philosophy of science: knowing & knowledge assoc. prof. dr. jaafar jantan aka dr. jj applied...

Philosophy of Science: Knowing & Philosophy of Science: Knowing & KnowledgeKnowledge

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jaafar Jantan aka DR. JJ

Applied Science Education Research

Applied Science, UiTM, Shah Alam

Voice: 019-355-1621Voice: 019-355-1621 email: [email protected]; [email protected] email: [email protected]; [email protected]: http://dr.uitm.edu.myWebsite: http://dr.uitm.edu.my

Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM, 2006 3

BERTRAND RUSSELL: Science is what you know. Philosophy is what you don't know.

Quotes

Aristotle:“If you ought to philosophize you ought to philosophize; and if you ought not to philosophize you ought to philosophize: therefore, in any case you ought to philosophize. For if philosophy exists, we certainly ought to philosophize, since it exists; and if it does not exist, in that case too we ought to inquire why philosophy does not exist -- and by inquiring we philosophize; for inquiry is the cause of philosophy." Contribution by AIZATUL AIDA BINTI KHAIROL ANNUAR ’ ASB3F2

Such definitions have their uses, of course, what philosophy really is only discovered by studying and doing it. As a first approximation, however, it may be said that philosophy is the philosophy is the critical examination of our most fundamental ideas about critical examination of our most fundamental ideas about ourselves and the worldourselves and the world. It asks questions such as the following:

Philosophy has been defined as the love of wisdom, the search for truth through reasoning, the quest for the reasons for our basic beliefs, as well as a discipline which comprises metaphysics, logic, ethics, epistemology, and aesthetics.

PhilosophyPhilosophy

As individuals and as a culture, we have beliefs about these questions even if we do not always talk about them.

Our beliefs influence the way we live, personally and socially. Philosophy tries to make these beliefs evident and open to examination, hoping thereby to improve human life.

What is the nature and purpose of human life? How should we treat each other? What kind of society is best? What is our relation to nature?


WHAT IS• TRUTH?• BELIEFS?• FACTS?• INFORMATION• KNOWLEDGE? • EPISTEMOLOGY?


WHAT IS• METAPHYSICS?• LOGIC?• ETHICS• PROPOSITIONS?• ARGUMENTS?• PREMISES?• FALLACIES

Philosophy - TruthPhilosophy - Truth

"Truth is whatever you believe.”"Truth is whatever you believe.”

"There is no absolute truth.""There is no absolute truth."

"If there were such a thing as absolute "If there were such a thing as absolute truth, how could we know what it is?"truth, how could we know what it is?"


READ the colourREAD the colour

TRUTH is out TRUTH is out there??there??

The X-FILESThe X-FILES


Philosophy - Philosophy - TruthTruth

"Truth is that which conforms to reality, fact, or actuality."

What is reality? What is fact? What is actuality? How does perception effect truth?



Relativism -“All truth is relative.”Ultimately, relativism is self-defeating –it cannot stand up to its own truth claim.



In order for something to bring itself into existence, it would have to exist in order to be able to perform an action. But if it already existed, then it isn't possible to bring itself into existence since it already exists. Likewise, if it does not exist then it has no ability to perform any creative action since it doesn't exist in the first place. Therefore, "Something cannot bring itself into existence" is an absolute truth.

Consider the following statement:"Something cannot bring itself into "Something cannot bring itself into existence."existence."

Argue on the statement above

truth


Philosophy – Philosophy – BeliefsBeliefs


Instrument: CSEM – Q7Instrument: CSEM – Q7

Bef:61%, Aft:37%

Bef:9%, Aft:10%

Bef:15%, Aft:23%

Bef:9%, Aft:13%

Bef:6%, Aft:17%

CRI=2,3



(a) 9%, After:7%

(b) 18%, After:17%

(c) 21%, After:17%

(d) 41%, After:37%

(e) 12%, After:23%

CRI=1,3

Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM, 2006Young Researchers CAS 2006- Zaza & DrJJ, ASERG, FSG UiTM, June 2006

28

Example (Phase Change Question)

•Young Researchers CAS 2006, Selangor, 13th -14th June, 2006

• CCI Item #10Two ice cubes are floating in water:

After the ice melts, will the water level be:

(A) higher?

