nursing philosopy pak kumbo

8/10/2019 Nursing Philosopy Pak Kumbo

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Nursing Philosopy

Kumboyono

Nursing SchoolUniversity of Brawijaya

Objectives

Define theory and list characteristics of a theory

Describe the components of a theory and its useTrace the development of a nursing theory

Theory Development in Nursing: Historical Overview

Describe the different types of theories and examples of each.

Introduction to Theory

Nursing as a profession

There has been questions about whether nursing is a profession or an occupation.

An occupation is a job a career.

A profession is a learned vocation or occupation that has status of superiority Ana

precedence within a division of work. It needs widely varying levels of training or education,skills and variable knowledge base. All professions are occupations but not all occupations

are professions (Logan, Franzen, Butcher,2004; Schwiran , 1998)

Why is Theory Important?

Nursing is strengthened when knowledge is built on sound theory

Criteria to be a profession: distinct body of knowledge as the basis for practice

Nursing must be viewed as a scholarly academic discipline hat contributes to society

Ultimate goal is to support excellence in practice

Theory Guides

the Professional Nurse in.Organizing and analyzing patient data

Understanding connections between pieces of data

Discriminating between important and less pertinent data

Making sound clinical judgments based on evidence

Planning effective nursing interventions

Predicting and evaluating outcomes of interventions

Theory-Based Education

PhD: a research degree that generates new, discipline-specific knowledge

Masters: use theoretical perspectives focused on the patient for specific nursing outcomes;base practice on evidence from research & experience

BSN: introduced to research process & the use of theory to guide it

ADN: find middle range theories useful as they are specific to patient care

Theory-Based Practice

Occurs when nurses intentionally structure their practice around a particular nursing theory

and use it to guide them in their care of the patient

Provides a systematic way of thinking about nursing that is consistent and guides the

decision-making process

Challenges conventional views of patients, illness, the health care delivery system, and

traditional nursing interventions


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Theory-Based Research

Great strides have been made in the last 25 years in nursing research

Nursing research tests and refines the knowledge base of nursing

Research findings enable nurses to improve the quality of care and understand how

evidence- based nursing influences patient outcomesResearch is vital to the future of nursing and theory is integral to research

Benefits

Passes on knowledge to students

Explain practice to others

Contributes to professional autonomy

Develops analytical skills, challenges thinking, and clarifies your values and assumptionsDefinitions of theory

Defining theory is the first step towards developing a set of criteria for the evaluation of

theory.Many of the early definitions of theory in the nursing literature were influenced by theLogical Positivistic Received View (Suppe, 1977), where the focus was on structure and

process.

Ex.1.McKay (1969) defines theory as a logically interrelated set ofconfirmed hypotheses

and Jacox (1974) defines it as asystematically related set of statements including law-like

generalizations that are empirically testable.

These definitions are consistent with the Received View philosophy on theory at the time.

Definitions of theory

Chin and Jacobs (1983) define theory as a set ofconcepts, definitions, and propositions

that projects a systematic view of phenomena by designating specific interrelationshipsamong concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or controlling

phenomenon.

This definition begins a departure from the Logical Positivistic Received View, in that it

does not emphasize the structure of the theory.

Problem in nursing : lack of agreement on the definition of theory

Many authors have used the term theory as interchangeable with such terms as conceptual

framework, conceptual model, model, and paradigm.

Fawcett (1989) clearly states that conceptual models andtheories are clearly distinguished

by their levels of abstraction and thus must be used in different ways . She defines nursing theory as a relatively specific andconcrete set of concepts and

propositions that purports to account for or characterize phenomena of interest to

the discipline of nursing.

Many authors have used the term theory as interchangeable with such terms as conceptual

framework, conceptual model, model, and paradigm.

Fawcett (1989) clearly states that conceptual models andtheories are clearly distinguished

by their levels of abstraction and thus must be used in different ways .

She defines nursing theory as a relatively specific andconcrete set of concepts and

propositions that purports to account for or characterize phenomena of interest to

the discipline of nursing.


