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Consolida)ng Power Poli%cal Forma%ons in Eastern Europe:
Hansea%c league – union of northern German towns for mutual defense & trade – linked the Bal)c with Russia, Norway, Bri)sh Isles, France, & Italy
Poland: -‐ grew and prospered during 14th century due to Jewish & German migrants
-‐ Joined with Lithuania to become a vast empire
Powerful States in Western Europe -‐ Spain:
-‐ Created by the union of Isabella of Cas%le and Ferdinand of Aragon, 1469
-‐ They created a bureaucracy to poli)cally & economically unite the region
-‐ Burgundy:
-‐ Filled the gap between France & Germany
-‐ created by statecraL – not culturally or geographically united
-‐ Included French, German, & Dutch speakers
-‐ Divided up between France & HRE aLer the royal line failed in 1477
France: -‐ Louis XI: -‐ annexed parts of Burgundy -‐ Maintained the first standing army in Western Europe
-‐ Gained influence from concessions from the Papacy
-‐ Pragma%c Sanc%on of Bourges – 1438 – France created Gallican Church – French crown controlled church revenue, elec)on of bishops
England: -‐ War of the Roses – lengthy civil war – had liZle effect on countryside, economy
-‐ Henry VII – Tudor victor of War of the Roses -‐
-‐ English cloth industry flourished
-‐ Landed nobility prospered from rents paid by the growing popula)on
Republics The Swiss Confedera%on :
-‐ An alliance of ci)es aligned against the HRE
-‐ Dominated by wealthy merchants and traders
-‐ Never ruled by a king or noble – became a symbol of republican freedom
-‐Republic of Venice:
-‐ An extensive empire by 1400 – merchant ships plied the Black & Med seas, Atl. ocean -‐ Peace of Lodi, 1454 – ended fight with Milan for control of N. Italy
-‐ Ruled by “The Doge” – an elected magistrate rather than a noble
-‐ Avoided class warfare by administering to the needs created by its swamp environ.
-‐ Major center of the Renaissance, influenced by contact w/ Byz & OZ cultures
-‐ Florence:
-‐ Ini)ally a republic like Venice
-‐ A turbulent society marked by poli)cal in-‐figh)ng -‐ Upper classes eventually monopolized power by 1380’s
-‐ 1434 – Medici family came to power
-‐ Cosimo de’Medici – Patriarch of Medici – controlled Florence
-‐ Family owned bank that handled Papal finances, had numerous Euro branches
-‐ Lorenzo “The Magnificent” de-‐Medici – patron of the arts in Florence
-‐ Republic fell when the Medici declared themselves Dukes of Florence
The doge’s palace, Venice
The Duomo, Florence
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Cosimo de Medici
The Tools of Power
-‐ Florence -‐ a census was conducted to catalog the wealth of the ci)zenry so the Gov’t could know it, tax it, and administer it
Catasto – the Floren)ne census created to tax the wealth of the people – iden)fied family members, marital status property, investments, livestock, expenses
-‐ The above tac)c was used in a variety of ways by the rulers of England, France, and Spain to build strong central governments
Spain – F & I’s campaign against Muslims & Jews:
-‐ Wealth, power, & intelligence gathered via the above methods empowered F & I to carry out their social & cultural agenda of religious uniformity & purity
-‐ Conversos – Jews who had converted to Chris)anity aLer a series of massacres in 1391
-‐ The tag stuck to succeeding genera)ons despite being born & bap)zed as Chris)an -‐ Many conversos rose to posi)ons of power, sparking envy
-‐ Local massacres of conversos were supported by F & I, who created the Spanish Inquisi)on courts to punish them
-‐ Conquest of Grenada – F & I conquered Grenada, the last foothold of Islam on the Iberian Peninsula
-‐ 1502 – F & I expelled all Muslims who refused to convert to Chris)anity
Conversos fleeing Spain