francedescendants who had settled in Northern France——invaded invaded England and toppled the Saxon king. Under William the England and toppled the Saxon king. Under William the Conqueror, the Normans established an Anglo-Norman Conqueror, the Normans established an Anglo-Norman government that slowly integrated traditional customs of government that slowly integrated traditional customs of the region with Norman traditions. William the Conqueror the region with Norman traditions. William the Conqueror imported French-style feudalism into England.imported French-style feudalism into England.

After William’s death in 1087, England went through a time After William’s death in 1087, England went through a time of brief destabilization as his heirs fought over his titles and of brief destabilization as his heirs fought over his titles and property. The country regained its strength under Henry II property. The country regained its strength under Henry II (1154(1154–1189)–1189). Henry instituted a single common law code . Henry instituted a single common law code which applied equally to citizens; he also created a unified which applied equally to citizens; he also created a unified court system which included jury trials.court system which included jury trials.

Magna Carta (1215)Magna Carta (1215) Conflict between King John Conflict between King John

and the English nobilityand the English nobility Nobles rebelled against Nobles rebelled against

excessive taxation, forced excessive taxation, forced King John to sign the King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215Magna Carta in 1215

Limited power of the Limited power of the monarchmonarch

Formal recognition that the Formal recognition that the king was not above the lawking was not above the law

A photograph of the Magna Carta

Magna Carta continuedMagna Carta continued England experienced many instances of conflict between England experienced many instances of conflict between

the king and the nobility. The situation became critical the king and the nobility. The situation became critical under King John. In an effort to raise money for war against under King John. In an effort to raise money for war against France, John levied excessive taxes, thereby weakening his France, John levied excessive taxes, thereby weakening his support throughout the country. After John was defeated in support throughout the country. After John was defeated in France, the nobles rebelled against him and forced him to France, the nobles rebelled against him and forced him to sign the sign the Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for “great charter”), a (Latin for “great charter”), a document that guaranteed rights to nobles and document that guaranteed rights to nobles and dramatically limited the power of the king. In practice, it dramatically limited the power of the king. In practice, it meant that a “great council” made up of the king’s leading meant that a “great council” made up of the king’s leading vassals had to approve any taxes levied beyond the king’s vassals had to approve any taxes levied beyond the king’s personal revenue. In theory, the Magna Carta established personal revenue. In theory, the Magna Carta established the principle that the king was not above the law. Ordinary the principle that the king was not above the law. Ordinary English people did not benefit from this immediately, but English people did not benefit from this immediately, but over time the principles of the document were extended to over time the principles of the document were extended to protect the rights of all citizens. protect the rights of all citizens.

Development of ParliamentDevelopment of Parliament

Henry III Henry III ((12161216––1272)1272) Edward I Edward I ((12391239––1307)1307) Original parliamentOriginal parliament

– House of Lords: nobles House of Lords: nobles and church lordsand church lords

– House of Commons: House of Commons: knights and residentsknights and residents

Approved taxes, discussed Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with the policies, worked with the monarch to make lawsmonarch to make laws

Edward I

Parliament continuedParliament continued As the 13th century progressed, English kings continually As the 13th century progressed, English kings continually

needed money—especially for war. The great council, later needed money—especially for war. The great council, later called Parliament (from the French called Parliament (from the French parler, parler, meaning “meaning “to to speak”), wanted to control royal spending—and the power of speak”), wanted to control royal spending—and the power of the monarch. When Henry III resisted Parliament’s attempt the monarch. When Henry III resisted Parliament’s attempt to extend its influence, a rebellion ensued. Henry was to extend its influence, a rebellion ensued. Henry was temporarily removed and replaced by a parliament led by temporarily removed and replaced by a parliament led by one of the nobles. Henry’s son Edward I retook the throne in one of the nobles. Henry’s son Edward I retook the throne in 1265. 1265. Edward wanted to be granted the power to collect Edward wanted to be granted the power to collect more money from the people and called for two knights more money from the people and called for two knights from every county and two residents from every town to be from every county and two residents from every town to be assembled with the king’s Great Council. This was assembled with the king’s Great Council. This was considered to be England’s first representative parliament. considered to be England’s first representative parliament. Eventually, Parliament was organized into two tiers: The Eventually, Parliament was organized into two tiers: The House of Lords was made up of noblemen and church House of Lords was made up of noblemen and church leaders, while the House of Commons was comprised of leaders, while the House of Commons was comprised of knights and town residents. Parliament approved taxes, knights and town residents. Parliament approved taxes, discussed policies, and worked with the monarch to make discussed policies, and worked with the monarch to make laws.laws.

