INSECT PEST OF OILSEED CROPS

Made by: Manisha Duhan(RLBCAU002)

INSECT PEST OF MUSTARD

Mustard sawfly : Athalia lugens(Hymnoptera:Tenthrinidae)

Adult fly measures 8-11 mm in length and orange yellow colouredinsect with black markings on the body especially femora and thorax Female with saw like ovipositor and abdomen is orange colour Wings are translucent, Smokey with black coloured veins

LIFE CYCLE

Eggs : Eggs are insert singly, in slits made with saw like ovipositor along the under sides of the leaf margin Each female lays 60 eggs

I.P 4-5 days

Larva : Cylindrical , greenish black in colour with wrinkled body and has 7-8 pairs of prolegs. A full grown larva measures 16-18mm in length, on touch the larva suddenly falls to ground and like a feign death.

L.P – 13-18 days

Pupa : Pupation in earthen cocoon in soil .P.P – 10-15 days

Larvae feeds on leaves i.e early instar it nibbles the leaves as a result there is slight curling . Later instar they feed from margin inside to wards midrib and it falls to the ground and feigns death on slightest touch. They devour the epidermis of the shoot, resulting in drying up of seedlings and failure to bear seeds in older plants.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

MANAGEMENT

Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae.

Maintain clean cultivation.

Early sowing should be done.

Apply irrigation in seedling stage is very crucial for saw fly management, because most of the larva die due to drowning effect ( sink in water).

Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening hours.

Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as an antifeedant.

Spray the crop with malathion 50EC @ 1 lit. or quinalphos 25EC @ 625ml in 500-600 lit. of water / ha once in October and again in March - April .

Mustard aphid : Lipaphis erysimi

( Aphididae : Hemiptera)

LIFE CYCLE

Insects breed pathenogenetically and female gives birth to26 -133 nymphs they grow fast and full fed in 7-10 daysAbout 45 generations are completed in a year.

Aphids are small, soft bodied, pear shaped pale greenish insects,

abundant from December- March.

The aphid attack generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December andcontinues till march.

The most favourable temp. – 8 to 240 C i.e Cloudy and cold weather. RH – 70-80% Rainy and humid weather helps in accelerating the growth of insects.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves, stems, buds and pods

Curling may occur in infested leaves and get advanced stage plantsmay wither and die

Vitality of plants is greatly reduced and remain stunted

The flowers fail to form pods and developing pods do not produce healthy seeds

Honey dew excreted as result development of sooty mould and come

in the way of photosynthetic activity of the plant

The infected plants looks sickly and blighted in appearance

MANAGEMENT

Use mustard aphid tolerant varieties like JM-1 and RK-9501

Set up yellow sticky trap to monitor the aphid population

To conserve the following natural enemiesLady bird beetles – Coccinella septumpunctata

Several species of Syrphids- Eristallis spp. Metasyrphus spp.

Painted bug : Bagrada hilaris( Pentatomidae : Hemiptera )

LIFE CYCLE

Egg: Painted bug lays its eggs in clusters on leaves or on the soil underneath host plants. Eggs are barrel shaped, initially white and turn orange with age. A single female can lay as many as 100 eggs within 2 to 3 weeks. The incubation period is 5 to 8 days.Nymph: Nymph pass through five stages changing colour from bright orange to red with dark markings, gradually acquiring the colouration of the adult. Initially they do not have wings; wings are gradually developed as the nymphs grow. Wing pads are visible in the last instar nymph.Adult: The adult bug is typically shield-shaped, 5 to 7 mm long and 3 to 4 mm broad at its widest area. The upper surface has a mixture of black, white and orange markings, which gives the insect its common names harlequin bug or painted bug. The life cycle lasts 3 to 4 weeks and several generations may occur in a year. Period of activity of painted bug starts from September.

NATURE OF DAMAGE The adults and the nymphs suck the sap from the plants as a

result young plants wilt and wither as a result of attack

Both quality and quantity of yield is affected when grown up plants are severely affected

In certain years they appear in epidemic forms

The nymphs and adults also excrete a sort of resinous material which spoils the pods

MANAGEMENT

Deep ploughing so that the eggs of painted bugs are destroy

Early sowing is needed to avoid pest attack

Irrigate the crop during four weeks after sowing to reduce pest attack

Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be done

Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages of insect do not reach the next year crop

INSECT PEST OF GROUNDNUT

White grub: Holotrichia consunguinea

( Scarabeidae : Coleoptera )

Eggs and larva Matured larva

Early instars, translucent white in colour, first instars feed on organic matter, humus of soil

Fully fed larvae 5 cm in length grey in colour with dark brown hairs.