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A conceptual model vs. A theory

A conceptual model is an abstract and general system of concepts and propositions.

A theory deals with one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts and

propositions(Dudley-Brown , 1977) .

A conceptual model is an abstract and general system of concepts and propositions.

A theory deals with one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts andpropositions(Dudley-Brown , 1977) .

Distinguish a conceptual model from a theory

If the purpose is to describe, explain, or predict specific phenomena, the work is most

likely a theory. Ex. the works of Peplau (Alligood & Tomey, 1990) and Orlando.

If the purpose of the work is to articulate a body of distinct knowledge for the discipline of

nursing, the work is most likely a conceptual model. Ex. the works of Johnson, King, Levine,

Neuman, Orem, Rogers, and Roy.

Most of these theorists have been described by others as proposing a nursing theory, not

a conceptual model.Failure to distinguish a conceptual model from a theory, Fawcett (1989) states, leads to

misunderstandings and inappropriate expectations of the work.

However, according to Meleis (1985), the use of different labels (theory, paradigm, model,and framework) corresponds to differences in emphasis rather than substance.

Definitions of theory

Pinnel and Menesis (1986)

Systematic set of interrelated concepts, definitions and deductions that describe, explain or

predict interrelationships

Walker and Avant (1983)

Internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions and propositions)that presents a systematic view of phenomenon and which is useful for description,

explanation, prediction and control

Chinn and Krammer

creative and vigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful and systematic

view of phenomena

Meleis, 2005

Theory is an organized, coherent, and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to

significant questions in a discipline that are communicated in a meaningful whole.

Some commonalities

Purpose

Concepts

Definitions

Propositions

Structured ideas

Tentative

Describe a phenomenon or occurrence

Components/Elements of theory

1. Purpose Why is the theory formulated

2. Concepts are building blocks of theoryideas, mental images of a phenomenon, an eventor object that is derived from an individuals experience andperception


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3. Has a major concept like nursing, person, health or environment.

4. Definitions give meaning to concepts which can either be descriptive or procedural

(stipulate-use of term within the theory)

Propositions are expressions of relational statements between and among the concepts. Itcan be expressed as statements, paradigms or figures .

Assumptions- accepted truths that are basic and fundamental to the theory. Or valueassumptions where what is good or right or ought to be.

Characteristics of a Theory

Systematic, logical and coherent

(orderly reasoning,no contradictions)

Creative structuring of ideas

mental images of ones experiences and create different ways of looking at a particular event

or object.

Tentative in nature ( change over time or evolving but some remain valid despite passage of

time)

Theory Development

How does a theory develop?

Four strategies of theory development:

1. Theory practice theory ( theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing

situations)

2. Practice theory evolved from clinical practice

3. Research theory or inductive method

Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence.

4. Theory research theory

theories developed by other disciplines are utilized but given unique nursing perspective.Original theory examined and given a new research findings.

TERMINOLOGY

METAPARADIGM

- Most abstract level of knowledge. In nursing this is main concepts that encompasses the

subject matter and the scope of the discipline

- Central concepts of person, environment, health and nursing

TERMINOLOGY

PHILOSOPHY

- Knowledge level which specifies the definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each ofthe conceptual models of nursing.

- Nightingale is considered philosophical approach

- Out of these philosophies theory maybe formalized

Frameworks or paradigms that provide a broad frame of reference for the systematic

approaches to the phenomena with which the discipline is concerned.

different views nursing like Roy focuses on adaptation, King on interaction and Abdellah

on interventions

Theory

Group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practiceNursing theory


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Group of related concepts that derive from the nursing models. Some derive from other

nursing discipline like Leininger which comes from anthropology

Nursing theory is defined as a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing reality

communicated for the purpose of describing phenomena, explaining relationships between

phenomena, predicting consequences, or prescribing nursing care (Meleis, 2005).

Uses of theory

1. Theory guides and improve nursing practice

Theory provides goal for nursing care and with goals, nursing practice is rendered more

effective and efficient.

Theories help to focus the goals, making nurses more confident about the practice.