(B) lower?

(C) the same?

Ice

Water

Scientific Belief is C: 27%. N=1235

Commonsense belief is A: 65%. N=1235


29

Example (Conservation Question)


CCI Item #12

A 1.0-gram sample of solid iodine is placed in a tube and the tube is sealed after all of the air is removed. The tube and the solid iodine together weigh 27.0 grams.

The tube is then heated until all of the iodine evaporates and the tube is filled with iodine gas. Will the weight after heating be

(A) less than 26.0 grams (B) 26.0 grams

(C) 27.0 grams (D) 28.0 grams

(E) more than 28.0 grams

Iodine solid

Sc; C: 32%. N=1238

CS; A: 44%. N=1238


30

Example (Solutions Question)


CCI Item #20

Salt is added to water and the mixture is stirred until no more salt dissolves. The salt that does not dissolve is allowed to settle out. What happens to the concentration of salt in solution if water evaporates until the volume of the solution is half the original volume? (Assume temperature remains constant.)

evaporates

Solid Salt

Half of the water

Solution Solution

(A) increases? (B) decreases?(C) stays the same?

Sc; C: 29%. N=1238

CS; A: 60%. N=1238

Philosophy–Beliefs-Philosophy–Beliefs-ThaipusamThaipusamBirthday of Lord Subramaniam, son of Siva

Piercing is a way of asking favors from god



Belief is defined as mental acceptance of a premise, image, or thought as being true or real without evidence, in spite of contrary evidence, or after repeated failure. Belief, in this limited definition, is purely a function of the human mind. It enables humans to know what is demonstrably false, not knowable, and what is not known by anyone else.

Two sources of beliefs are environment (primary source which includes parents & upbringing) and imagination



“People have slaughtered each other in wars, inquisitions, and political actions for centuries and still kill each other over beliefs in religions, political ideologies, and philosophies. These belief-systems, when stated as propositions, may appear mystical, and genuine to the naive, but when confronted with a testable bases from reason and experiment, they fail miserably. I maintain that beliefs create more social problems than they solve and that beliefs, and especially those elevated to faith, produce the most destructive potential to the future of humankind.” Jim Walker


Philosophy – Philosophy – knowledgeknowledge

Copyright DrJJ, ASERG, FSG UiTM, June 2009 35

Let us start with the Greek philosophers. In Plato's view knowledge is merely an awareness of absolute, universal knowledge is merely an awareness of absolute, universal IdeasIdeas or or FormsForms, existing independent of any subject , existing independent of any subject trying to apprehend to themtrying to apprehend to them. Though Aristotle puts more emphasis on logical and empirical methods for gathering knowledge, he still accepts the view that such knowledge is an apprehension of necessary and universal principles. Following the Renaissance, two main epistemological positions dominated philosophy: empiricism, which sees knowledge as the product of sensory perception, and rationalism which sees it as the product of rational reflection


Philosophy of Science: Science Philosophy of Science: Science MethodMethod

Philosophy of science seeks to understand the nature and justification of scientific knowledge (structure, components, techniques, assumptions, limitations) and its ethical implications How??

Inductive reasoning??Hypothetico-deductive reasoning??

Science is both a systematic processsystematic process of gaining knowledge, and the organized body of knowledge gained by this process

Aristotle, Bacon,Poincare, Kuhn, Popper

What is a scientific method?Is there only 1 method?How to decide on what method?


What is Phil. Of Science?What is Phil. Of Science?

Seeks to explain:Nature of scientific statements & conceptsHow the concepts & statements are producedHow science explains, predicts, & thru the use of

technology harnesses natureHow to determine the validity of informationHow was the scientific method formulated and usedThe many ways of reasoning used to arrive at

conclusionImplications of scientific methods & models for

society and sciences

Studies philosophical foundations & implications of science


Justification of Science Justification of Science StatementsStatements

ObservationsObservations of observable events or natural phenomenaof observable events or natural phenomena

Hypothesis Hypothesis (deductive or inductive reasoning) to explain (deductive or inductive reasoning) to explain phenomena due to ONLY natural causes. Falsifiable?phenomena due to ONLY natural causes. Falsifiable?