Second and subsequent instars feed on root lets

NATURE OF DAMAGEGrubs feed on nodules and fine rootlets

as a result of which the plants becomepale in colour and wilted in appearanceand ultimately dry up .

Wilted plants do not have tap root androotlets.

MANAGEMENT:

Mechanical ControlCollection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field. In areas where white grub is persistent problem, deep ploughing after harvesting the crop can reduce the population as birds can pickup the grubs, and destruction of pupae.

Biological ControlConserve braconids, dragon flies, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscardine fungus.

Chemical ControlApply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL.Control white grub adults by spraying their feeding trees like neem etc. with Carbaryl 50 WP at 2 g per liter of water. OR Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/lit of water soon after first monsoon showers for 3-4 days in the late evening hours kills the adult beetles and reduces root grub infestation.

Ground nut leaf miner: Aproaerema modicella( Gelechidae : Lepidoptera )

Adult is a tiny moth, measures about 1 cm in wing expanse greyish brown in colour

Wings fringed and dark greyish brown in colour

Yellowish white spot on the costal margin of each wing

Hind wings are small and covered with fringe of minute hairs

Early instars larvae acts as leaf miner, First mines the leaf feeding on mesophyll tissue As the feeding advances, the mines increases in size and the entire

leaf lets become brown, rolls, shrivels and finally produces blotches.

LIFE CYCLE OF PESTEggs : are small laid singly on the tender shoots and leaf lets

Each female moth lays – 150-200 eggs, I.P-2-3 days

Larva : Caterpillar very small, delicate and measures about 0.5cm, smoothbodied and green in colour with dark coloured head and prothorax

L.P- 9 - 17 daysPupa : The full grown larva pupate within the leaf fold or within webbed leaflets P.P=5-8 days

NATURE OF DAMAGE Young larvae initially mine into the leaflets, feed on the mesophyll and

form small brown blotches on the leaf.

Later stages larvae web the leaflets together and feed on them, remaining within the folds.

Severely attacked field looks "burnt" from a distance.

MANAGEMENT:

PhysicalThe adult moths are attracted to light from 6.30 to 10.30 P.M. Petromax lamp placed at ground level attracts moths.

CulturalCrop rotation with non-leguminous crops would considerably reduce the leafminer population.Rotation of groundnut with soyabean and other leguminous crops

should be avoided.The most promising method of control would be utilization of resistant/tolerant varieties.

ChemicalMonocrotophos 0.04 %, DDVP 0.05 %, Fenitrothion 0.05 %,

Endosulfan 0.07 %, Carbaryl 0.2 %, Quinalphos 0.05 %.Larva is parasitized by Bracon gelechidae Ashm. & Elasmusbrevicornis Gah.

Ground nut Aphid : Aphis craccivora

( Aphididae : Hemiptera )

Aphids are reddish to dark brown in colour and large number on tender shoots, leaves and flowers

Biology is greatly influenced by weather

Parthenogenesis and ovoViviparous reproduction are common

Apterous and winged forms are also common

LIFE CYCLE

Even without fertilization female may produce 8-20 youngonesPathenogenetically in a life span of 10-20 days.Young nymphs are brownish and they pass through 4 moults and become adults in 5-8 days.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Both nymphs adults suck the sap from leaf lets and tender shoots.

It results in wilting of tender leaves/ shoots, particularly during hot weather.

Leaves are mottled with chlorotic or dark green spots and plants get stunted.

Honey dew deposition can be observed, which attracts ants.

It is the vector of Ground nut rosette disease or Mosaic virus

MANAGEMENT:

-Cochinella septumpunctata, Menochilussexmaculatus & Chrysoperla carnea keeps the pest under check.( if 1 predator per plant no need of insecticide application.)

-Grow cowepea +Ground nut.

-Apply Phosphamidon 0.03 %

Groundnut hairy catterpillar : Amsacta moorei( Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)

LIFE CYCLE

Egg: Eggs are cream coloured or bright yellow in colour and laid in groups or in clusters on the available host plants or occasionally

on the vegetation, clods of the earth, stones, dry twigs etc.,Each female lays – 600 – 700 eggs

I.P – 3-4 days

Larva : passes 7 instarsHairy caterpillar reddish brown with black band on either end and having reddish brown hair all over the body.

L.P – 25-40 days

Pupa : the grown up larvae burrow the moist soil and pupate in the earthen soil.

P.P- 9-10 days

NATURE OF DAMAGE

The larvae hatch from the eggs feed gregariously by scarping the green matter or skeletonization on the under surface of the young leaflets leaving the upper epidermal layer intact. Later feed voraciously on the leaves leaving the petiole and midribs and main stem of the plants. They march from field to field in a gregarious manner The affected field appear as if grazed by cattle .