2. Theory guides research

according to Meleis, primary use of theory is to guide research. It validates and modifies the

theory.

3. Theory contributes to the development of the disciplines body of knowledge

4. Theory enhances communication

Theory Development in

Nursing: Historical

Overview

Theories that Define Nursing or Discuss

Nursing in a General Sense

(Philosophies)

Florence Nightingale

Virginia Henderson

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Where do I begin?


- Considered first modern nursing theorist

- First one to delineate what is considered the nursing goal and practice domain.

- placing the client in the best condition for nature to act upon him

- Taught about symptoms and what they indicate, rationale for actions and trained powers of

observation and reflection

Historical Development of

Nursing Theories: Significant Events

Nightingale until the 50 sFlorence Nightingale Notes on Nursing

control of the environment to care for the individual

(ventilation, light, warm , noise absence or reduction, cleanliness & diet )

1952 Nursing Research Journal publication

1960s nature of nursing practice was debated, defined nursing practice, or develop nursing

theory, and created a substantive body of knowledge

Historical development

1960-1970 proliferation of conceptual models and frameworks, and philosophy of nursing.

Examples: Abdellah 21 nursing problems and HallsCore, care and cure


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(person,body,disease)

1969 first conference on nursing theory

Role of nurses where questioned; what they do, for whom where and when

were determined.

purpose of nursing, process of theory development was discussed

1980 s characterized by acceptance of thesignificance of theory in nursing. Less debateson whether or not to use theory, practice theory or borrowed ones.

More and more publication up to the present.

Types of theories

According to range

Grand theory

Middle range theory

Micro theory

Types of theories:Grand Theory

Grand Theory consist of broad conceptual frameworks that reflect wide and expansive

perspectives for practice and ways of describing, explaining, predicting and looking atnursing phenomena. They are the most complex and broadest in scope.

Ex.

Hendersons The Nature of Nursing ;

Levines The Four Conservation Principles of Nursing,

Roys Adaptation Model, and

Orems Self-Care (Marriner-Tomey)

Types of Theories:Mid Range-

Mid Range- less complex and narrower in scope than grand theory and micro theory.

A more workable level is the middle range.more limited in scope and less variables, and

testable.

grand theory on stress and adaptation might not yield any interpretable guidelines on

practice but if the theory is focused on chronic lingering illness as the stressor on family, the

stress theory becomes operational for both research and practice purposes.

Ex. Peplaus Psychodynamic Nursing and Orlandos Nursing Process Theory

Types of theories:Micro theories

Micro theories- are the least complex. They contain the least complex concepts and are

narrowest in scope. They deal with a small aspect of reality, generally a set of theoretical

statements

Deals with specific and narrow defined phenomena

According to Orientation or

focus of the theory

1. Client centered: Nightingale, Henderson

2. Client-nurse dynamics: Watson

3. Client-nurse environment : Leininger


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Client centered

Focused on the needs and problems of clients which are met, resolved or alleviated by

nursing interventions

This category includes theories developed by the following : Nightingale, Abdellah,

Henderson, Orem, Pender, Roy, Levine, Hall.

Nurseclient dynamics

Focus on interaction between the nurse and client.

This category includes theories developed by the following: Peplau, Watson, King and

Orlando

Client-Nurse Environment

Dynamics

Focus on the interaction between nurse and client in an environment that includes broaderdimensions of time and space.

As well as culture, cultural diversity, and universality.

Theories of Neuman and Leininger are discussed under this category.

Theories of Neuman and Leininger are discussed under this category.

Framework to Analyze the Nursing theory

1.What are the major concepts?

Person, nursing, health and environment

2. Based on Focus

Client centered, nurse-client dynamics, nurse client-environment dynamics

-How similar and how different are their concepts of persons, nursing, health, environment

3. Key concepts unique to the theory. Some theories have several key concepts and it may

have sub-concepts.

Analysis of theory

ClarityHow clear is this theory?

How simple is this theory?

How general is this theory?

How accessible is this theory?