PredictionsPredictions (from the hypotheses), consequence of the guess(from the hypotheses), consequence of the guess

Experiment – test predictionExperiment – test prediction(many and must be reproducible). Note: data cannot (many and must be reproducible). Note: data cannot prove hypothesis, only support or disproveprove hypothesis, only support or disprove

The scientific method – used by The scientific method – used by scientists to build supportable scientists to build supportable evidence-based understandings of evidence-based understandings of the natural worldthe natural world

Philosophy of Science: The Quest Philosophy of Science: The Quest For KnowledgeFor Knowledge


““The principle goal of education is to The principle goal of education is to create men who are capable of doing new create men who are capable of doing new things, not simply of repeating what other things, not simply of repeating what other generations have done -- men who are generations have done -- men who are creative, inventive and discoverers. “ Jean creative, inventive and discoverers. “ Jean Piaget Piaget ““The only person who is educated is the The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and one who has learned how to learn and change.” Carl Rogerschange.” Carl Rogers

Me with the Director General of UNESCO

Me with the Howard Gardner

““Teachers are powerful people and keepers Teachers are powerful people and keepers of the future. Help your students dream of the future. Help your students dream big!” Leslie Owen Wilsonbig!” Leslie Owen Wilson


Developing 3 Domains of Education-Learn

CognitiveKnowing, the HeadHead

The KNOWLEDGEIntellectual Skills

3H

http://drjj.uitm.edu.my

AffectiveFeeling, The HeartHeartThe CARE, Emotions

PsychomotorDoing, The HandHand, Body

The SKILLS

http://drjj.uitm.edu.my/







(A) higher?

(B) lower?

(C) the same?

Ice

Water






CCI Item #12






Iodine solid

Sc; C: 32%. N=1238

CS; A: 44%. N=1238


Introduction - Quote

“You do not really understand something

unless you can explain it to your grandmother”.

Albert Einstein


http://drjj.uitm.edu.my




Knowledge Attributes:

•Mastery of core subjects and ability to apply that knowledge

•Mastery of Bahasa Malaysia and English, and at least one other global language.

•A continuing passion for knowledge through lifelong learning.

•Excellent general knowledge and interest in current events.

•Appreciation of the arts, culture and sports.

•Sound analytical and problem-solving skills.

•Awareness of business and management principles, and technology.

Personal Attributes:

• Goal-oriented: proactive, self-starting, self- disciplined, confident, resilient, motivated, and fiercely competitive.

• Intellectually engaging: creative, innovative, and possessing critical thinking skills.

• Quick learner, adaptable, and flexible.

• Entrepreneurial.• Ethically and morally

upright.• Spiritually grounded.• Compassionate and

caring (through volunteerism and social services).

Interpersonal Attributes:

• Able communicator and effective presenter.

• Able to relate and be comfortable with people at all levels.

• Able to develop and leverage on personal and professional networks to achieve goals.

• Natural leader.

• Team player.

MOHE’s Attributes of Human Capital with First-Class MOHE’s Attributes of Human Capital with First-Class Mentality*. Producing all rounded person & professionalMentality*. Producing all rounded person & professional


1.Knowledge (K)2.Practical Skills (P)3.Thinking and

scientific skills (K,S)

1.Communication skills (S,A)2.Social skills, teamwork and

responsibility (A)6.Values, ethics, moral and

professionalism (A) 7.Information management and

lifelong learning skills(S/A)8.Managerial and

entrepreneurial skills (K/P/A) 9.9.LeadershipLeadership skills

Technical skillsTechnical skills Professional skillsProfessional skills


One of the most important goals of a university is to

develop individuals who have advanced develop individuals who have advanced literacy skills in their disciplineliteracy skills in their discipline: people who can

participate effectively by critiquing information and ideas and by contributing with rigour and creativity to new insights and

knowledge, who are self-aware as learners, and who are rhetorically versatile, confident communicators able to adapt and contribute to the demands of employment and life in a

changing society and wider world.

