photography - image editor

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Modul

PHOTOGRAPHY

Combining Digital Photography

into Multimedia Presentation

Image Editor - Photoshop

By : M. Taufik, ST.

AMIR HAMZAH VOCATIONAL SCHOOL

2012

PREFACE


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Module entitled "Photography - Combine Digital Photography into Multimedia Presentation" is

a teaching material that is used as a guide practicum training participants Vocational School

(SMK) to form one part of the competency areas of expertise in Information and

Communications Technology Multimedia Skills Program.

This module describes the steps that necessary to perform Digital Photography Technique

starting from the Photography Introduction, using Digital Camera, combining Digital Image

and Creating Digital Image art.

This module is linked with other modules that discuss the Combining Audio into a Multimedia

Presentation. Therefore, before using this module participants have taken the required training

module.

Indrapura, Juni 2012

Author,

M. Taufik, ST.


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MAP OF MODULE

PASS FROM

VOCATION

HIGH

SCHOOL

JUNIOR

HIGHSCHOOL

&

EQUAL

TO IT

A

C

AD

E

F

B

G I

H

J

K

L

M

N

Q

O

R

S

T


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DESCRIPTION :

A Preparing Proposals

B Understanding the Production Process Flow OF Multimedia Products

C Assembling Personal Computer

D Understanding Etymology of Multimedia

E Create and Manage Web Pages

F Applying the Techniques of Production Shooting

G Caring for Multimedia Equipments

H Perform Basic Operating System Installation

I Create Key Animation

J Stop-Motion

K Mastering How to Draw a Clean-Up and Insert

LApplying the Principles of Graphic Arts in Visual Communication Designfor Multimedia

M Combining Text in Multimedia Presentation

N Combining 2D Images into a Multimedia Presentation

O Combine Digital Photography into a Multimedia Presentation

P Health and Safety, and Environmental in Working

Q Combining Audio into a Multimedia Presentation

R Creating a Storyboard Multimedia Applications

S Explains the Basic Lighting

T Applying Special Effects to the Object of Productive


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GLOSSARY

instant camera- a camera producing finished pictures, directly from the camera within a short

time of taking.

lens- One or more glass elements used to focus an image onto the focal plane.

lomography- movement that promotes (and exploits) the use of Lomo cameras (predominantlythe LC-a) and a "shoot from the hip" attitude.

medium format- A film format larger than35mmbut smaller than large format (typically120film) wound onto spools.

metering- measuring the amount of light for an exposure.

monopod- A one-legged camera support.

parallax- An effect in photography where the image seen in the viewfinder is not the same asthe image seen through the lens, due to the viewfinder being slightly apart from the lens.

point-and-shoot- Camera designed to eliminate the user's need to make focus and exposuresettings.

red eye- an unwanted effect achievable with a flash near the lens, common withcompact

cameras, where eyes appear to have red dots. This comes from the flash reflecting back from theeye's retina.

RGB- Red/Green/Blue - a method of representing colours in a digital image.

shutter- The mechanism that opens and closes to make an exposure.

tripod- camera support with 3 legs.

viewfinder- The part of a camera you look through when composing your shot.

wide-angle lens- a lens whose focal length is less than the "normal" length for the film format.

zoom lens- a lens that adjusts to cover a range of focal lengths.
http://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Instant_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Instant_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lenshttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lenshttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lomographyhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lomographyhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Medium_formathttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Medium_formathttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/35mmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/35mmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/35mmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/120_filmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/120_filmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/120_filmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/120_filmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Meterhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Meterhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tripod#Monopodhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tripod#Monopodhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Parallaxhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Parallaxhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Point-and-shoothttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Point-and-shoothttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Red_eyehttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Red_eyehttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/RGBhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/RGBhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Shutterhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Shutterhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tripodhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tripodhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lens#Wide-anglehttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lens#Wide-anglehttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lens#Zoomhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lens#Zoomhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lens#Zoomhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lens#Wide-anglehttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tripodhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Shutterhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/RGBhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Red_eyehttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Point-and-shoothttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Parallaxhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tripod#Monopodhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Meterhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/120_filmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/120_filmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/35mmhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Medium_formathttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lomographyhttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Lenshttp://camerapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Instant_camera


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TABLE OF CONTENT

FRONT COVER

INSIDE COVER

PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... i

MAP OF MODULE .................................................................................................................... ii

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................. iv

TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................. v

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 7

A. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................ 7B. PREREQUISTEST ........................................................................................................... 7C. INSTRUCTION FOR USE MODULE

a. For Student .............................................................................................................. 7b. For Teacher .............................................................................................................. 8

D. FINAL DESTINATION ................................................................................................. 8E. STANDARD of COMPETENCE .................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER 2. LEARNING ...................................................................................................... 11

A. STUDENT LEARNING PLANB. LEARNING ACTIVITY ................................................................................................. 12

1. Learning activity : Using Digital Camera .............................................................. 12a. The purpose of Learning

b. Description of Learning Activity ...................................................................... 12Image Editor Software

1. Choosing Digital Image Editor Application ........................................... 122. Insert Digital Image into Image Editor Application .............................. 403. Photo Editing & Post-Processing .............................................................. 444. Image Correction ........................................................................................ 555. Saving Image ............................................................................................... 70

c. Summary ............................................................................................................... 88d. Task ........................................................................................................................ 88e. Formative test ...................................................................................................... 88f.

Answer ................................................................................................................... 88


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CHAPTER 3. EVALUATION ................................................................................................ 90

A. TASK ................................................................................................................................ 90B. EVALUATION CRITERIA ............................................................................................ 91

CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 92

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 93


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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

A. DESCRIPTION TITLEModule entitled "Photography - Combine Digital Photography into Multimedia Presentation" is

a teaching material that is used as a guide practicum training participants Vocational School

(SMK) to form one part of the competency areas of expertise in Information and

Communications Technology Multimedia Skills Program.

This module describes the steps that necessary to perform Digital Photography Technique

starting from the Photography Introduction, using Digital Camera, combining Digital Image

and Creating Digital Image art.

This module is linked with other modules that discuss the Combining Audio into a Multimedia

Presentation. Therefore, before using this module participants have taken the required training

module.

B. PREREQUISITE

Before continue this module participants have taken the required training module. To continue

the next module, participant have to pass this module.

C. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF MODULE

1. Instructions for Participant Training

Training participants are expected to play an active role and interact with learning resources

that can be used, because it must consider the following matters:

a.Learning steps to be taken

1. Prepare tools and materials!2. Please read carefully the description of the material in each learning activity!3. Watch for job steps in any learning activities before working, if not clearly ask the

instructor!

4. Return all equipment used practice!


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b.Equipment must be Prepared

To support the safety and smoothness of task/ work to be done, then prepare all equipment

needed, learn this first module and books that support.

c.Training Results

Training participants are able to Using Camera operation task to perform in accordance

with the manufacture of Using Camera procedures.

2. Role of Teachers

Teachers who will teach this module should prepare the best possible strategy of including

aspects of learning, mastery of the material, selection of methods, tools and media learningtools.