MANAGEMENT

-Collection and destruction of egg masses and hand picking of larvae-The barnyard millet (Echinochloea frumentacea.) may act as strong barrier-Summer ploughing and poison baiting.-Erection of light traps soon after the monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found to be very effective.-The dispersing larvae of hairy caterpillar from one field to another can be checked by digging trenches across the direction of their march, and prompt destruction of larvae.

Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilarctia obliqua( Arctiidae : Lepidoptera )

Adult is a medium sized moth pale buff in colour with black spotsBody is crimson and black spotted

Eggs : are laid in groups of 40-60 on the under surface of the leavesEach female lays 500 – 1300eggs

I.P – 3-4 days

Larva: the fully grown caterpillar is hairy and orange in colour with two ends are black in colour

L.p – 14-20 Days

Pupa : pupation takes place in soil or dried leaves

P.P- 16-22 days

The cocoon and pupa

LIFE CYCLE

Early instars feed gregariously by scraping the green matter as a result skeletonization.

The grown up instars feed on entire leaves causes defoliation.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

MANAGEMENT

-Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae.-Spray NSKE 5% to kill early stage larvae.-If grownup larvae are seen, spray quinalphos, monocrotophos, or chlorpyriphos @ 2ml/litre of water.

Stem borer: Sphenoptera perotetti( Buprestidae : Coleoptera )

This is an important pest of ground nut in south IndiaAdult : is an dark brown jewel beetle about 1 cm long, flat and

oval in shape.

LIFE CYCLE

Eggs : are laid on the main stem closed to ground level in 15 – 20 daysI.P – 4-5 days

Grubs : The fully grown grubs measures 2.5 – 3 cm in length pale colourwith white coloured head

L.P – 30 - 35 daysPupa : Pupation takes place with in larval tunnel in stem itself

P.P – 10-12 days

SYMPTOMS

On hatching grub bores in to the branches and stem and gets in the main root and make tunneling by feeding

As a result death of the plants and such plants are pulled theycome up easily,Branches may droop and plants show wilting and drying.

MANAGEMENT

Application of malathion 5 % @ 25 kg / ha prior to sowing

Repeat the soil application of above dust formulation on 40 days ofsowing and gypsum application

Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri( Cicadellidae : Hemiptera )

This is a elongate hopper with wedge shaped body, yellowish greenin colour found on the undersurface of the leaf.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from undersurface of leaf and causes yellowing of leaf margin / leaf lets which finally leads to ‘hopper burn’ symptom.

Heavy infestation can cause stunting and yellowing near leaf tips.

MANAGEMENT

Use tolerant variety girnar and timely sow the crop.

INSECT PEST OF CASTOR

Castor shoot and capsule borer : Dichocrocis punctiferalis( Pyralidae : Lepidoptera )

It is a regular pest of castor

It attacks variety of host plants and causes different types ofdamages when it attacks

Castor and cardamom – shoot and capsule borer

Sorghum – Ear head borer

Mango – Inflorescence caterpillar

Ginger – Rhizome borer

Guava, Peach, Jack, Tomato- Fruit borer

Similar to fruit sucking moth it has suctorial proboscis- piercing juice

Adult is a small sized bright yellow / orange coloured moth with numerous black spots on both the pair of wings

LIFE CYCLE

Eggs : are laid in groups of up to 6 on inflorescence and capsules as well as other tender parts of the plant

I.P – 3-6 days

Larva : there are 5 larval instars and measures about 2.5 to 3cm inlength, pinkish brown in colour with numerous tubercles on the body L.P – 12-16 days

Pupa : pupation takes place in side the stem in silken cocoon or inside the capsules.P.P – 6-7 days

Adult longevity – 5-10 daysThe pest appears from flowering stage up to maturity stage

Newly hatched larva feeds on greenish coloured capsules in between warts.

Later bores in to the capsules and feeds on developing seeds

It webs the capsules along with excreta and frass

Larva also bores into tender shoots and attached inflorescence

There by killing the terminal shoots.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

MANAGEMENT

Avoid growing varieties which are having compact inflorescence

Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and seed capsule

Chemical control – Initiate chemical sprays at the time of flowering primary spikes

Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1ml/1l water.