Copyright DrJJ, ASERG, FSG UiTM, June 2009 56Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe. Understanding by Design; Chap 4.

Can explainCan explain: provide thorough, supported, and justifiable accounts of phenomena, facts, and data.

Can interpretCan interpret: tell meaningful stories; offer apt translations; provide a revealing historical or personal dimension to ideas and events; make it personal or accessible through images, anecdotes, analogies, and models.

Can applyCan apply: effectively use and adapt what we know in diverse contexts.

Have perspectiveHave perspective: see and hear points of view through critical eyes and ears; see the big picture.


Can empathizeCan empathize: find value in what others might find odd, alien, or implausible; perceive sensitively on the basis of prior direct experience.

Have self-knowledgeHave self-knowledge: perceive the personal style, prejudices, projections, and habits of mind that both shape and impede our own understanding; we are aware of what we do not understand and why understanding is so hard


If you were to fall in a hole through the center of the earth, how long before you land in a bowl of authentic dim sum in Beijing?


DataData is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself. It represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things. Ex: It is raining.

InformationInformation is data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions. It is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This "meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be. Information embodies the understanding of a relationship of some sort, possibly cause and effect. Ex: The temperature dropped 15 degrees and then it started raining.

Source: Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom by Gene Bellinger, Durval Castro, Anthony Mills

http://www.systems-thinking.org/feedback.htm


mailto:[email protected]




KnowledgeKnowledge is the application of data and information; answers "how" questions. It is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information (as less-aspiring test-bound students often do), then they have amassed knowledge.Knowledge represents a pattern that connects and generally provides a high level of predictability as to what is described or what will happen next. Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature drops substantially the atmospheres is often unlikely to be able to hold the moisture so it rains.








"Knowledge consists of facts, truths, and beliefs, perspectives and concepts, judgments and expectations, methodologies and know-how.

Knowledge is accumulated and integrated and held over time to handle specific situations and challenges.

Depth of Knowledge: Factual, Conceptual, Procedural & Meta-cognitive

Classified using Bloom Taxonomy

Information consists of facts and data organized to describe a particular situation or condition


Research on KnowledgeResearch on KnowledgeKnowledge = Justified True Knowledge = Justified True BeliefBelief


UnderstandingUnderstanding is the appreciation of "why“.

It is an interpolative and probabilistic process. It is cognitive and analytical. It is the process by which I can take knowledge and synthesize new knowledge from the previously held knowledge. The difference between understanding and knowledge is the difference between "learning" and "memorizing". People who have understanding can undertake useful actions because they can synthesize new knowledge, or in some cases, at least new information, from what is previously known (and understood). That is, understanding can build upon currently held information, knowledge and understanding itself. Source: Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom by Gene Bellinger, Durval Castro, Anthony Mills







Wisdom Wisdom is an extrapolative and non-deterministic, non-probabilistic process. It calls upon all the previous levels of consciousness, and specifically upon special types of human programming (moral, ethical codes, etc.). It beckons to give us understanding about which there has previously been no understanding, and in doing so, goes far beyond understanding itself. It is the essence of philosophical probing. Unlike the previous four levels, it asks questions to which there is no (easily-achievable) answer, and in some cases, to which there can be no humanly-known answer period. Wisdom is therefore, the process by which we also discern, or judge, between right and wrong, good and bad.








Wisdom embodies more of an understanding of fundamental principles embodied within the knowledge that are essentially the basis for the knowledge being what it is.

Wisdom is essentially systemic.

Ex: It rains because it rains. And this encompasses an understanding of all the interactions that happen between raining, evaporation, air currents, temperature gradients, changes, and raining.







Philosophy - Philosophy - EpistemologyEpistemology

Epistemology is the study of our method of acquiring knowledge. It answers the question, "How do we know?" It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental. It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid

Epistemology is the explanation of how we think. It is required in order to be able to determine the true from the false, by determining a proper method of evaluation. It is needed in order to use and obtain knowledge of the world around us.