Teachers must prepare a draft learning strategy that is able to realize the training participants

were actively involved in the process of achievement/ mastery of competencies that have been

programmed. Preparation of draft learning strategy refers to the performance criteria (KUK)

in each sub-competencies that exist in GBPP.

D. Final DestinationTraining participants able to perform using camera and image editing process according to the

procedures.


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BASIC

COMPETENCEINDICATOR

LEARNING

MATERIALLEARNING ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT

TIME ALLOCATION MATERIALSOURCETM PS PI

1. Using DigitalCamera

Digital CameraOperatedCorrectly

Viewing inputand output by

Tools andFirmwareFeatures

Viewing editingsoftware andfeatures correctly

Digital image issaved andviewed byavailable imageformat

UsingDigitalCamera

Understanding ManualInstruction of Digital Camera

Observe Turn On Cameraprocess according procedure

Perceiving Turn on processIdentify buttons on cameraUnderstanding button functionUnderstanding camera menus

and featuresUnderstanding focus and

lighting effectsConfigure Exposures,

resolution, lighting, brightnessand contrast to produce image

Shooting image correctlyConvert digital image into any

available formatCopying image that saved in

digital camera to any othermedia storage and format.

Written Test Verbal Test Practical Test Product Observation

2 4(8) - Digital Camera Manual

Instruction Camera

Handbook Additional book Computer Internet

2. Combine digitalimage intomultimediapresentation

Creating digitalimage usingimage editorsoftware

Edit digital imageand save imageusing imageeditor software

Digital image isCombined intomultimediapresentation

DigitalImage and2D GraphicArt

Choosing multimedia imageeditor software

Operating image editorsoftware

Inserting digital imagePerform image editing processCorrecting and configuring

digital imageCombining digital image into

multimedia presentationEvaluate editing result as

presentation display


Digital Camera Manual

Instruction Camera


E. STANDARD of COMPETENCE


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Edited imageevaluated andinterpreted asfinal result andviewed asmultimediapresentation

Saving digital image into anyavailable format

3. Create DigitalImage and 2DGraphic Art

Creating DigitalArt andmodifying image.

DigitalImage and2D GraphicArt

Operating digital image editorsoftware

Load Digital ImageArrange digital image, adjust

correction to be printed asrelevan procedure

Saving digital image into anyavailable format


Digital Camera Manual

Instruction Camera



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CHAPTER 2 : LEARNING

A. Student Learning Plan

No Type of Activity Date Place Time ChangeInstructors

initials

1 Using Digital Camera Class

2Combine digital image into

multimedia presentation

Lab

3Create Digital Image and 2D

Graphic ArtLab


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B. Learning Activity

1.

Choosing Digital Image Editor Application

The are many image editor softwares that use to edit image, such as Adobe Photoshop, GIMP,

Ulead Photo Impact, etc. Adobe Photoshop is the one of professional image editor software to

edit and manipulate image (image-editing).

a. Adobe Photoshop : Introduction

Choosing Adobe Photoshop as image editor in this modul because this application have

been used by many professional photographers to enhance image that captured by digital

camera. This application also easy to use and have many feature to edit and manipulate

images. Adobe Photoshop is a very powerful and versatile image editing/graphics creation

application that is the industry standard in its category. Though Photoshops interface is

intuitive enough for an absolute beginner to learn basic image editing tasks such as

cropping and resizing, to be able to fully master and utilize all of its tools takes a

considerable amount of time.

b. The Photoshop WorkspacePhotoshops out of the box workspace consists of the following components:

Menu Bar You will probably already be familiar with the menu bar from otherprograms. This runs across the top of your Photoshop window, and contains various

menu options for Photoshops tools.


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Options Bar The options bar sits beneath the menu bar and holds contextualizedoptions for different tools. It also contains the workspace menu, where you can save and

load arrangements of palettes.

Toolbox By default, the toolbox sits to the left of your Photoshop window, andcontains shortcuts to Photoshop tools.

Palettes Individual panes that hold information or options for working with yourfile, known as palettes (or panels), float on the right-hand side. Each palette is labeled

with a tab, and can be minimized, closed, grouped with other palettes, or dragged in and

out of a panel dock. In the example that follows, the Navigator palette contains a

thumbnail of the image that allows you to zoom in or out of the image quickly, and to

change the part of the image displayed on the screen.

Document Windows Each open document has its own document window with astatus bar along the bottom. The status bar sits to the right of the zoom percentage

displayed in the bottom left-hand corner, and displays information thats specific to the

document.


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c. Working in PhotoshopNow that youve been introduced to the Photoshop workspace and have a basic idea of

where everything is, lets getting started.

Creating New Documents

You can create a new document by selecting File > New from the menu bar, or pressing

the keyboard shortcut Ctrl-N on a PC or Command-N on a Mac. The New dialog boxwill appear,where you can specify the document size and other settings.

Opening FilesOpen files by selecting File > Open from the menu bar, or pressing Ctrl-O (Command-O

on a Mac). You can select and open multiple files by holding down Ctrl (Command on a

Mac) and clicking on all the files you require in the file dialog box.

Saving Files


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Save a file by selecting File > Save, or pressing Ctrl-S. For a newly-created document, this

will save your work in Photoshop Document (PSD) format. If you would prefer to save a

copy of the document, you can use File > Save As or pressing Ctrl-Shift-S instead.

Snappy Presets

If youre designing for a web site with a minimum screen size of 800600 pixels, Id

recommend you start with a 750550 pixel document. The smaller dimensions give

you a better estimate of your actual screen area after you take into account scroll bars

and menu bars. Also, be sure to set the resolution at 72dpi to reflect the actual screen

resolution. If you want easy access to these dimensions for other new documents, its

probably a good idea to click Save Preset and give the settings a name like Web Page.

The next time you create a new document, you will be able to load your Web Page

settings from the Preset list.

Saving Files for the Web

Photoshop files themselves cant be embedded into a web page. You will need to export

your file and save it in a web-friendly format. There are three formats for web graphics:

GIFs, JPEGs, and PNGs.

GIF

The GIF format (pronounced jiff or giff depending on which side of the tracks you

grew up) can have a maximum of 256 colors. GIF files support transparency and

animation, and work best with graphics that have large areas of the same color, as

shown in the logo below.

JPEG

The JPEG format (pronounced jay-peg), works best with photographic images or

images that have more than 256 colors and gradients, such as the flower on the opposite


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page. Images saved in JPEG format are compressed, which means that image

information will actually be lost, causing the image to degrade in quality.

PNG

The PNG format (pronounced ping) is similar to the GIF format in that it supports

transparency and works best with solid-color images like the logo shown to the right,

but its superior to the GIF format as it has the ability to support true levels of

transparency for colored areas. Transparent PNGs are currently not in widespread useon the Web because older versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer do not support them;

however, theyre often used in Macromedia Flash movies. PNGs can produce a better

quality image at a smaller file size than can GIFs. Photoshop allows you to save an

image as a PNG-8 file (which works the same way as a GIF would with 256 colors) or a

PNG-24 file (which allows for millions of colors as well as variable transparency).

