DECEMBER 2012 A P E R I O D I C A L U P D A T E FREE

Greetings this Holiday Season!

With the holiday day spirit in the air and as it comes time to turn on

that old fireplace again, we hurried to rush one last issue of The Science Journal on the shelves before year’s end. It is our hope this issue will find

you well in this busy Holiday Season.

It has been a great year for us here at SJ. We have uncovered the many secrets behind the Periodic Table, and

we have found patterns, or trends we call them, to go along with the secrets.

Specifically in this double issue, we will focus on Group 18 and Period 2

in the periodic table. We will look at trends and bonding patterns, while

comparing melting/boiling points counting valence electrons, and much more! As always, I encourage you to

read cover to cover, staying informed of what is going on in the scientific world.

Have a Happy Holiday Season!

~The Gang at the Science Journal

Starting things off...

IN THIS SPECIAL DOUBLE ISSUE OF THE SCIENCE JOURNAL, LOOK FOR COOL SURPRISES WHILE LEARNING MORE ABOUT THE TRENDS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE!

COMMON NOBLE GASES SCIENCE JOURNAL BORON IS IN PERIOD 2

THE SCIENCE JOURNAL Special DOUBLE Issue Covering

Group 18 AND Period 2

SJ

By Julia Olson, Conner Mann, and Nathan Nyakundi

Meet the Elements

TO THE RIGHT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP 18. THEY ARE COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS THE NOBLE GASES

Bonding Between the ElementsBonding between the Noble Gases is very special. Each Noble Gas has its required number of valence electrons to be considered stable. Though there are few compounds able to be made, below are a few.

HeH+HArFKrF2RnF2

As well as many compounds formed between Xenon and Fluorine.In basic chemistry however, bonding with the Noble Gases tends to be avoided due to the stability of each molecule.

Continuing with trends....The next page will further examine The Noble Gases of Group 18 by looking at reactivity, ionization, Lewis Structures, as well as phases of matter and melting/boiling points, along with many more.

HELIUM

PROTONS: 2

NEUTRONS: 2

ELECTRONS: 2

NEON

PROTONS: 10

NEUTRONS: 10

ELECTRONS: 10

ARGON

PROTONS: 18

NEUTRONS: 22

ELECTRONS: 18

KRYPTON

PROTONS: 36

NEUTRONS: 48

ELECTRONS: 36

XENON

PROTONS: 54

NEUTRONS: 77

ELECTRONS: 54

RADON

PROTONS: 86

NEUTRONS: 136

ELECTRONS: 86

UNUNOCTIUM

PROTONS: 118

NEUTRONS: 175*

ELECTRONS: 118

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

How to find the average atomic mass for an element..

To find the average atomic mass of an atom, use all of the isotopes that exist for the atom and the percentage of each type.

ExampleHelium has 2 stable isotopes: Helium-3 and Helium-4. Helium-3 has an abundance of 0.000137% with an average atomic mass of 3.0160293 amu.Helium-4 has an abundance of 99.999863% with an average atomic mass of 4.002602 amu..00000137* 3.0160293 = 0.00000413196 amu.99999863* 4.002602 = 4.002596516 amu0.00000413196+ 4.002596516 = 4.0026006 amu

Very close to 4.0026 found on the periodic table!

Atomic Mass

4.0026

Atomic Mass

20.180

Atomic Mass

39.948

Atomic Mass

83.798(2)

Atomic Mass

131.29

Atomic Mass294*

Atomic Mass

222.02

Continuing with trends... Below are trends that make Group 18 unique. Take a look at each one in order to learn more about The Noble Gases.

The elements in Group 18 are not reactive because of the Octet rule. Since they already have a full shell, they do not react with anything.

REACTIVITY

VALENCE ELECTRONS

STATE OF MATTER AT 25ºC

NONMETALS IN GROUP 18

VARIUS NATOQUE TURPIS ELEMENTUM EST. DUIS MONTES, TELLUS LOBORTIS LACUS AMET ARCU ET.

Elements in Group 18 DO NOT have an ionic radius, they have eight valence electrons in there last shell, so they don’t form ionic bonds.

IONIC RADII

IONIZATION ENERGY

LEWIS STRUCTURE

MELTING POINT

He- 31pmNe-71 pmAr- 98 pmKr- 112 pmXe- 131 pmRn- 141 pm

Uuo- N/A

*Atomic radii increases down a group on the periodic table. As electrons occupy sublevels in higher energy levels, they become farther from the nuclease, resulting in a larger atomic radius.

