philosopy of man-oriental

8/10/2019 Philosopy of Man-Oriental

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PHILOSOPY OF MANOriental Philosophy


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Hinduism is the predominant religionof the Indian subcontinent. It is oftenreferred to as Sanatana Dharma, aSanskrit phrase meaning eternallaw by its adherents.

HINDUISM


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The basis of Hindu philosophy is the

belief that reality is absolutely one, thatthere is only one ultimate reality-being-consciousness.

There is only one reality in the world, orthat is the world.

HINDUISM


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The group of all being, whether material or

spiritual whether in the form of man, beasts,or gods, heaven, earth, or hell, is an all-inclusive unitary reality, beyond sense-apprehension, ultimate in substance, infinite

in essence and self-sufficient; it is the onlyreally existent entity. This reality is commonlycalled Brahma.

HINDUISM


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Common to all forms of Hinduism is

acceptance of the Vedic scriptures.Philosophically, the most important Vedicscripture is the last book, the Upanishads,best known for the theories of brahman(ultimate cosmic principle of reality) andatman (the inner self) and theidentification of brahman and atman.

HINDUISM


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Man.

The self--in a monistic or pantheistic world--

is a part of the whole. The Atman is identicalwith Brahman: that art thou! In this context

it is obvious that the bodyof man is not theimportant part of his existence. The inner

self is the key.

HINDUISM


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Man consists of five coverings:

a) Annamayatmanthe material orphysical coveringof man. It is dependenton food.

b) Pranamayatmanthe biological layer,the self as avital part breathes.

c) Manomayatmanthe psychologicalaspect andwhich consists of the will.

d) Vijnamamayatmanthe intellectuallayer; within it isthe seal ofconsciousness.

e) Anandamayatnan the part thatencounters andexperiences heaven.

HINDUISM


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Man must dispose the five coverings to

attain thelevel of a perfect man. Thephysical, biological,psychological,intellectual and bliss compose Atman

that is not the true self but a mereaccidental revelation of Brahman

HINDUISM


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Salient Features of Hinduism

Reincarnation(samsara) believed that thesoulmigrates from one body upon death and re-enters

another human or animal body. Allspiritual efforts arebeing directed toward therelease or moksa from thecycle of rebirth.

Karmathe sum and the consequences of a persons

actions during the successive phases of his existence. Itdetermine mans destiny and the nature of individualsrebirth

HINDUISM


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1. Buddhism

2. Confucianism3. Taoism

Three great systems of thought dominateChinese civilization:


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arose in India in the person of a prince,Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Buddha,

was originally a response to the problem ofsuffering.

Buddha means The Enlightened One

Suffering is in part the result of the transience

and uncertainty of the world, in part the resultof karma, and in part the result of ignoranceand enslavement by desires and passions.

Buddhism


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Buddhas answer to this problem is

contained in the Four Noble Truthsand the Eightfold Path. Throughmeditation and self-abnegation,

promotion to better lives and finallyto nirvana is obtained.

Buddhism


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Four Noble Truths:

(1) There is suffering;

(2) suffering has specific and identifiable causes;(3) suffering can be ended;

(4) the way to end suffering is throughenlightened living as expressed in the Eightfold

Path.The most immediate causes of human sufferingare ignorance and selfish craving.

Buddhism


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Eightfold Path:

(1) Right view

(2) right aim

(3) right speech

(4) right action

Buddhism


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(5) right living

(6) right effort(7) right mindfulness

(8) right contemplation

Buddhism


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Karmameans action or deed; theintent of an action determines

whether it is morally good or bad. Theeffect of an action leaves a tracewhich extends over several lifetimes.

Buddhism


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Cessation of suffering is found in nirvana,a permanent state of supremeenlightenment and serenity that ends the

cycle of reincarnation. It is totaldisattachment from Self.Additional concepts attributed to Buddha:

clinging to existence must be overcome;

and silence of body, mind, and speechmust be achieved.

Buddhism


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Developed from the teachings

of Confucius which focuses onhuman morality and wrongaction.

CONFUCIANISM


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The 5 Relationships:

1. Ruler Subject2. Father Son

3. Husband Wife

4. Older Brother Younger Brother5. Older Friend Younger Friend

CONFUCIANISM


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Attitudes Governing Relationships:

1. Rulers : Kind-heartedness2. Subject :Loyalty

3. Father : Love

4. Son : Filial Piety

5. Husband : Righteous Behavior

CONFUCIANISM


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Attitudes Governing Relationships:

6. Wife : Obedience7. Older Brother : Politeness

8. Younger Brother : Humility and Respect

9. Older Friend : Humane Consideration

10. Younger Friend : Obedience

CONFUCIANISM


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Taoism is pronounced as though it werespelled "dow-ism.

Taoism derives from Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu.

Taoism is a philosophical and religioustradition that emphasizes living in harmonywith the Tao. The term Tao means "way","path" or "principle.

Tao denotes something that is both thesource and the driving force behindeverything that exists.

Taoism


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Taoism views man and nature together.Man lives in the matrix of nature.

Taoism is an example in ancient timesof environmentalism. If theenvironment is good, man will be good,and the opposite is true.

Taoism


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Life will be good and man will live well if he is intune with the Tao. Just as the Tao is the way of

peace, if man follows the Tao he will find peace.Lao-tzu's emphasis was primarily on the nature

of the Tao and life according to it. When welook at the nature of ethics, among otherthings, it will be noted that man is a creature ofdesires. Yet the Tao is without desires.

Taoism


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Lao Tzu thought (as later did Socrates) that the wisestare still very ignorant. What is needed is not interference

with the world but humble understanding of the way itfunctions, the Tao.

Forcing change is self-injurious. Follow the Tao instead,the natural order of things. The Tao gives rise to yang(expansive forces) and yin (contractive forces) and isthe means by which things come to be, take shape, andreach fulfillment. The Tao cannot be improved.

Taoism


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Chuang Tzu held that nature (the world) hasits own wisdom and cannot be forced or

hurried in its unfolding in the Tao. Because theTao and not the person determines what willhappen, the wise person accepts the courseof events as it unfolds, with neither hope norregret.

Taoism


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