Italian CityItalian City-S-Statestates Many city-states Many city-states

on the Italian on the Italian peninsulapeninsula

Changed hands Changed hands often; controlled often; controlled at times by at times by Germanic tribes, Germanic tribes, Byzantines, and Byzantines, and the Frenchthe French

Rome and the Rome and the Papal States Papal States remained remained importantimportant

Medieval Italy

Italy continuedItaly continued After the fall of the Roman Empire, the After the fall of the Roman Empire, the

various states located on the Italian various states located on the Italian peninsula remained independent of one peninsula remained independent of one another. Often referred to as “city-states” another. Often referred to as “city-states” because many comprised an area only as because many comprised an area only as large as a single city, these territories large as a single city, these territories were sometimes controlled by Germanic were sometimes controlled by Germanic tribes and at other times under the rule of tribes and at other times under the rule of the Byzantines or the French. One of the the Byzantines or the French. One of the few exceptions was the Papal States, few exceptions was the Papal States, which included the city of Rome. This area which included the city of Rome. This area remained important due to its location as remained important due to its location as the headquarters of the Catholic Church.the headquarters of the Catholic Church.

Islam in EuropeIslam in Europe

Islamic forces Islamic forces took control of took control of Spain in the Spain in the early 8th early 8th centurycentury

Muslim Muslim innovationsinnovations– AgricultureAgriculture– ArchitecturArchitectur

ee– Math and Math and

sciencescience

Great Mosque of Córdoba

Islam in Europe continuedIslam in Europe continued Islam had arisen on the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th century and had Islam had arisen on the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th century and had

continued to spread after the death of Muhammad, its founder, in 632. continued to spread after the death of Muhammad, its founder, in 632. Under the leadership of the Umayyad dynasty, Islamic territory expanded Under the leadership of the Umayyad dynasty, Islamic territory expanded into Europe: by 710 they controlled North Africa, and in 711 they moved into Europe: by 710 they controlled North Africa, and in 711 they moved across the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded the Iberian Peninsula (modern-across the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal). By 725, Muslims controlled most of Spain, with day Spain and Portugal). By 725, Muslims controlled most of Spain, with the city of Córdoba acting as the Muslim “capitol.” the city of Córdoba acting as the Muslim “capitol.”

Muslim innovations had a significant impact on Spain. In agriculture, the Muslim innovations had a significant impact on Spain. In agriculture, the Muslims introduced new crops such as oranges, dates, and rice, as well as Muslims introduced new crops such as oranges, dates, and rice, as well as new methods of irrigation that significantly improved productivity. Muslim new methods of irrigation that significantly improved productivity. Muslim architects introduced new designs that would influence building in Spain architects introduced new designs that would influence building in Spain for years. Numerous mosques and palaces were built, including the for years. Numerous mosques and palaces were built, including the Alhambra in Granada and the Great Mosque at Córdoba, which was Alhambra in Granada and the Great Mosque at Córdoba, which was constructed with a complex interior consisting of a multitude of low, constructed with a complex interior consisting of a multitude of low, rounded arches made of alternating black and white stones. In addition, rounded arches made of alternating black and white stones. In addition, Arabic knowledge in science, mathematics, and medicine was far superior Arabic knowledge in science, mathematics, and medicine was far superior to anything in Europe at the time. For example, Arabic numerals (i.e., 1, to anything in Europe at the time. For example, Arabic numerals (i.e., 1, 2 ,3, instead of the Roman I, II, III) became the standard in algebra, 2 ,3, instead of the Roman I, II, III) became the standard in algebra, mathematics, astronomy, and physics; the Muslims also introduced the mathematics, astronomy, and physics; the Muslims also introduced the concept of “zero” to Europe.concept of “zero” to Europe.

The The ReconquistaReconquista of Spain of Spain Muslims ruled the Muslims ruled the

Iberian Peninsula for Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 yearsnearly 800 years

Reconquista: Reconquista: Struggle between Struggle between Christians and Christians and Muslims to control Muslims to control SpainSpain

718718–1492–1492 King Ferdinand of King Ferdinand of

Aragon and Isabella Aragon and Isabella of Castile of Castile

Isabella and Ferdinand

The The ReconquistaReconquista continued continued The Iberian peninsula was dominated by the The Iberian peninsula was dominated by the

Muslims for nearly 800 years, a rule which began Muslims for nearly 800 years, a rule which began in the 8th century. The in the 8th century. The ReconquistaReconquista—the struggle —the struggle between Christians and Muslims to control the between Christians and Muslims to control the territory—territory—happened across several centuries, happened across several centuries, from 718 to 1492. Over this time, Christian forces from 718 to 1492. Over this time, Christian forces slowly pushed the Muslims to the south. The slowly pushed the Muslims to the south. The ReconquistaReconquista left Spain divided, as each region left Spain divided, as each region would develop a separate government after would develop a separate government after gaining their autonomy from the Muslims. The gaining their autonomy from the Muslims. The majority of Spain was finally unified under King majority of Spain was finally unified under King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile with the final expulsion of the Muslims in 1492.with the final expulsion of the Muslims in 1492.