How important is this theory?


originally published in 1859)

lth, illness, and the nurses role in caring forpatients

surroundings

information

ted to environment

Virginia Henderson

ction of he nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the

performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or a peaceful death) thathe would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.


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t, a helper to the patient or a partner with the patient

Jean Watson

ing aspects of nursingtors differentiate nursing from medicine (curative)

with lack of harmony within the mind, body, and soul

or creating and maintaining an environment supporting human caring

while recognizing and providing for patients primary human requirements

that nursing be concerned with spiritual matters and the inner knowledge of

nurse and patient as they participate together in the transpersonal caring process

ength is recognized, supported, encouraged

ss to understanding of self andothers

, accepting relationships where feelings are shared and confidence is

inspired

Dorothea Orem

-care

le in contemporary society want to be in control of their lives.

ine ability to provide adequate self-care is assessed

ensatory

-educative

Imogene King

on persons, their interpersonal relationships, and social contexts with three

interacting systems

izes goal attainment and patients involvement in setting goals (Goal Attainment

Model)

Sister Callista Roy

(second edition 1984)

scipline that

emphasizes the persons adaptive and coping

abilities

to further patients adaptation

(second edition 1984)

ve system

emphasizes the persons adaptive and coping

abilities


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Hildegard Peplau

e is the focus of attention

interpersonal relationship

health problems and learn from them as they develop newbehavior patterns

technical expert, surrogate, and leader

Ida Orlando

-Patient Relationship: Function, Process and Principles (1961)

onfirmation of patients verbal and non-verbal behavior, which identify

patient needs

to determine and meet patients immediate needs and improve their

situation by relieving distress or discomfort

Madeleine Leininger

viewed in the context of their cultures

Modelguides the assessment of cultural data for an understanding of its

influence on the patients life

Conclusion

continuous, and dynamic process. One

can not exist without the other.

theory critique, testing and

support.

human process that includes not only

valid findings but also observation, agreements, useful solutions to problems.

it is the responsibility of each

clinician, academician.

Exercise

Please see the attachment: Adaptation model ofnursing

1.Define theory and list characteristics of a theory2.Describe the components of a theory and its use

3.Trace the development of a nursing theory

4.Theory Development in Nursing: Historical Overview


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TERJEMAHAN

Perawatan Filsafat

Kumboyono

Sekolah Keperawatan - Universitas Brawijaya

tujuan

-komponen dari teori dan penggunaannya

erawatan: Sejarah Ikhtisar

-masing.

Pengantar Teori

Ada pertanyaan tentang apakah keperawatan adalah profesi atau pekerjaan.

adalah panggilan belajar atau pekerjaan yang memiliki status keunggulan dan

diutamakan dalam pembagian kerja. Ini kebutuhan yang sangat beragam tingkat pelatihanatau pendidikan, keterampilan dan variabel basis pengetahuan. Semua profesi pekerjaan

tetapi tidak semua pekerjaan adalah profesi (Logan, Franzen, Butcher, 2004; Schwiran, 1998)

Mengapa Teori Penting?

raktek

kepada masyarakat

teori Guides

Perawat Profesional di ....

sis data pasien

Teori Berbasis Pendidikan

Master: menggunakan perspektif teoretis berfokus pada pasien untuk hasil keperawatan

spesifik; praktek berdasarkan bukti dari penelitian & pengalaman

tengah berguna karena mereka khusus untuk perawatan

pasien

Praktek Teori Berbasis

dan menggunakannya untuk membimbing mereka dalam perawatan mereka dari pasien

proses pengambilan keputusan


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intervensi keperawatan tradisional

Penelitian teori Berbasis

n danmemahami bagaimana berdasarkan bukti pengaruh keperawatan hasil pasien

bagian

integral dari penelitian

Manfaat

ang lain

-nilai dan

asumsi

Definisi teori

untuk evaluasi teori.

positivistik Diterima View (Suppe, 1977), di mana fokusnya adalah pada struktur dan proses.