GIF/PNG-8

Colors Adjusting this setting reduces the number of colors used in the image. Thiswill usually make the biggest difference in the final image.

Dither Amount and Type (No Dither, Diffusion, Pattern, Noise) This setting hasnothing to do with being nervous or agitated (although its quite possible that you

may have been a few moments

ago!). Dither refers to acompression technique in which

the pattern of dots is varied to

give the illusion of a color

gradient. Changing the dither will


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result in a more noticeable degradation for images that involve a large number of

colors blended together.

TransparencyIf you want transparent areas in your graphic, check this box. Welllook more closely at transparency in Chapter 2.

Matte Color For transparent images, the matte color is used to help blend the edgesof your image into the background of the web page. For non-transparent images, the

matte color defines the background color of the image. Using matte color with

transparent images is covered in more detail in Chapter 2.

JPEG

Quality Changing the value in the Quality drop-down box alters the level of

compression for the image. Reducing the quality may result in blurring or pixelation,

but too high a setting will produce a large file that will take users too long to download.

A good approach is to decrease the quality value gradually until you notice the

degradation of your image becoming unacceptable. A reasonable compromise will be

somewhere around this point.

d. Photoshop Layers


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Layers are a powerful feature of Photoshop that allow you to work on one part of an

image without disturbing the rest of it. While the concept of layers may seem

intimidating at first, once you get the hang of using layers youll wonder how you ever

survived without them! The examples on the next page show how the layers in thePhotoshop document to the right stack together.

The transparent parts of any layer, shown by the checkered grid, allow the layers

beneath that layer to show through.

You can show and hide each layer in an image by clicking on its corresponding eye icon

in the Layers palette, as shown at the bottom of the following page.

To organize your layers, you can arrange them into layer groups by going to Layer >

New > Group


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Change the transparency of a layer by changing its opacity with the Opacity slider, ortyping a value into the Opacity box (which is visible when you have the Selection,

Move, or Crop tools selected).

Duplicate a selected layer by pressing Ctrl-J (Command-J on a Mac). You can alsoduplicate a layer by dragging it while pressing the Alt (Option) key.

Select multiple layers by holding down Ctrl (Command on a Mac) and clicking thelayer names. This forms a temporary link between the selected layers that allows youto move them as one unit, delete them all, and so on.

You can also link layers together. Select layers by clicking on them while holdingdown Shift or Ctrl (Command on a Mac). Once you have selected all the layers you

wish to link, click the Link Layers button at the bottom-left of the Layers palette

(signified by the chain). Linking layers allows the link relationship to remain even

after you select a different layer (unlike the process of simply selecting multiple

layers).

To unlink all the layers, select one of the linked layers and go to Layer > UnlinkLayers. To unlink a single layer, select the layer you wish to remove from the link and

click its corresponding link icon; the other layers will stay linked. To temporarily


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unlink a layer, hold down Shift and click on its link icon (a red X will appear over

the link icon). Reactivate the link by holding down Shift and clicking the link icon

again.

Rearrange layers by dragging the layer above or below other layers. Use the movedown shortcut Ctrl-[ (Command-[ on a Mac) and the "move up" shortcut Ctrl-]

(Command-]) to move selected layers up and down. Shift-Ctrl-[ and Shift-Ctrl-] (Shift-

Command-[ and Shift-Command-] on a Mac) will bring layers to the very top or the

very bottom of the stack.

Select a layer by using the keyboard shortcuts Alt-[ and Alt-] (Option-[ and Option-]on a Mac). These keystrokes let you move up and down through the layers in theLayers palette.

Create a new layer by pressing Shift-Ctrl-N (Shift-Command-N on a Mac). This willbring up the New Layer dialog box. Want to create new layers quickly without

having to deal with the dialogue box? Simply press Shift-Ctrl-Alt-N (Shift-Command-

Option-N).

Merge a layer into the one beneath it by pressing Ctrl-E (Command-E). If you have

selected layers, this shortcut will merge those selected layers together.

Quick Keyboard Shortcuts

Naturally, most of the tools in the toolbox have a keyboard shortcut.

You can learn each tools shortcut by hovering your cursor over a tool

for a few seconds: a tooltip box will appear, displaying the name of the

tool and its shortcut. If additional tools are available in the flyout menu,

you can cycle through them by pressing Shift-[keyboard shortcut].

Keyboard shortcuts can save you valuable time pressing V to

bring up the Move Tool is certainly a lot quicker than moving the


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cursor over to the toolbox to select it. It may not seem all that significant right now, but

the time you take to access tools will add up over the course of a project! For your

convenience, whenever I mention a tool, Ill list its shortcut in parentheses, e.g., the

Move Tool (V).

e. Photoshop Toolbox


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Youll notice that some of the tool icons have small black triangles in their bottom right-

hand corners. These icons contain hidden treasures! The triangle indicates that there are

more related tools available; if you click on the tool icon and hold it down, a flyout

menu will appear,displaying the additional tools.


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Secret Selections

Selections can have varying levels of transparency,

known as the degree of opacity. Its actually

possible to make a selection with an opacity of

100% in one area, but only 20% in another area. If a

selection contains any pixels for which the opacity

is more than 50%, they will be displayed with a

border of dotted lines. Photoshop wont visibly

outline areas with less than 50% opacity (though they will still be selected). Selection

tools automatically select at 100% opacity. Well learn about creating transparent

selections using Quick Masks and alpha channels later in this chapter.

Selection Tools

You can use the selection tools to select certain areas of your document for editing. If

you use a selection tool, only the area thats selected will be affected by any changes you

make. You can feather selections (specify a fuzzy radius for them) using the Feather

field in the options bar. The example at the top of the next page shows two rectangles:one created by filling in a selection with a feather of zero pixels, and one thats created

by filling in the same selection with a feather of five pixels.


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Marquee tools (M) are used to create rectangular or elliptical selections, including

selections that are single row (one pixel tall, stretching across the entire width of the

document) and single column (one pixel wide, stretching through the entire height of

the document). To make single-row or single-column selections, click with theappropriate tool on the image area where you want to select a row or column.

You can use the Lasso tools (L) to create freeform

selections. The Lasso Tool comes in three different

forms:

Lasso Tool (L) Click and drag the Lasso Tool todraw aselection area. Releasing the mouse

buttonwill close the selection by joining the start

and end points with a straight line.

Polygonal Lasso Tool (L) Click at different points to create vertices of a polygonalshape. Close the selection by moving your cursor to the beginning and clicking once,

or pressing the Enter key.

No Selection Sometimes Equals All Selected

If youve made a selection, only the pixels within the selection are active and can be

worked on. Some tools can be used without making a selection at all. However, be aware

that if you have not made a specific selection, Photoshop will assume that you are

working on the entire layer and any changes you make will affect all pixels in the layer.