The Hundred Years’ War: The Hundred Years’ War: CausesCauses

The Hundred Years’ The Hundred Years’ War: 1337War: 1337–1453–1453

Struggles between Struggles between French and English French and English royal families over royal families over who would rule either who would rule either countrycountry

Conflicts over Conflicts over territory, tradeterritory, trade

English ruler Edward III

The Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’ War continuedcontinued

The Hundred Years’ War was a consequence of the growth The Hundred Years’ War was a consequence of the growth of medieval France and England. When William the of medieval France and England. When William the Conqueror became king of England, he tied the nobility of Conqueror became king of England, he tied the nobility of France to the nobility of England. As a result, tensions France to the nobility of England. As a result, tensions mounted over the years regarding who had the right to rule mounted over the years regarding who had the right to rule either country. The English and French had also become either country. The English and French had also become competitors in many economic pursuits, in particular the competitors in many economic pursuits, in particular the wool trade and control of Flemish towns vital to the wool wool trade and control of Flemish towns vital to the wool trade.trade.

Trouble began when the English claimed Aquitaine, a region Trouble began when the English claimed Aquitaine, a region in the south of France. In 1329, Edward III of England paid in the south of France. In 1329, Edward III of England paid homagehomage—a fee——a fee—for Aquitaine to the king of France. When for Aquitaine to the king of France. When Philip VI took over Aquitaine in 1337, however, Edward Philip VI took over Aquitaine in 1337, however, Edward responded by invading France, thus beginning a series of responded by invading France, thus beginning a series of intermittent wars that would last for 116 years.intermittent wars that would last for 116 years.

The Hundred Years’ War: The Hundred Years’ War: BattlesBattles

England had England had early victoriesearly victories

The French The French eventually eventually expelled the expelled the British from British from mainland Europemainland Europe

English military English military innovation: the innovation: the archerarcher

The Battle of Crecy, the first major battle of the Hundred Years’ War

Battles continuedBattles continued The Hundred Years’ War started with several The Hundred Years’ War started with several

English victories. Many historians divide the English victories. Many historians divide the Hundred Years’ War into four phases: two phases Hundred Years’ War into four phases: two phases featured English success, each followed by the featured English success, each followed by the French rallying to push the English out of their French rallying to push the English out of their lands. The war ended in 1453 when the French lands. The war ended in 1453 when the French finally expelled the English from mainland finally expelled the English from mainland Europe.Europe.

The English use of skilled archers during the war The English use of skilled archers during the war proved to be influential to technology of the time. proved to be influential to technology of the time. It was highly effective when used against knights, It was highly effective when used against knights, whose slow, bulky armor couldn’t provide whose slow, bulky armor couldn’t provide sufficient defense in the face of a multiple arrow sufficient defense in the face of a multiple arrow attack.attack.

Legacy of the Medieval EraLegacy of the Medieval Era Transitional periodTransitional period New kingdoms New kingdoms

evolvedevolved The Church became a The Church became a

dominant forcedominant force Modern institutions Modern institutions

originatedoriginated

Legacy continuedLegacy continued The medieval era is considered a transitional period between the The medieval era is considered a transitional period between the

ancient classical world and the Renaissance. Immediately after the ancient classical world and the Renaissance. Immediately after the fall of Rome, Europe disintegrated into a number of small kingdoms fall of Rome, Europe disintegrated into a number of small kingdoms and states. Throughout the period, however, new kingdoms and states. Throughout the period, however, new kingdoms gradually evolved into statesgradually evolved into states—England, France, and Spain, for —England, France, and Spain, for example.example.

The Catholic Church expanded its influence throughout western The Catholic Church expanded its influence throughout western Europe, with little to challenge its dominance, although issues such Europe, with little to challenge its dominance, although issues such as the Inquisition and the Crusades may have diminished its as the Inquisition and the Crusades may have diminished its prestige.prestige.

Despite the popular view of medieval Europe as the “Dark Ages,” Despite the popular view of medieval Europe as the “Dark Ages,” many modern institutions originated during this time, including many modern institutions originated during this time, including uuniversities, the parliamentary form of government, and banks. niversities, the parliamentary form of government, and banks. What historians often refer to as “modern Europe” was beginning What historians often refer to as “modern Europe” was beginning to take shape by the end of the 15th century. The emergence of to take shape by the end of the 15th century. The emergence of modern Europe would be shaped by other factors as well—the modern Europe would be shaped by other factors as well—the Renaissance, the Reformation, and global exploration over the next Renaissance, the Reformation, and global exploration over the next two centuries.two centuries.