Ex.1.McKay (1969) mendefinisikan teori sebagai "seperangkat logis saling hipotesis

dikonfirmasi" dan Jacox (1974) mendefinisikan sebagai "satu set sistematis terkait laporan

termasuk hukum-seperti generalisasi yang dapat diuji secara empiris ".

i konsisten dengan Diterima

Definisi teori

proposisi yang memproyeksikan pandangan sistematis dari fenomena dengan menunjuk

keterkaitan khusus antara konsep untuk tujuan menggambarkan, menjelaskan, memprediksi,

dan / atau mengontrol fenomena".

tidak menekankan struktur teori.

Masalah dalam keperawatan: kurangnya kesepakatan mengenai definisi teori

ah menggunakan teori jangka dipertukarkan dengan istilah-istilah seperti

konseptual kerangka, model konseptual, model, dan paradigma.

dibedakan oleh tingkat mereka abstraksi dan dengan demikian harus digunakan dengan cara

yang berbeda".

konsep dan proposisi yang dimaksudkan untuk menjelaskan atau mencirikan fenomena

menarik bagi disiplin keperawatan ".

Sebuah model konseptual vs teori

-Brown,

1977) yang spesifik dan konkret.


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-Brown,

1977) yang spesifik dan konkret.

Membedakan model konseptual dari teori

uannya adalah untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan, atau memprediksi fenomena

tertentu, pekerjaan kemungkinan besar teori. Ex. karya Peplau (Alligood & Tomey, 1990)dan Orlando.

yang

berbeda untuk disiplin keperawatan, pekerjaan kemungkinan besar model konseptual. Ex.

karya Johnson, King, Levine, Neuman, Orem, Rogers, dan Roy.

keperawatan, tidak model konseptual.

mengarah ke kesalahpahaman dan harapan yang tidak pantas pekerjaan.

gma, model,

dan kerangka) sesuai dengan perbedaan penekanan daripada substansi.

Definisi teori

Pinnel dan Menesis (1986)

Kumpulan sistematis konsep yang saling terkait, definisi dan pemotongan yang

menggambarkan, menjelaskan atau memprediksi hubungan timbal balik

Internal kelompok konsisten relasional laporan (konsep, definisi dan proposisi) yang

menyajikan pandangan sistematis fenomena dan yang berguna untuk deskripsi, penjelasan,

prediksi dan kontrol

penataan kreatif dan kuat dari ide-ide yang memproyeksikan tentatif, tujuan dan sistematis

lihat fenomena

Teori adalah artikulasi terorganisir, koheren, dan sistematis dari serangkaian pernyataan yang

berkaitan dengan pertanyaan penting dalam disiplin yang dikomunikasikan dalam

keseluruhan yang bermakna.

beberapa kesamaan

tujuan

konsep

definisi

proposisiide terstruktur

sementara

Menggambarkan fenomena atau kejadian

Komponen / Elemen teori

1. Tujuan "Mengapa teori dirumuskan"

2. Konsep sedang membangun blok dari teori - ide, citra mental dari fenomena, suatu

peristiwa atau objek yang berasal dari pengalaman individu dan persepsi

3. Memiliki konsep besar seperti keperawatan, orang, kesehatan atau lingkungan.

4. Definisi memberi makna pada konsep yang dapat menjadi deskriptif atau prosedural

(menetapkan penggunaan istilah dalam teori)


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lasional antara dan di antara konsep-konsep.

itu

dapat dinyatakan sebagai laporan, paradigma atau tokoh.

- asumsi menerima "kebenaran" yang merupakan dasar dan mendasar untuk teori.

Atau nilai asumsi di mana apa yang baik atau benar atau seharusnya.

Karakteristik Teori sebuah

sistematis, logis dan koheren

(penalaran tertib, tidak ada kontradiksi)

penataan Kreatif ide

citra mental dari pengalaman seseorang dan menciptakan cara-cara yang berbeda dalam

memandang suatu peristiwa tertentu atau objek.

