pm in sweden hc hansson and christer johansson itm, stockholm university
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PM in Sweden
HC Hansson and Christer Johansson
ITM, Stockholm University
Questions addressedQ1. Are there significant differences in the PM climate across Europe?
Q2. To what extent is PM a transboundary problem?
Q3. How well do we understand the major PM components and their origins?
Q4. How important are natural PM sources?
Q5. To what extent do sources outside of Europe contribute to European PM?
Q6. How important is regional PM for urban PM levels?
Q7. How well can we link sources to observed PM levels with atmospheric models?
Q8. How large are the uncertainties in PM measurements and model predictions?
Q9. What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM?
Are there significant differences in the PM climate across Sweden?
Fitted trendline for regional background
y = 18.82e-0.001004x
R2 = 0.999
Fitted trendline for urban background
y = 24.90e-0.0007723x
R2 = 0.694
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
South - North distance (km)
PM
10 (m
g /
m3 )
Urban background mean Regional background mean Expon. (Regional background mean) Expon. (Urban background mean)
Regional background
Urban background
Curb side Stockholm
0
100
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400
08-feb 10-feb 12-feb 14-feb 16-feb 18-feb 20-feb 22-feb 24-feb 26-feb 28-feb
PM
10 µ
g/m
3 NorrlandsgatanSveavägen
Hornsgatan
0
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08-feb 10-feb 12-feb 14-feb 16-feb 18-feb 20-feb 22-feb 24-feb 26-feb 28-feb
Date
NO
x µ
g/m
3
Road dust
In a small village up north
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24 mar 25 mar 26 mar 27 mar 28 mar 29 mar
Ko
nc
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g/m
³
PM10 PM2.5
Wood combustion during ground inversion cause large exceedances
To what extent is PM a transboundary problem?
• About 5300 premature deaths in Sweden due to anthropogenic PM. Life span reduction of up to 10 months (Forsberg et al., Ambio 2005)
• More than 70% of premature deaths and life span reduction are due to regional long distance transport of air pollutants.
• Influence of long distance transport are likely to be the same for all countries situated in the European air pollution plume. Similarly the influence of LTRAP should be significant in central Europe.
How well do we understand the major PM components and their origins?
SulfateNitrateAmmonium
? OC/EC? Minerals? WaterAbout 50% of PM not well understood.
How important are natural PM sources?
• 10 000 measurements over 6 years of size distribution connected with air mass trajectories over background areas gives mass increase to compare with calculated terpene emissions.
• Facilitates validation of modeling of BSOC
Tunved et al., Science 2006
OC concentrations according to EMEP
To what extent do sources outside of Europe contribute to European PM?
Rather turn the question around.
To what extent do sources in Europe contribute to outside European PM?
How important is regional PM for urban PM levels?
Fitted trendline for regional background
y = 18.82e-0.001004x
R2 = 0.999
Fitted trendline for urban background
y = 24.90e-0.0007723x
R2 = 0.694
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
South - North distance (km)
PM
10 (m
g /
m3 )
Urban background mean Regional background mean Expon. (Regional background mean) Expon. (Urban background mean)
50- 80% is regional PM
10
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30
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Co
nc
. (µ
g/m
³)
Rural
Urban background
Kerb side
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Co
nc
. (µ
g/m
³)
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Day of month
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Co
nc
. (µ
g/m
³)
PM2.5 at regional background, roof top and curb side sites.
Regional background dominates even at curb side!!
RBG AspvretenRoof StockholmCurb Stockholm
October 22 -31, 1999
RBG
Roof
Street
How well can we link sources to observed PM levels with models?
Sources of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium
? Sources of OC/EC, minerals
? Water complicates closure of chemistry and mass
Closure of chemistry and mass needed to link PM with sources
How large are the uncertainties in PM measurements and model predictions?
Only measurements of PM and modeling of PM not useful!!
Major components have to be measured and modeled to ensure acceptable accuracy in source – receptor relations!
• Acceptable for sulfate, nitrate and ammonium• OC/EC no standard either for sampling nor
analysis• Water neither measured nor well modelled
Measurements badly needed!!!
What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the
assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM?
PM MonitoringBackground Super Sites (EUSAAR)
Aerosol parameters for Air Quality and Climate purposes
EUSAAR Kick-off Meeting, 19-21 April 2006, Clermont-Ferrand, France
EUSAAR Overview
National support to ongoing effort EUSAAR
What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the
assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM?
• Establishing urban super sites related to cohorts established for FP7 epidemiological studies to come.
What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic
scientific understanding for the assessment of the health and
climate impacts of PM?
EUCAARIEuropean Integrated Project on
Aerosol - Climate - Air Quality
Interactions
Thank you