Castor semilooper : Achaea janata

( Noctuidae : Lepidoptra )

Adult is a stout bodied, greyish-brown colored moth with

wavy lines on the fore wings Hind wings are white with black patches or markings

Host plants : Castor, Rose, Pomegranate, Tea, Tridaxprocumbens, Euphorbia hirta, E. hypercifolia

It is a specific pest of Castor

Eggs : Female moths lays 400-500 eggs scattered all over the ventral surface of the plant

I.P – 3-4 days

Larva : is a semilooper , body grey / black in colour with red or white lateral stripes, fully-grown larva about 6-7cm long

Larva will be camouflage with colour of the crop canopy. Colourpattern of 3rd and 4th instar larva is variable. Some time if larva withred stripes. It is semilooper i.e non functioning of first pair of prolegs

L.P – 20-25 days

Pupa : pupation takes place on the plant or in leaf litter or in soil with the help of cocoon

P.P – 10-25 days

NATURE OF DAMAGE First instars nibble on the leaves and second instars make

bite holes on the leaveslater instars will eat the leaf completely leaving behind mid rib. Usually it won’t be attack stem.Severe incidence – Capsule also affectedAdult moth – Suck the juice from Citrus fruits also

Serious – July - December

Damage will decline fromNovember on wards

MANAGEMENT

Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy Provide bird perching points @ 7 to 10 / ha

Biological controlA number of Hymenopteran parasites attack the pest during thevarious stages of its life cycle

Trichogramma australicum – Egg parasiteApanteles spp.Microplitis maculopennis Larval parasites - @ 2 parasites / plant need

not to take up chemical controlChemical control : Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water

White flies : Trialeurodes ricini(Aleyrodidae : Hemiptera )

Adults are small and delicate having yellow body, hyaline wings dusted with waxy powder.

NATURE OF DAMAGE Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves affected leaves

will curl and dry up and vitality of the plant is reduced

Vegetative growth is arrested resulting in shedding of leaves

It also excretes honey dew which falls on lower leaves as a result sooty mould develops and which inhibits photosynthesis as a

result plant remain sick and stunted

MANAGEMENT

Spray the crop with methyl parathion @ 0.05 %or

methyl demeton @ 0.025 %

Castor hairy catterpillar : Euproctis lunata(Lepidoptera: lymantriidae)

LIFE HISTORY

Moth lay eggs in clusters under leaf which hatch in 1 week and larvae pass through 6 stages and full fed in 3 weeks , pupal stage last for 1 week in summer.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Catterpillar feed on the leaves of various host and cause defoliation and Attacked plant become stunted.

MANAGEMENT

Spray 625 ml of methyl parathion 50 EC in 625 litre of water.

Castor slug caterpillar : Parasa lepida

( Limacodidae : Lepidoptera )

Adult is a medium sized moth with brown coloured wings and a prominent green band at the base of the fore wings

Host plants : Castor, Cocoa, pomegranate, Mango, Wood apple etc.

Eggs : are laid in groups and covered with hairs and each group contains 20-30 eggs on the under surface of the leaves.

I.P -6-7 days

Larva : Larva greenish in colour with white lines and four rows of tubercles tipped with red and black colour, ventral surface flat and it moves like a slug.

L.P- 40-45 days

Pupa : pupation takes place on the stem or it pupates on the plants in cocoons which are covered with spines and hairswhich cause irritation to human skins.

P.P- 9-10 days

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Larvae feed on the leaves leaving only midrib and veins

INSECT PEST OF SESAME

Til leaf and pod catterpillar : Antigastra catalaunalis(Pyralidae : Lepidoptera )

The sesamum leaf webber is a serious and regular pest of Sesamum and is also distributed throughout India. This species has been reported from Europe, Africa and IndonesiaThe infestation starts from March and persists up to December

LIFE CYCLE

Eggs : A female moth lays, on an average of 86 eggs and each female moth lays 100-120 eggs and laid on tender leaves or flowers.

I.P – 4-5 days

Larva : Grown up larva is greenish white with black warts and finehairs all over the body and black coloured head.

L.P – 11-16 daysHibernates as caterpillar within the pods

Pupa : Pupates in silken cocoon under fallen leaves or soil crevicesP.P – 4-7 days

NATURE OF DAMAGEThe young larvae web together a few top leaves and feed on them.

In the early stage of infestation, the plant dies without producing any branch or shoot.

In later stage of attack, infested shoots stop growing.

At flowering, larvae feed inside the flowers and on capsule formation, larvae bore into capsule and feed on developing seeds

Infested capsule

MANAGEMENTEarly sown (first week of July) kharif crop is less infested than

late sown crop.

Intercrop with mungbean, pearl millet and groundnut.

Two sprayings of quinalphos 0.05% at 30 and 45 days after sowing.or

Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% or malathion 5% dust @ 25 kg/ha at 30 and 45 days after sowing.