Tentatif di alam (perubahan dari waktu ke waktu atau berkembang tetapi beberapa tetap

berlaku meskipun berlalunya waktu)

Pengembangan teori

Bagaimana teori berkembang?Empat strategi pengembangan teori:

Teori praktek 1. Teori (teori yang dikembangkan dalam disiplin lain dan digunakan dalam

situasi keperawatan)

Teori Praktik 2. berevolusi dari praktek klinis

3. Teori Penelitian atau metode induktif

Harus berkembang dari hasil penelitian atau bukti empiris.

Teori penelitian 4. Teori

teori yang dikembangkan oleh disiplin ilmu lainnya yang digunakan tetapi mengingat

perspektif keperawatan yang unik. Teori asli diperiksa dan diberi temuan penelitian baru.

ISTILAH

merupakan paradigma

- Sebagian besar tingkat abstrak pengetahuan. Dalam keperawatan ini adalah konsep utama

yang meliputi materi pelajaran dan ruang lingkup disiplin

- Konsep Sentral orang, lingkungan, kesehatan dan keperawatan

ISTILAH

FILOSOFI

- Tingkat pengetahuan yang menentukan definisi dari konsep paradigma yang di masing-

masing model konseptual keperawatan.

- Nightingale dianggap pendekatan filosofis- Dari filosofi ini teori mungkin diformalkan

sistematis untuk fenomena dengan yang disiplin yang bersangkutan.

interaksi dan Abdellah pada intervensi

teori

teori keperawatan

disiplin keperawatan lain seperti Leininger yang berasal dari antropologi


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keperawatan dikomunikasikan untuk tujuan menggambarkan fenomena, menjelaskan

hubungan antara fenomena, memprediksi konsekuensi, atau resep asuhan keperawatan

(Meleis, 2005).

Penggunaan teori1. panduan Teori dan meningkatkan praktik keperawatan

l untuk asuhan keperawatan dan dengan tujuan, praktik keperawatan

yang diberikan lebih efektif dan efisien.

praktek.

2. Teori panduan penelitian

menurut Meleis, penggunaan utama dari teori adalah untuk memandu penelitian.

Memvalidasi dan memodifikasi teori.

3. Teori kontribusi untuk pengembangan disiplin tubuh pengetahuan

4. Teori meningkatkan komunikasi

Pengembangan Teori dalam

Perawatan: Sejarah

Ikhtisar

Teori yang Tentukan Perawatan atau Diskusikan

Perawatan di Sense Umum

(Filsafat)

Di mana saya mulai?


- Dianggap modern pertama teori keperawatan

- Pertama untuk menggambarkan apa yang dianggap tujuan keperawatan dan praktek domain.

- "Menempatkan klien dalam kondisi terbaik untuk alam untuk bertindak atasnya"

- Diajarkan tentang gejala dan apa yang mereka menunjukkan, alasan untuk tindakan dan

melatih kekuatan pengamatan dan refleksi

Pengembangan Sejarah

Teori keperawatan: Peristiwa Penting

pengendalian lingkungan untuk merawat individu

(ventilasi, cahaya, hangat, kebisingan tidak adanya atau pengurangan, kebersihan & diet)

-an diperdebatkan, didefinisikan praktik keperawatan,

atau mengembangkan teori keperawatan, dan menciptakan tubuh substantif pengetahuan

sejarah perkembangan

-1970 proliferasi model konseptual dan kerangka kerja, dan filsafat keperawatan.

Contoh: Abdellah 21 masalah keperawatan dan Balai Core, perawatan dan penyembuhan(orang, badan, penyakit)


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konferensi pertama pada teori keperawatan

kapan

ditentukan.

teori dalam keperawatan. PerdebatanKurang pada apakah atau tidak untuk menggunakan teori, teori praktek atau yang dipinjam.

Jenis teori

Menurut berbagai

Teori

Jenis teori:

Grand Theory

perspektif yang luas dan ekspansif untuk praktek dan cara-cara untuk menggambarkan,

menjelaskan, memprediksi dan melihat fenomena keperawatan. Mereka adalah yang paling

kompleks dan luas cakupannya.

Ex.