Philosophy - Philosophy - EpistemologyEpistemology1. Our senses are valid, and the only way to gain information

about the world. 2. Reason is our method of gaining knowledge, and acquiring

understanding. 3. Logic is our method of maintaining consistency within our

set of knowledge. 4. Objectivity is our means of associating knowledge with

reality to determine its validity. 5. Concepts are abstracts of specific details of reality, or of

other abstractions. A proper epistemology is a rational epistemology

Philosophy - Philosophy - EpistemologyEpistemology

How do we know?? How do we know?? Gain info or Experience Gain info or Experience through our sensesthrough our sensesReason to Reason to

know & know & understandunderstand

Use logic for Use logic for consistencyconsistency


Research on KnowledgeResearch on KnowledgeEpistemology: Study on Epistemology: Study on KnowledgeKnowledge

Old theory (static)K is absolute & permanent

IntermediateK is relative & situation dependenceContinuously developing & evolve

Now (adaptive & active)K actively interfere with world,

Objects & subjects


Philosophy – Philosophy – Knowing vs BeliefsKnowing vs BeliefsIt is not necessary for every human to re-prove that Newton's motion formulas are accurate in macro physics, that the earth is not the center of the solar system, or that the city of Tokyo exists. The truth and accuracy of those premises have been proven and established in the body of recorded human knowledge. While most humans do not know these things are true based on personal experience, these things are knowable and known by others. It leads to faith in experts, authorities, and gurus.

Such definitions have their uses, of course, what philosophy really is only discovered by studying and doing it. As a first approximation, however, it may be said that philosophy is the critical examination of our most fundamental ideas about ourselves and the world. It asks questions such as the following:

Philosophy has been defined as the love of wisdom, the search for truth through reasoning, the quest for the reasons for our basic beliefs, as well as a discipline which comprises metaphysics, logic, ethics, epistemology, and aesthetics.



Philosophy – Philosophy – knowledgeknowledge


Let us start with the Greek philosophers. In Plato's view knowledge is merely an awareness of absolute, universal knowledge is merely an awareness of absolute, universal IdeasIdeas or or FormsForms, existing independent of any subject , existing independent of any subject trying to apprehend to themtrying to apprehend to them. Though Aristotle puts more emphasis on logical and empirical methods for gathering knowledge, he still accepts the view that such knowledge is an apprehension of necessary and universal principles. Following the Renaissance, two main epistemological positions dominated philosophy: empiricism, which sees knowledge as the product of sensory perception, and rationalism which sees it as the product of rational reflection


One of the most important goals of a university is to

develop individuals who have advanced develop individuals who have advanced literacy skills in their disciplineliteracy skills in their discipline: people who can

participate effectively by critiquing information and ideas and by contributing with rigour and creativity to new insights and

knowledge, who are self-aware as learners, and who are rhetorically versatile, confident communicators able to adapt and contribute to the demands of employment and life in a

changing society and wider world.


Can explainCan explain: provide thorough, supported, and justifiable accounts of phenomena, facts, and data.

Can interpretCan interpret: tell meaningful stories; offer apt translations; provide a revealing historical or personal dimension to ideas and events; make it personal or accessible through images, anecdotes, analogies, and models.

Can applyCan apply: effectively use and adapt what we know in diverse contexts.

Have perspectiveHave perspective: see and hear points of view through critical eyes and ears; see the big picture.


Can empathizeCan empathize: find value in what others might find odd, alien, or implausible; perceive sensitively on the basis of prior direct experience.

Have self-knowledgeHave self-knowledge: perceive the personal style, prejudices, projections, and habits of mind that both shape and impede our own understanding; we are aware of what we do not understand and why understanding is so hard


DataData is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself. It represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things. Ex: It is raining.

InformationInformation is data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions. It is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This "meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be. Information embodies the understanding of a relationship of some sort, possibly cause and effect. Ex: The temperature dropped 15 degrees and then it started raining.