Magnetic Lasso Tool (L) If you think you need help with making your selection, trythe Magnetic Lasso Tool. Photoshop will attempt to make a smart selection by

following the edges of contrast and color difference. Click once near the edge of an

object and follow around it Photoshop will automatically lay down a path. You can


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also click as you follow the line to force points to be created on the path. Close the

selection by pressing the Enter key or clicking at a point near the beginning of the

selection.

Magic Wand

The Magic Wand Tool (W)

selects areas of similar

color. You can change the

tolerance (how close the

color values should be to

the sampled color in order

to be selected) of a Magic

Wand selection, and choose

whether you want the selection to be contiguous (pixels that are touching) or not (in

which case, matching colors across the entire document will be selected).

Selection Shortcuts and Tasks

Hold the Shift key to add another selection to the first. Hold the Alt key (Option key on a

Mac) to subtract your new selection from the first. Hold Shift-Alt (Shift-Option) to select

the intersection of your first and second selections. Use the arrow keys to move the

selection pixel by pixel. If you feel that this doesnt move your selection quickly enough,

hold down Shift and use the arrow keys to move the selection ten pixels at a time. Press

Ctrl-J (Command-J on a Mac) to copy the selection into its own layer. To cut the selection

into its own layer, press Shift-Ctrl-J (Shift-Command-J). If this seems familiar to you, its

because I mentioned earlier how to copy a layer using the same keyboard shortcut. Now

that you know that not selecting anything sometimes means that everything is selected,

it makes sense that simply by selecting a layer in the Layers palette, you can copy the

entire layer by pressing Ctrl-J (Command-J). To deselect a selected area, click outside of


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it with one of the Marquee tools, or press Ctrl-D (Command-D on a Mac). To reactivate

your last selection, press Shift-Ctrl-D (Shift-Command-D).

The Move Tool

The Move Tool (V) moves a selected area or an entire layer. You can invoke the Move

Tool temporarily when using most other tools by holding down the Ctrl key (Command

key on a Mac).

Move and Copy Shortcut

For most tools, holding Ctrl-Alt

(Command-Option on a Mac) and

dragging a selected area will

temporarily invoke the Move Tool,

allowing you to move and duplicate

the selected layer quickly.

You can also duplicate a layer by holding down the Alt key (Option key on a Mac) while

using the Move Tool, as shown in the image below.

The Crop Tool

The Crop Tool (C) is used to trim images.

Create a selection using the Crop Tool,

then double-click the center of the

selection, or press Enter, to crop the image

to the size of the selection.

To cancel without cropping, select another

tool or press the Esc key.


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Crop Outside the Box

You can use the Crop Tool to

resize your canvas. Expand your

document window so that its

larger than the image area, and

create a crop selection that

includes the image and extends onto the gray areas outside the image. Applying this

crop will resize your canvas to include those extended boundaries, making your canvas

larger.

Drawing and Painting Tools

Apart from its extraordinary photo editing abilities, the

multi-talented Photoshop also provides drawing and

painting tools that allow you to create your own shapes

and backgrounds.

Brush


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The Brush Tool (B) is suitable for soft-edged painting or drawing. Draw strokes by

clicking and dragging the mouse over the canvas. You can change the brush size and

other settings in the options bar at the top of the window.

Pencil

The Pencil Tool (B) is suitable for hard-edged drawing or painting and has similar

options to the Brush Tool for setting its size, opacity, and more. The Pencil Tool is often

used for drawing on, and editing individual pixels in, zoomed-in images.

Eraser

The Eraser Tool (E) removes pixels from the canvas. You can choose between Pencil,

Brush, or Block mode from the Mode drop-down menu in the options bar.

Aliased vs Anti-aliased

Unlike the Brush Tool, the Pencil Tools edges are aliased. The term aliased refers to the

edges of an object being jagged, in contrast to an anti -aliased object, in which the

edges are smooth. In the two examples shown here, the top shape in each examplewas created using the Pencil Tool, while the bottom shape was created using the Brush

Tool. Notice the difference in the jaggedness of the edges of these curves. Well look

more closely at anti-aliasing when we discuss the Text Tool.

Paint Bucket

The Paint Bucket Tool (G) fills a selection with

a flat color. To use the Paint Bucket Tool, click

once in the area that you wish to fill. If the

chosen area is not within a selection, the Paint


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Bucket Tool will fill all similarly-colored pixels within the vicinity of the clicked area.


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Gradient

The Gradient Tool (G) fills a

selection with a blend of two or

more colors, known as a

gradient. You can easily create

your own gradient, or use any

of the preset gradients

available in Photoshop.

Display the gradient presets

and tools by clicking on the small triangle on the right-hand side of the Gradient Tool.

Apply a gradient by setting your desired colors, choosing your gradient style, then

clicking and dragging the cursor over the area to be filled.

I find that I use the first two gradients the foreground-to-background gradient, and

the foreground-to-transparent gradient most often. The former will blend your

foreground color into your background color, while the latter will blend your

foreground color into a transparent background, giving it a fading out effect.

Text Tool

The Text Tool (T), true to its name, creates text layers. This ones easy to use just select

the Text Tool, click on the canvas, and start typing! You can also click and drag to create

a rectangular text area that will force text to wrap within its boundaries. You can change

the font size, color, and other text properties using the options bar along the top of the

window.

When the Text Tool is active, you can move the cursor outside of the text area. The

cursor will change from the text insert cursor to the move cursor, and youll be able

to move the text layer around.


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Its worth noting that when the Text Tool is active, you cant use keyboard shortcuts to

access other tools. This may seem like an obvious thing to point out now, but it wont

always be so apparent especially when your text mysteriously starts spurting strange

characters because youve been trying to use the shortcut keys!

To finish using the Text Tool, press Ctrl-Enter (Command-Return on a Mac). You can

then resume your regular keyboard shortcutting!

Shape Tools

You can create shapes simply by clicking and dragging Photoshops Rectangle, Rounded

Rectangle, Ellipse, Polygon, Line, and Custom Shape tools (U).

The specific options for each shape tool are displayed in the options bar, and you can

access additional options by clicking on the arrow to the right of the Custom Shape

button. For example, the Line Tool has options for displaying arrowheads, and for

controlling the shapes and sizes

of those arrowheads, as shown in

the example below.

If you look at the options for each

shape, youll notice that there are

three different methods you can

use to create a shape:

Your shape will be created as a

solid-colored layer covered witha vector shape mask. Confused?

Think of the mask as a sheet of

dark paper that has a hole (your

shape) cut out of it so that the color shines through the hole. To change the color,double-


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click on the color block in the Layers palette as shown in this example. To change the

vector shape mask, use the vector editing tools.

as a path Your shape will be created as a path in the Paths palette, as shown in theexample above (in which the path has been named Work Path).

as filled pixels Your shape will be created on whichever layer is currently selected.I created a new layer, then created a shape using the Fill pixels option on Layer 1 in

the above example.

Selecting Colors

Set foreground and background colors by clicking on the appropriate tile and choosing a

color from the Color Picker, as demonstrated in the example below.