ATOMIC RADII

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

BOILING POINT

* The closest one gets to Fluorine, the higher electronegativity one has. The

farther away, the lower.In the groups, the electronegativity decreases going down.

He-2Ne-8Ar-8Kr-8Xe-8Rn-8

Uuo- 8

He-1s2Ne-[He]2s2 2p6Ar-[Ne]3s2 3p6

Kr-[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p6 Xe-[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p6

Rn-[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6Uuo- [Rn] 6d10 7s2 7p6

All Group 17 elements are gases.

Helium (He)Neon (Ne)Argon (Ar)

Krypton (Kr)Xenon (Xe)Radon (Rn)

Ununoctium (Uuo)

He: 31pm Ne: 71pm

Ar: 98pm Kr: 112pm

Xe: 131pm Rn: 141pm

Uuo: N/AUuo: N/A

He: N/A Ne: N/A

Ar: N/A Kr: 3.0

Xe: 2.6 Rn: 2.4

Uuo: N/AUuo: N/A

He: 24.5874 Ne: 21.5645

Ar: 15.7596 Kr: 13.9996

Xe: 12.1298 Rn: 10.7485

Uuo: N/AUuo: N/A

He: -269º C Ne: -246ºC

Ar: -186ºC Kr: -153ºC

Xe: -108º C Rn: -62ºC

Uuo: N/AUuo: N/A

He: -272º C Ne: -245ºC

Ar: -189º C Kr: -157ºC

Xe: -112º C Rn: -71ºC

Uuo: N/AUuo: N/A

DENSITY

He- 0.1786 g/dm3 Kr- 3.708 g/dm3

Ne- 0.9002 g/dm3

Xe- 5.851 g/dm3

Ar- 1.7818 g/dm3 Rn- 9.97 g/dm3 Uuo: N/A Uuo: N/A

The higher the atomic number, then the higher the melting point.

The higher the atomic number, then the higher the boiling point.

The higher the atomic number, then the greater the density.

Increases in orbits as you go down the Group.

Ionization energy is organized according to Periods

Meet the Elements

To find the average atomic mass of an atom, use all of the isotopes that exist for the atom and the percentage of each type.

ExampleBoron has 2 stable isotopes: Boron-10 and Boron-11. Boron-10 has an abundance of 19.91% with an average atomic mass of 10.113 amu.Boron-11 has an abundance of 80.09% with an average atomic mass of 11.009 amu.0.1991* 10.113 amu = 2.0134983 amu0.8009* 11.009 amu = 8.81781081amu2.0134983+ 8.81781081= 10.8306 amuVery close to 10.81 amu found on the periodic table!

TO THE RIGHT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF PERIOD 2. THEY ARE COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS THE NOBLE GASES

Bonding Between the ElementsBonding between Period 2 elements can be done by looking at valence electrons. The goal is to find elements in period 2 in different groups that add up to 8 valence electrons. When doing the math, Group 1 bonds with Group 17 and Group 2 bonds with Group 16, Boron, Carbon, and Nitrogen tend to share electrons when bonding and are the least likely to bond to other Period 2 elements. Below are a few examples of bonding combinations between Period 2 elements:

Li20BeOB2O3N2O5

N2O2

Continuing with trends....The next page will further examine the elements of Period 2 by looking at reactivity, ionization, Lewis Structures, as well as phases of matter and melting/boiling points, along with many more.

LITHIUM

PROTONS: 3

NEUTRONS: 4

ELECTRONS: 3

BERYLLIUM

PROTONS: 4

NEUTRONS: 5

ELECTRONS: 4

BORON

PROTONS: 5

NEUTRONS:6

ELECTRONS: 5

C ARBON

PROTONS: 6

NEUTRONS: 6

ELECTRONS: 6

NITROGEN

PROTONS: 7

NEUTRONS: 7

ELECTRONS: 7

FLUORINE

PROTONS: 9

NEUTRONS: 10

ELECTRONS: 9

OXYGEN

PROTONS:8

NEUTRONS: 8

ELECTRONS: 8

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

How to find the average atomic mass for an element:

NEON

PROTONS: 10

NEUTRONS: 10

ELECTRONS: 10

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass 6.94

Atomic Mass 10.81

Atomic Mass

9.0122

Atomic Mass

12.011

Atomic Mass

14.007Atomic Mass

20.180

Atomic Mass

18.998

Atomic Mass

15.999

Continuing with trends... Below are trends that make Period 2 unique. Take a look at each one in order to learn more about the elements.