KnowledgeKnowledge is the application of data and information; answers "how" questions. It is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information (as less-aspiring test-bound students often do), then they have amassed knowledge.Knowledge represents a pattern that connects and generally provides a high level of predictability as to what is described or what will happen next. Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature drops substantially the atmospheres is often unlikely to be able to hold the moisture so it rains.








"Knowledge consists of facts, truths, and beliefs, perspectives and concepts, judgments and expectations, methodologies and know-how.

Knowledge is accumulated and integrated and held over time to handle specific situations and challenges.

Depth of Knowledge: Factual, Conceptual, Procedural & Meta-cognitive

Classified using Bloom Taxonomy

Information consists of facts and data organized to describe a particular situation or condition


UnderstandingUnderstanding is the appreciation of "why“.

It is an interpolative and probabilistic process. It is cognitive and analytical. It is the process by which I can take knowledge and synthesize new knowledge from the previously held knowledge. The difference between understanding and knowledge is the difference between "learning" and "memorizing". People who have understanding can undertake useful actions because they can synthesize new knowledge, or in some cases, at least new information, from what is previously known (and understood). That is, understanding can build upon currently held information, knowledge and understanding itself. Source: Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom by Gene Bellinger, Durval Castro, Anthony Mills







Wisdom Wisdom is an extrapolative and non-deterministic, non-probabilistic process. It calls upon all the previous levels of consciousness, and specifically upon special types of human programming (moral, ethical codes, etc.). It beckons to give us understanding about which there has previously been no understanding, and in doing so, goes far beyond understanding itself. It is the essence of philosophical probing. Unlike the previous four levels, it asks questions to which there is no (easily-achievable) answer, and in some cases, to which there can be no humanly-known answer period. Wisdom is therefore, the process by which we also discern, or judge, between right and wrong, good and bad.








Wisdom embodies more of an understanding of fundamental principles embodied within the knowledge that are essentially the basis for the knowledge being what it is.

Wisdom is essentially systemic.

Ex: It rains because it rains. And this encompasses an understanding of all the interactions that happen between raining, evaporation, air currents, temperature gradients, changes, and raining.








Research on KnowledgeResearch on Knowledge

Knowledge:Knowledge:

Webster’s Definition: “Fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association”

Something that is believed, true & reliable

Information = data arranged in meaningful pattern

Is Knowledge = Information??


KnowledgeKnowledge

Knowledge is Knowledge is What is known by perceptual experience and reasoning.

"I'd better talk to the bank before I spend it because of what has happened to other people" is wisdom.

For example, 1234567.89 is data (fact);

"Your bank balance has jumped 8087% to $1234567.89" is information;

"Nobody owes me that much money" is knowledge;



Justified True Belief (JTB)

1.1. P is true (p is proposition)P is true (p is proposition)

2.2. S believes that pS believes that p

3.3. S is justified in believing PS is justified in believing P


Research on KnowledgeResearch on KnowledgePropositional Knowledge: Propositional Knowledge: Plato’s convictionPlato’s conviction

Knowledge ≠ Sense Perception

What I know I must believe, & must be true If I know something then it is something that I believe

Justified True Belief (JTB)

Knowledge = True Belief


the freshmen the freshmen bring a bring a little in and the little in and the seniors take none seniors take none away, and knowledge away, and knowledge accumulates.”accumulates.”

Abbott LowellAbbott Lowell

“Universities are full of knowledge,Universities are full of knowledge,



Bef:61%, Aft:37%

Bef:9%, Aft:10%

Bef:15%, Aft:23%

Bef:9%, Aft:13%

Bef:6%, Aft:17%

CRI=2,3



(a) 9%, After:7%

(b) 18%, After:17%

(c) 21%, After:17%

(d) 41%, After:37%

(e) 12%, After:23%

CRI=1,3


113





(A) higher?

(B) lower?

(C) the same?

Ice

Water




114



CCI Item #12






Iodine solid

Sc; C: 32%. N=1238

CS; A: 44%. N=1238


115

Example (Solutions Question)


CCI Item #20

Salt is added to water and the mixture is stirred until no more salt dissolves. The salt that does not dissolve is allowed to settle out. What happens to the concentration of salt in solution if water evaporates until the volume of the solution is half the original volume? (Assume temperature remains constant.)

evaporates

Solid Salt

Half of the water

Solution Solution

(A) increases? (B) decreases?(C) stays the same?