Til Hawk Moth: Acherontia styx

(Sphingidae : Lepidoptera)

Adult is a giant dark- yellowish hawk moth with skull like markingon the thorax with violet and yellow band on the abdomen.

This is a pest of Sesamum, common in India and also distributed in Indonesia,Srilanka and Philippines Besides Sesamum, it has been reported on Potato, Brinjal, Lab-lab and ornamentals plants such as Balsam

LIFE CYCLE

Eggs : are laid singly on leavesI.P -2-5 days

Caterpillar : stout green yellowish oblique stripes with prominentcured horn on the abdomen

L.P – 2 months

Pupa : Pupation takes place in earthen cocoonin the soil

P.P – 2-3 weeks

NATURE OF DAMAGE

The Larvae feed voraciously on the leaves and defoliate the plantAdult moth visit bee hives during night suck the honey from the comb

MANAGEMENT Deep ploughing exposes the pupae for predation to insectivorous

birds.

Hand picking of the larvae in the initial stage of attack and destroy them

Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% or malathion 5%, first at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS.

Sesame gall fly: Asphondylia sesami(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

It occurs all over the india and causes severe damage in south india.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

The maggots feed on the buds which develop into galls and fruits and Seeds.

MANAGEMENT

Spray 2.5 kg of carbaryl 50 WP in 625 litre of water per ha.

INSECT PEST OF SAFFLOWER

Safflower bud fly: Acanthiophilus helianthi

( Tephritidae : Diptera )

Adult flies are ash coloured with light brown coloured legs.The adults are active from March – May.

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Newly hatched larvae feed on the soft parts of the capsules

Affected buds show small bored holes The infested buds rotten with a foul smelling ooze coming out

of the buds and giving a soaked appearance of the buds

LIFE CYCLE

Eggs : the female lay eggs in clusters of 6-24 with in theflower buds or the flowers.I.P – 1-2 days in April

Maggot : is dirty white in colour and start feeding on the thalamus.L.P – 1 week

Pupa : Pupation takes place in side the buds.P.P – 6-7 days

MANAGEMENT The early removal and destruction of infested buds is helpful in

checking the spread of the pest.

Application of dimethoate 30 EC @ 600-650 ml/ha or

malathion 50 EC @ 1.00 lit. /ha

Safflower aphid : Dactynotus carthami(Aphididae : Hemiptera )

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Nymphs and adults are found in larger number and suck the sap fromleaves, shoots, flowers and capsules and affected plants remain

stunted. Honey dew excretion develops sooty mould so affect the

photosynthetic activity of the plant. About 40-50% yield losses are observed due to this insect. Infestation may occur 30-45 days old crop. Seed production is seriously afected

Aphid affected plant

MANAGEMENT

Avoid late sowing.

If the attack is observed in the border rows take control measures.

Avoid excess use of nitrogen.

Maintain 2 or 3 rows of Maize and Sorghum around the fields.

Release of Chrysoperla eggs/grubs @ 1-2/plant.

Spray the crop with dimethoate or monocrotophos or oxydemeton methyl @ 1 ml / lit. of water.

INSECT PEST OF LINSEED

LINSEED GALL FLY : Dasinura lini(DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

NATURE OF DAMAGE

Maggots feed inside the floral bud.Leading to formation of gall like structure which do not develop in to flower/capsules.The affected buds wither and drop.

MANAGEMENT

Two sprayings with neemformulation 0.03%

INSECT PEST OF SUNFLOWER

CAPITULUM HEAD BORER: Helicovera armigera(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

NATURE OF DAMAGE

The larva feeds on the developing seeds and bore the head Fungal developed and head starts rotting.

The larva consumes leaf in early stage of growth and move towards the capitulum and tunnel the head.

MANAGEMENT

-Grow inter crops like, green gram, black gram, groundnut, soybean-Sow 3-4 lines of maize (or) jowar around the sunflower crop to monitor the moth.-Sow trap crops like marigold at 50 plants/acre.-Use of pheromone traps (4 traps/acre) for pest intensity identification as well as to trap the male moths.-Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to know the range of pest incidence as well as to kill moth population.-Release predators like coccinellids, Chrysoperla carnea @1larva/ head-Release parasitoides like Trichogramma spp.@ 20,000/acre, (Bracon spp., Campoletis spp)-Spray HaNPV 250 LE + Bt @0.5kg/ha for effective control.-Spray HaNPV 250 LE/ha +1 kg Jaggery + 200ml Sandovit (or) Teepal; mixing and spray in the evening hours only.-Spraying of 5% Neem oil or 5% Neem Seed Kernal extract before egg laying.