-Tomey)

Jenis Teori:

Mid wilayah sebarannya

dan teori mikro.

variabel kurang, dan dapat diuji.

G

pada praktek tetapi jika teori ini difokuskan pada penyakit kronis berlama-lama sebagai

stressor pada keluarga, teori stres menjadi operasional untuk kedua tujuan penelitian dan

praktek.

Ex. Perawatan Psikodinamik Peplau dan Orlando Proses Keperawatan Teori

Jenis teori:

teori mikro

- adalah yang paling kompleks. Mereka mengandung konsep yang kompleks

dan paling sempit dalam lingkup. Mereka berurusan dengan aspek kecil dari realitas,

umumnya satu set pernyataan teoritis

Menurut Orientasi atau

Fokus teori

1. Klien berpusat: Nightingale, Henderson2. dinamika Klien-perawat: Watson


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3. Klien-perawat lingkungan: Leininger

klien berpusat

dengan intervensi keperawatan

-teori yang dikembangkan oleh berikut: Nightingale, Abdellah,Henderson, Orem, Pender, Roy, Levine, Hall.

Perawat - dinamika klien

-teori yang dikembangkan oleh berikut: Peplau, Watson, Raja dan

Orlando

Klien-Perawat Lingkungan

dinamika

yang lebih luas dari ruang dan waktu.universalitas.

Kerangka untuk Menganalisis teori Keperawatan

1.What adalah konsep utama?

Orang, keperawatan, kesehatan dan lingkungan

2. Berdasarkan Fokus

Klien berpusat, dinamika perawat-klien, dinamika perawat klien-lingkungan

-Bagaimana Serupa dan bagaimana berbeda adalah konsep mereka orang, keperawatan,

kesehatan, lingkungan

3. Konsep-konsep kunci unik untuk teori. Beberapa teori memiliki beberapa konsep-konsep

kunci dan mungkin memiliki sub-konsep.

Analisis teori

- Seberapa jelas teori ini?

- Bagaimana sederhana adalah teori ini?

- Bagaimana umum adalah teori ini?

- Bagaimana diakses adalah teori ini?

- Seberapa penting teori ini?


pada tahun 1859)

it, dan peran perawat dalam merawat pasien

Virginia Henderson


17/18

kinerja kegiatan-kegiatan berkontribusi terhadap kesehatan atau pemulihan (atau kematian

yang damai) bahwa ia akan melakukan tanpa bantuan jika ia memiliki kekuatan yang

diperlukan, akan atau pengetahuan. "

Jean Watson

keperawatan

-faktor ini membedakan keperawatan dari obat (kuratif)

jiwa

n yang mendukung

kepedulian manusia sambil mengakui dan menyediakan kebutuhan primer manusia pasien

-hal rohani dan pengetahuan batin perawat dan

pasien karena mereka berpartisipasi bersama-sama dalam proses peduli transpersonal

diri adalah terinspirasi

Dorothea Orem

-orang biasa dalam masyarakat kontemporer ingin mengendalikan hidup mereka."

sien untuk memberikan perawatan diri yang memadai dinilai

-edukatif

Imogene King

untuk Keperawatan: Sistem, Konsep, Proses (1981)

erpersonal mereka, dan konteks sosial dengan tiga

sistem berinteraksi

Attainment

Model)

Suster Callista Roy

atan: Sebuah Model Adaptasi

(kedua edisi 1984)

mengatasi kemampuan


18/18

Hildegard Peplau

mengembangkan pola perilaku baru

Ida Orlando

erawat-Pasien Hubungan: Fungsi, Proses dan Prinsip (1961)

-verbal pasien, yang mengidentifikasi

kebutuhan pasien

memperbaiki situasi mereka dengan menghilangkan tekanan atau ketidaknyamanan

Madeleine Leininger

a

kehidupan pasien

kesimpulan

tidak bisa ada tanpa yang lain.

yang tidak hanya mencakup temuan yang valid tetapi juga observasi, perjanjian, solusi yang

berguna untuk masalah.

-

masing dokter, akademisi.

nursing philosopy pak kumbo

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