Sc; C: 29%. N=1238

CS; A: 60%. N=1238


But what is Knowledge??But what is Knowledge??

.

Wien’s Wien’s Displacement LawDisplacement Law

W 95Pnet Human body shielded by clothing: Human body shielded by clothing: TTbodybody = 301K, T = 301K, Tsurrsurr = 305K,emissivity = 305K,emissivity

=1, Area = 2 m=1, Area = 2 m22

absorbemitnet PPP Total Power emitted by a black bodyTotal Power emitted by a black body

4surr4

bodynet TTAP Total Power emitted by a Total Power emitted by a black bodyblack body

Planck;s Law of blackbody radiationPlanck;s Law of blackbody radiation

1e

1

c

h2)(I

kT

h2

3


Reflection Reflection

Philosophy - Philosophy - MetaphysicsMetaphysics

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the foundation of a worldview. It answers the question "What is?"

It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It says whether the world is real, or merely an illusion. It is a fundamental view of the world around us

Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality. We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live


Reality is absolute. It has a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. It has a specific nature and it must be consistent to that nature. A proper metaphysical worldview must aim to understand reality correctly.

The physical world exists, and every entity has a specific The physical world exists, and every entity has a specific naturenature. It acts according to that nature. When different entities interact, they do so according to the nature of both. Every action has a cause and an effect. Causality is the means by which change occurs, but the change occurs via a specific nature.



On a sheet of paper, write the On a sheet of paper, write the following:following:

ILS

CompositionComposition

To me knowledge is…………………….To me knowledge is…………………….

Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM, 2006 122ILS

Midterm paperMidterm paper

Title:“ I believe that science is the only way to know the Title:“ I believe that science is the only way to know the truth about why and how natural events are happening. “truth about why and how natural events are happening. “

•Length: Body of text must be no less that 500 words Length: Body of text must be no less that 500 words & not to exceed 550 words.& not to exceed 550 words.•Font: Arial size 11. Paragraph spacing 1.5. Font: Arial size 11. Paragraph spacing 1.5. •Margins: Body of text is 1-inch all around on A4 Margins: Body of text is 1-inch all around on A4 paper. It must contain an Introduction. The body of paper. It must contain an Introduction. The body of the text must have at least 4 arguments followed by a the text must have at least 4 arguments followed by a conclusion. Use the usual APA or science format conclusion. Use the usual APA or science format when citing your sources in the body of the text.when citing your sources in the body of the text.

Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM, 2006 123ILS

Midterm paperMidterm paper• First page must contain the title, your name, KP UiTM, First page must contain the title, your name, KP UiTM,

your picture, Program, group, handphone number & your picture, Program, group, handphone number & email address.email address.

• The references (bibliography) page must be attached at The references (bibliography) page must be attached at the end as appendix 1.the end as appendix 1.

• Hard copies are due in my box, room 516, no later than Hard copies are due in my box, room 516, no later than September 4September 4thth 2008. To send a digital copy, email your 2008. To send a digital copy, email your word file to word file to [email protected] with a message title with a message title FSG500 midterm “your name” & “your group” (example FSG500 midterm “your name” & “your group” (example FSG500 midterm Asmah Saim ASB3F2). FSG500 midterm Asmah Saim ASB3F2).

DO NOT ASK A FRIEND TO SEND IT FOR YOU!!!DO NOT ASK A FRIEND TO SEND IT FOR YOU!!!

*Note that proof of sent is NOT proof of receipt.*Note that proof of sent is NOT proof of receipt.Date for Debate have been moved to after Hari Raya breakDate for Debate have been moved to after Hari Raya break


Closing QuotesClosing Quotes

Knowledge is powerTrue Knowledge is an instrument for survival

EndEnd

philosophy of science: knowing & knowledge assoc. prof. dr. jaafar jantan aka dr. jj applied...

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