Color Picker Shortcuts

Press X if you want to switch the foreground and background colors. Press D if you

want to revert to a black foreground and white background.

Eyedropper


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The Eyedropper Tool (I) lets you sample another color from your image, and set this as

the foreground color. In fact, its actually possible to sample colors from anywhere in

your display and even from other applications outside of Photoshop. Simply click inside

the document window, then drag the cursor to the color you wish to sample. Click toselect that color.

The Eyedropper Tool also allows you to set the background color. To do so, hold down

the Alt key (Option key on a Mac) as you select colors using the eyedropper.

The Paint Brush, Pencil, Paint Bucket and any of the other painting or drawing tools can

temporarily be turned into the Eyedropper Tool by holding down Alt (Option).

The Hand Tool

The Hand Tool (H) moves your canvas, which is handy (pardon the pun!) when youre

zoomed in to an image, or have a very large document open.

Whats even handier is the fact that you can invoke the Hand Tool while youre using

any other tool (except the Text Tool) by holding down the spacebar. This is a neat way to

position your image exactly where you want it without having to chop and change

between tools to do so.

Other Useful Tasks and Shortcuts

Zooming

Zooming right into your image is the only way to make subtle changes at the pixel level.

Use Ctrl + to zoom in and Ctrl to zoom out. You can also zoom using the slider on the

Navigator palette.


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Making a Selection Using the Layers

Palette

To select the pixels on a particular layer,

press Ctrl (Command on a Mac) and click

the thumbnail of the layer. This selection will

also take into account the transparency of

any pixels, so painting in the selection will

recreate the transparency settings of the original layer. The example at the top of the next

page shows a selection I made based on one of the text layers in my sunset document.

Making a Selection Using a Quick Mask

Quick Masks are one of those closely guarded trade secrets that professional designers

use all the time, but beginners often are wary of trying because they seem complicated at

first. Well, theyre not!

A Quick Mask is an alternative way of making a selection. The usual way to use a Quick

Mask is to go into Quick Mask Mode (Q) and, using a tool such as the Brush Tool,

painting the things you dont want to select. This is called painting a mask, and the

resulting reverse-selection will display as the transparent red color that you can see in

the example overleaf. You can edit this red layer honing the mask shape, for instance

using the drawing and painting tools. Those alterations wont affect your image,

though: they impact only on your final selection. Switching back to Standard Mode (Q)

will complete your selection.

Why would we use this technique instead of those trusty selection tools that weve all

come to depend on so heavily? Well, Quick Masks have a couple of advantages over the

standard selection tools:

1. They allow you to control the level of transparency of your selection.


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2. Its easier to color an object in, than it is to carefully draw a line around it.Initially, it can be difficult to get your head around the fact that you arent painting on

your image: youre just painting the selection. But once you master that concept, youll

feel confident to be able to make a selection quickly on any shape, no matter how

difficult it seems!

Quick Mask Options

I prefer to set Quick Mask Mode

so that it lets me paint in the

selected areas rather than the

non-selected areas, as shown inthis example. To alter your

settings to do the same thing,

double-click on the Quick Mask

Mode icon and change the Color Indicates: option to Selected Areas.


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f. Alpha Channels and Selections

You can use alpha channels to create selections and save them for later use. If you openthe Channels palette, youll see several channels, displayed in a similar way to layers in

the Layers palette. By default, youll see the color channels, which represent how much

of each color is represented in the

document. You can click the Create New

Channel icon at the bottom of the palette

to create your own alpha channel.

You can then use any of Photoshops

painting or drawing tools to create a

grayscale image that will represent your

selection white areas represent

selected areas, black areas represent

deselected areas, and grays represent the

levels of transparency in the selection.

To turn your alpha channel masterpiece

into a selection, simply hold down Ctrl

and click the channels thumbnail


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To return to the normal image view,

click on the Layers palette tab, and

select any layer. Your selection will

still be visible.

You can also create your own alpha

channels from existing selections a

capability that can be very useful! For

example, lets say youve created a selection of

an island silhouette like the one shown in the

example below. You have a feeling that youll

be reselecting this island pretty often, but

youd rather not recreate the selection each

time. No problem! Once the selection has been

made, use Select > Save Selection. Name your

selection (in this example, Land), and click OK.

If you go to the Channels palette, youll see a

new selection at the bottom of the list, named

Land in the following image thats your

saved selection. Now you can reload your

Land selection as many times as you need to!

The History Palette

The History palette is your key to time travel (in Photoshop, anyway). It lists the most

recent steps that youve made, and allows you to undo your actions by rolling your

image back to a previous state. You can set the number of steps that are stored in the

memory by selecting Edit > Preferences > Performance (Photoshop > Preferences >

Performance on a Mac) and changing the value in the History States text box.


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Like most of Photoshops other tools,

the History palette has a set of useful

keyboard shortcuts for quick access:

Ctrl-Z (Command-Z on a Mac) letsyou undo and redo the previous

step.

Ctrl-Alt-Z (Command-Option-Z)steps back through the History palette.

Shift-Alt-Z (Shift-Option-Z) steps forward through the History palette.

As only a limited number of

history states are available,

there may be cases in which

you want to save asnapshot

of your document so that you

can revert back to it later if

required. To do so, click on the

small triangle on the top-right of the History palette and choose New Snapshot New]. In the dialog box enter the width and height of the layout. I usually design for a

width of 780 pixels width. This works well in monitors with 800 x600 resolution as it

leaves 20 pixels for the browser scroll bar. The resolution for the web is 72.


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You can choose between white, background color (the color will be taken from thebackground color specified in the toolbox) and transparent background.

Click OK.

A new Photoshop document/ canvas will be created with a locked Background layerin the 'Layers Palette'.


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You can still change the background color by filling the Background layer with thecolor of your choice (specified in the Foreground Color of the Toolbox) and using the'Paint Bucket Tool'.

Name and Save the document [File > Save]. Photoshop files have the extension .psd.You can name it "layout.psd".

2. Insert Images in PhotoshopIf you plan to use stock photos you should find the appropriate images and keep them

ready. You should also have logos, bylines and some sample text ready. If your home

page has a different layout from the rest your site you will have to create 2 different

layouts. For the home page design you should be clear about what you want to

communicate, things that you want to highlight and other usability principles. You

should also be clear on your navigation based on your site plan.

Insert Images

Insert any images that you plan to use [File > Place]
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Browse for the image file

Select the file

Click the 'Place' button

The image will appear in a sort of grid (see picture below) and the cursor will change

Click on the image and drag it where you want to place it within the canvas

You can also resize and rotate the image by dragging the corner nodes or hoveringnear the corner node till the rotate cirsor appear and then rotating.

Double click when you are happy with the placement, size and rotation of the image.The image will be placed there.

You will see that a new layer appear in the 'Layers

Palette' where the image is placed. If you are unable

to see the Layers Palette you can open it by viaWindows > Layers.

Layers Palette


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3. Photo Editing & Post-Processing

1. Digital Photo Editing WorkflowThis article summarizes the most important steps to incorporate into your digital photo

editing workflow (aka "post-processing workflow"). It isn't necessarily a procedure that

you'll want to implement with all of your photos, but whenever you want to get that

"keeper" looking just right, these steps can make all the difference.

Before After

The "after" image more accurately depicts how the scene appeared in person a good

goal for most photo editing. Only white balance, exposure compensation, shadow

recovery and sharpening were applied to produce the "after" image above all steps

described in the workflow below.


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OVERVIEW: TOP 10 POST-PROCESSING STEPS

Each is listed roughly in the order that they should be applied:

a. White Balance - temperature and tint adjustment slidersb. Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recoveryc. Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external softwared. Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrationse. Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancementf. Contrast - black point, levels and curves toolsg. Framing - straighten and croph. Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancmentsi. Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email

j. Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen sizeNote: Clicking on any of the steps above (or scrolling down this page) will take you to

a quick summary of the most important considerations for each. Within these sections,

you can also click on links which will lead you to more in-depth reading on each topic.

The above steps are virtually universal, so most photo editing software should work. If

you've captured your images using the RAW file format (highly recommended), then

the order of the above steps isn't as important, since they'll be intelligently applied

when you develop using your RAW software. Otherwise it's critical that you follow the

above sequence especially with steps involving sharpening, resizing and noise

reduction. Be careful though, extreme edits can easily cause image posterization with

JPEG files.
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a. White Balance

Simply getting the white balance right can often make the single biggest improvement

in your photo's colors. An incorrect white balance will give your image a color cast,

and can dramatically reduce both contrast and color saturation:

Incorrect White Balance Custom White Balance

Controls. First adjust the "temperature" slider, then refine using the "tint" slider. Theformer controls the relative warmth of the image, whereas the latter controls the

magenta-green shift.

Problem Scenes. Paradoxically, cameras typically make the biggest white balancemistakes with scenes that are the most dramatically lit (and often could have

benefited the most). Pay extra attention to white balance when shooting sunsets,

indoor lighting and low-light photos, etc.

Other Tools. If there's an object somewhere in the image which ought to be neutralgray, you can also use a "white point dropper" (or similarly named tool) to

automatically set the white balance so that this object's color cast is subtracted from

the entire image.
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b. Exposure: Compensation & Recovery

This step presumes that you've done everything possible to get an accurate exposure

at the time of capture. However, this isn't always possible (or practical).

Under-Exposure Ideal Exposure Over-Exposure

(clipped shadows in blue) (clipped highlights in red)

Fortunately, exposure can be fine-tuned by using the "exposure compensation"

adjustment tool. Some general tips include:

Image Histogram. Use this as an objective guide

Viewing. View the photo at a small size on-screen to make it easier to judgeexposure. Also keep in mind that exposure isn't something that necessarily has a

"right" answer; it often also depends on your artistic intent and just "looks right."

Extreme Tones. Pay careful attention to whether there are any blown highlights orlost shadow detail. If your software supports it, you might be able to recover these

by using the "fill light," "recovery" or "black point" tools.

Limitations. Avoid excessive compensation; if you increase exposure too much,noise will become visibly worse in the shadows, whereas decreasing it too much

will make blown highlights more apparent. In either case, this probably means that

your original exposure was way off, and you're likely better off working on a

different photo.


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c. Noise Reduction

If your image was taken at a high ISO speed, it will likely benefit from noise

reduction:

High Image Noise Original Photo on Left Best Case Scenario(taken at high ISO) After Noise Reduction (taken at low ISO)

Order. Noise reduction is most effective when applied before any other imageediting (with the exception of steps 1 & 2 above: exposure compensation and white

balance).

Types. Image noise has many types; some are easily removed while others aren't.Fortunately, noise from a high ISO speed is the type that is most easily addressed.

Refer to the tutorial on image noise for a background on this topic.

Limitations. Aim for noise reduction as opposed to complete removal, since thelatter can make subjects appear unnaturally smooth. Some noise is OK and even

expected.

Dedicated Software. For problematic images, it is worth experimenting withdedicated noise reduction software such as Neat Image, Noise Ninja, Grain

Surgery, or others. Sharpening. Noise reduction often goes hand in hand with sharpening, so this

step may need to be applied in conjunction with step 4 (depending on your

software). This is because they can offset eachother: sharpening increases noise,

but noise reduction often decreases sharpness.
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In special cases, another technique is Noise Reduction by Image Averaging

d. Lens Corrections

The three most problematic (but correctable) lens imperfections include:

Vignetting Distortion Chromatic Aberration (CA)

Vignetting is most prevalent when you're using low f-stops, although some lensesare also more susceptible to this than others. A little vignetting is often beneficial,

since this can draw attention to the image's center and make the frame's edges less

abrupt. Also be aware that correcting for vignetting increases image noise near the

corners. However, if your vignetting is actually due to physical blockage (such as a

lens hood or filter), then this unfortunately cannot be corrected.

Distortion will be most prevalent when you're using wide angle or telephotolenses (or are using a zoom lens at either extreme). Don't try to fix this unless it's

clearly visible, since doing so can slightly reduce corner resolution and alter your

composition. Distortion is often acceptable with landscapes, but not in

architectural photos.

Chromatic Aberration will be most apparent at low f-stops, near the corners ofyour image and in regions with high contrast detail. When correcting for CA, use a

high contrast edge near the image's extreme corner as a guide.

However, be aware that not all types of CA can be easily removed. If the CA

doesn't appear to be helped using standard tools, you might also want to try other
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settings. For example, Lightroom and Adobe Camera RAW have a "fringing" tool

which can reduce the more persistent types of CA (but potentially at risk of

reducing detail).

e. Detail: Sharpening, Clarity & Local Contrast

The aim of this step is to offset any inherent softening caused by your camera's sensor

and lens ("capture sharpening"). It's also important that it be applied conservatively

since you'll also be applying "output sharpening" in a later step. Sharpening should be

performed with care because it can exacerbate other image quality issues (such as noise,

chromatic aberrations, etc.). However, when done right, it can make a tremendous

difference in the perceived quality of your photo:

Unsharpened Original Sharpened

f. Contrast: Levels & Curves Tools

Images taken into the sun or near a bright indoor light source often suffer from low

contrast (since these are leading causes of lens flare). Improving contrast often gives the

long sought after "pop" or 3D look to your images:
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Before Levels Lower Contrast

After Levels: Higher Contrast

Too much contrast can make your subject look unrealistic if this was actually a trait ofyour scene (such as photos in the fog or haze).

Higher contrast can also make colors appear more saturated.

g. Framing: Rotate & Crop

The vast majority of snapshots can be dramatically enhanced simply by cropping them

to strengthen their composition. While there's no universal rules, some good principles

are outlined in the tutorial on composition: the rule of thirds.

Unaltered Original

Rotated & Cropped
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You may also want to crop your image so that it exactly matches a given print size (such

as 8x10 inches). The aspect ratio of your crop can often be specified within your photo

editing software making this process much easier.

h. Refinements - Colors & Selective Enhancements

Original Photo with Dust Spots on Sensor After Digital Spot Removal

This is really a catch-all category, but typical adjustments might include:

Colors - saturation, vibrance and other color adjustments. However, these are oftenoverdone, and frequently aren't necessary if white balance, exposure and contrast

have all been properly set.

Selective Enhancements - spot removal of dust/blemishes (as shown above), creativesharpening (such as at the eyes of someone in a portrait) and selective noise reduction

(in otherwise smooth areas such as the sky or skin). Important tools include: the

healing brush, clone tool, layer masks and adjustment brushes. Consult your

software's help file or manual to browse what options are available.

Once these have been applied, make sure to save a copy of your image, since all

subsequent editing steps only depend on how and whether you intend to share this

photo. This way you don't have to redo everything each time you plan on using your
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image for something else. Regardless, at this stage the image should now appear

finished when viewed on your screen.

i. Resizing: Upsize for Print, Downsize for Web

Whenever you alter the display size of your image, you need to resize the file (using a

process called "digital image interpolation"). The resize strategy can be quite different,

depending on whether you want to make it larger or smaller.

When enlarging your image for a print:

Always try to perform enlargements yourself instead of having this done by theprinter

(otherwise it's easy to accidentally create prints which appear digital/pixelated).

If you see haloes around sharp edges, then your earlier capture sharpening may havebeen applied too aggressively (or with too high a radius value).

Also refer to this tutorial: Optimizing Digital Photo Enlargement

When downsizing your image for the web or email display:

Avoid introducing non-image patterns such as the moir artifacts shown below.

Also refer to this tutorial: Image Resizing for the Web and Email

Original Image Downsized50%(unrealistic moir artifacts)
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Either way, what's often even more important than how you resize is that you make sure

to follow this up with output sharpening (in the next step).

j. Output Sharpening

Output sharpening is generally the very last image editing step applied to an image. Its

settings are therefore customized for a particular output device, which may include

special considerations based on the size, type and viewing distance of a print. Output

sharpening can also offset any softening caused by resizing an image for the web or e-

mail.

Refer to the guide to image sharpening for more on this topic.

OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Backups. Once you're done, it's a good idea to make sure that you're properlyarchiving your digital photos using backup files. It would be a shame to lose all of

this hard work spent in photo editing (and in the original photo capture).

Monitor Calibration. The time spent photo editing is only beneficial if what you seeon your screen is accurate. This is absolutely critical. If you haven't done so already,

see the tutorial on monitor calibration for digital photography for more on this topic.

4. Image Correction

1. Retouch and HealingPhotoshop offers a large selection of tools and features for retouching photographs and

images. In this tutorial, youll learn how to use the common touch-up tools.
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Spot Healing Brush Tool

The Spot Healing Brush is primarily used to quickly remove blemishes, imperfections

or other unwanted elements from an image. To use it,paintover an imperfection youd

like to get rid of using a suitable brush (brushes can be selected and modified in the options

bar). The Spot Healing Brush Tool will automatically try to repair the imperfection by

sampling the surrounding area.

Careful! Although the Spot Healing brush can be a great tool for quick fixes, its not

always guaranteed to work if the area surrounding the imperfection is busy. Generally
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speaking, the surrounding area should be an approximate match in color & texture to

what you want to take place of the unwanted element in your image.

Healing Brush Tool

The Healing Brush Tool performs a similar function to the spot healing brush tool

mentioned above. Instead of automatically trying to determine the lighting, shading, and

texture from the surrounding area, the healing brush tool lets you manually select a

source, and then paint over an imperfection. To select a source, hold alt and click the

desired part of the image. Then paint over the area you wish to replace. As with the

Spot Healing Brush Tool, settings such as brush size can be controlled in the options bar.

Patch Tool
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With the Patch Tool, an entire area can be repaired with pixels from another area. Just

like the healing brush tool, the patch tool will try to correct lighting, shading, and

texture. To use the patch tool, first draw a selection with any of the selection tools (or

the patch tool, which will function as a lasso tool). Then, using the patch tool, drag thatselection over the destination you want to use to repair that area.

Clone Stamp Tool

The final tool well cover in this tutorial is called the Clone Stamp Tool. The Clone

stamp tool allows you to paint with a sample of an image.
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Keep in mind that you are not healing/repairing an image when you use the Clone

Stamp Tool. Therefore, lighting and shading will not be maintained when you paint

over an area. What you see is literally what you get when you paint from a given source,

making it very useful in certain situations.

Blur & Sharpen Tools

The Blur and Sharpen Tools allow us to manipulate edges by making them softer or

harder. They do exactly what you would expect them to do; blur and sharpen.

Both tools have similar attributes such as Strength (increase or decrease the strength of

the tool, or how much it will blur) and the brush, all of which can be adjusted in the

Options Bar for each tool. To use the blur or sharpen tool, simply set up the brush to your

specification, hold down the mouse button, and hover over the areas youd like to alter

in your image.
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You should have a pretty good feel of the basic retouching tools by now. The next step in

mastering Photoshop is usually learning how to use the painting tools to compliment

your photo remastering abilities!

2. Photoshops Painting ToolsIn Photoshop, the painting tools are used to paint strokes, and fill areas with color or

with colors that blend together. Knowing how to use the paint tools is a must for any

artist who wishes to use Photoshop.

The Brush Tool

In order to use the brush toolto its full extent, its important to understand what exactly

a brush is in Adobe Photoshop. A brush uses brush presets that are predefined (or user

defined). A brush preset is any brush tip with defined characteristics (such as size and

shape).

Think of brushes in Photoshop as a large collection of

different paintbrushes, each with a different shaped

tip. Imagine when you press the tip of one of these

paintbrushes against a canvas, the shape of the tip is

imprinted immediately. Its a rough explanation, but it

gets the basic idea across.

Brushes in Photoshop have plenty of other

characteristics which make them entirely unlike a real

world paint brush. By manipulating these attributes,

we can create entirely new brushes that act in unique


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ways. You could create a brush that changes in shape and size as you are painting, a

brush that scatters itself in random directions, and even a brush that becomes more and

less transparent while creating strokes. The possibilities are literally endless.

Lets Create a Quick Brush for demonstration

purposes.

Create a new document, 200px by 200px with a white

background. Select the Brush tool, and in the options

bar select the first brush preset from the brush preset

picker (activated by clicking on the small down arrow

next to the current brush).

Go ahead and give this brush preset a whirl in your

active image area. Select a foreground color youd like to paint with, point your cursor to

where youd like to start painting, hold down the mouse button, and create a stroke.

Modifying Brushes

This brush preset creates a 1px hard

stroke. We can modify some of the

characteristics of this brush to create

something entirely different.

To modify a brush preset, youre

going to need to access the Brush

Palette. To open the brush palette, goto Window > Brushes. Heres a quick

overview of the palette.

A. Brush Settings Various settings for the

selected brush tip.


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B. Brush Stroke Preview A preview of the current brush stroke will look when used.

C. Selected Brush Tip The currently selected brush tip.

D. Brush Tip Shapes A list of all brush tip shapes available.

E. Brush Options Options for modifying the currently selected brush tip. Changes will not be

permanent unless a new brush preset is saved.

From the Brush Tip Shape settings, a user can select a brush tip shape from a list of

available shapes (predefined or user defined).

By clicking any of the various brush settings on the left, a panel of options will be

displayed that can adjusted to your own preference.

In the Brush Tip Shape area, set the diameter of your brush to 20px. By changing the

diameter, you affect the size of the brush.

Now go to Shape Dynamics and set the size jitter option to 100%. By changing shape

dynamics, youre adjusting how a brush mark changes during a stroke.


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Finally, go to Scattering, and set scatter to 300% with a count of 1. Scattering will affect

placement and number of brush marks.

Try painting with your brush now, and you ought to see a huge difference from when

you first started! Modifying brushes is really that simple!

If youre interested in learning more about brushes, then you may want to take a look at

our guide on installing new brushes in Photoshop which youve downloaded from

elsewhere.

Eraser Tool

Were not going to go into too much detail with the eraser tool, simply because you

should already have a pretty good understanding of how it works. How so?

Well, like many other tools in Photoshop, the Eraser Tool uses brushes which effect the

size, shape, and hardness of the tool. Essentially, the eraser tool is controlled in the exact

same way as the brush tool, only it erases rather than paints.

Watch Out! If youre erasing directly on the Background layer, youll leave the

currently selected background color wherever you erase. Always be sure to set your

background color before erasing from the Background layer.

Paint Bucket Tool

The Paint Bucket Tool is used for filling areas with solid colors. It can be used to fill

selections with a selected foreground color, or fill areas that are similar in color to the

part of an image that is clicked. To use the paint bucket tool, select a foreground coloryoudlike to paint with, and click anywhere in the active image area youd like to fill.
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Gradient Tool

The Gradient Tool is very similar to the paint bucket tool, in that it fills entire areas or

selections with colors. However, rather than filling an area with a solid color, the

Gradient Tool creates a series of colors than blend into one another.

When the gradient tool is selected, a preset gradient can be selected from the gradient

picker in the options bar. A gradient can then be created in the active image area by

clicking and holding the mouse button, and dragging in the direction youd like the

gradient to go. Release where youd like the gradient to stop.
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There are 5 different gradient styles which can be selected to create different effects. You

can set them from the Options Bar.

Using Transform in Photoshop

In Photoshop, Transform is used to scale, rotate, skew, and just distort the perspective of

any graphic youre working with in general. This tutorial will teach you how to use

Transform to adjust your images.
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Scaling Graphics

One of the most basic transformations Photoshop is capable of is scaling a graphic.

Scaling allows you to enlarge or shrink a graphic around a reference point. To scale a

graphic, we go to Edit > Transform > Scale.

A set of handles will appear around our selected elements in the document ( such as

layers, or shapes). By moving anyone of these handles, we can adjust the size of the object.

To apply the transformation, hit Enter.

Constraining Proportions while Scaling

Often times, youll find it necessary to constrain the proportions of your objects when

scaling. This can easily be achieved by Holding Shift while dragging a transformation
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handle. You can additionally scale from the center reference point by Holding Alt (or

Option on Mac OS), or combine the two by holding shift and alt at the same time while

scaling.

Rotating Objects in Photoshop

To Rotate an Object in Photoshop, go to Edit > Transform > Rotate. Handles will appear

as they did with a Scaling Transform, but instead of dragging one of these, go just

outside of the object until you see a curved arrow rotate icon.

At this point, simple drag left or right to rotate the selected object. Once again, you must

finish applying the transformation by pressing Enter.


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Be Precise with your Rotations!

You can rotate in 15 Degree Increments with this useful little shortcut. While youre

rotating an object, simply hold down the shift button.

Skew, Distort, and Perspective Transformations

The next 3 transformations are all similar, because they are all controlled by dragging

handles. That is not to say that they are used to do the same thing, they simply all

operate in the same manner. You can apply a Skew, Distort, or Perspective

Transformation from Edit > Transform.

Skew: Skew transformations slant objects either vertically or horizontally.

Distort: Distort transformations allow you to stretch an image in ANY direction freely.

Perspective: The Perspective transformation allows you to add perspective to an object.

Warping an Object

The Warp Transformation is quite a bit different compared to the other transformations.

The entire shape of the object can be modified, making this transformation useful for

several different effects. To use a Warp Transformation go to Edit > Transform > Warp.

A Mesh will appear over your object that you can adjust by dragging control points,

lines, or any other area inside of it. You can additionally apply a preset warp from the

options bar.


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5. Saving ImageTo save an image in the native Photoshop file format, you would simply choose File > Save

or Ctrl-S/Command-S. To save the file under a different name, you would choose the File >

Save As command (Shift-Ctrl-S/Shift-Command-S).

Instructions

1. Choose "File," then "Save." The short key command is "Ctrl+S."2. Type what you want to name the file into the "File Name" field.


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3. Choose a file location from the dropdown menu. If you want to locate a folder or driveaside from the default one, click on the drop down menu at the top of the dialog box and

select a new location.

4.Determine the file format you want to use and select it from the "Save As" pop-up menu.Most files will save better if they are flattened first. If you want to keep your layers,

choose the "Photoshop PDF" format.

5. Check any options that you want included in the "Save" section of the dialog box. If yourfile contains an embedded profile, click the box on "Color: Embed Color Profile." Click

"Save."

Note: If a supported file format does not appear in the appropriate dialog box or submenu, you may need to

install the formats plug-in module.

Choosing a file format

Graphics file formats differ in the way they represent image data (as pixels or vectors), and

support different compression techniques and Photoshop features. To preserve all

Photoshop features (layers, effects, masks, and so on), save a copy of your image in

Photoshop format (PSD).

Like most file formats, PSD supports files up to 2 GB in size. For files larger than 2 GB, save

in Large Document Format (PSB), Photoshop Raw (flattened image only), TIFF (up to 4

GB), or DICOM format.

The standard bit depth for images is 8 bits per channel. To achieve greater dynamic range

with 16- or 32-bit images, use the following formats:

Formats for 16-bit images (require Save As command)

Photoshop, Large Document Format (PSB), Cineon, DICOM, IFF, JPEG, JPEG 2000,

Photoshop PDF, Photoshop Raw, PNG, Portable Bit Map, and TIFF.


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Note: The Save For Web & Devices command automatically converts 16-bit images to 8-bit.

Formats for 32-bit images (require Save As command)

Photoshop, Large Document Format (PSB), OpenEXR, Portable Bitmap, Radiance, andTIFF.

About file compression

Many file formats use compression to reduce the file size of bitmap images.

Lossless techniques compress the file without removing image detail or color information;

lossy techniques remove detail. The following are commonly used compression techniques:

RLE (Run Length Encoding)

Lossless compression; supported by some common Windows file formats.

LZW (Lemple-Zif-Welch)

Los