*reactivity increases as you go from the left to the right of the periodic table. Until you get to group 18.

REACTIVITY

VALENCE ELECTRONS

STATE OF MATTER AT 25ºC

METALS IN PERIOD 2

VARIUS NATOQUE TURPIS ELEMENTUM EST. DUIS MONTES, TELLUS LOBORTIS LACUS AMET ARCU ET.

*Li+- 76 Be2+-45B- noneC4--260N3--146o2--140F--133Ne-N/A

The metals at the left, tend to form cations and the nonmetals at the right from anions. Cationic Radii decreases across the periodic table, as the electrons want to lose electrons to from a full shell, causing them to become positively charged. Anionic Radii increases to the right of the periodic table as elements are willing to accept electrons to have a full outer shell. The more positive ions ( cation) you have the smaller the ionic radii, the more negative ions you have ( anion) the larger the ionic radii, so the metals in period 2 decrease in ionic radii, while the nonmetals increase in ionic radii across the periodic table.

IONIC RADII

IONIZATION ENERGY

LEWIS STRUCTURE

MELTING POINT

Li-152 pmBe-112 pmB-85 pmC-77 pmN-75pm

* Atomic radii decreases from left to right as the nuclear charge increases. This is because as electrons are being added to the element, they are pulled in toward the nucleus.this increased pull decreases the atomic radii.

ATOMIC RADII

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

BOILING POINT

Li-1.0Be-1.5B-2.0C-2.5N-3.0O-3.5F-4.0

Ne- N/A*The electronegativities tend to increase going across each period. The most electronegative elements are in the upper right of P block, and the lowest electronegative elements are in lower left of S block.

Li-1Be-2B-3C-4N-5O-6 F-7

Ne-8

Li-[He]2s1Be-[He]2s2B-[He]2s2 2p1C-[He]2s2 2p2N-[He]2s2 2p3O-[He]2s2 2p4F-[He]2s2 2p5Ne-[He]2s2 2p6

In Period 2, if Valence electron number is less than 4, then it’s a solid.

If the Valence electron number is greater or equal to 4, then it’s a gas.

Lithium (Li)Beryllium (Be)

METALS IN PERIOD 2

Boron (B)Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N)Oxygen (O)Fluorine (F) Neon (Ne)

Li-152 pm N-75pm

Be-112 pm O- 73pm

B-85 pm F-72 pm

C-77 pm Ne-71 pm

Li-5.3917 N-14.5341

Be-9.3227 O-13.6181

B-8.298 F-12.4228

C-11.2603 Ne-21.5645

Li: 180º C N: -210º C

Be: 1278º C O: -218º C

B: 725 ºC F: -220º C

C: 3500ºC Ne: -245º C

Li: 1347º C N: -196º C

Be: 2970º C O: -183º C

B: 2550ºC F: -188º C

C: 4827ºC Ne: -246º C

These properties are based upon whether the element is a metal/

nonmetal, and what state of matter it is in.

These properties are based upon whether the element is a metal/

nonmetal, and what state of matter it is in.

DENSITY

Li: .534 g/cm3 N: .00125 g/cm3

Be: 1.85 g/cm3 O: .00149 g/cm3

B: 2.34 g/cm3 F: .001696 g/cm3

C: 2.267 g/cm3 Ne: .0008999 g/cm3

Increase of one orbital space in each element

Ionization energy increases are you move to the right.

F INAL WORDS

Wow! What a great year at The Science Journal. We truly hope you the reader has learned something

valuable about trends in the periodic table. Specifically in this issue, we tried to make you aware of The Noble Gases and their stability as well as Period 2

and the role it plays We started off with an identification of Group 18 elements on page 2, then moved on to 13 trends

and characteristics found in the Noble Gases on page 3. We then moved onto page 4 with our second half of the

December double issue. We identified

the Period 2 elements, their location on the periodic table, as well as how to find the average atomic mass. On page 5

we were treated once again to 13 trends and characteristics found in Period 2 elements. FInally on page 6 we wanted to take the time this holiday

season to thank all our resources that help The Science Journal. But while those resources are important, YOU the

reader are most important, so for that we thank you this Holiday Season:

From the gang at The Science Journal!

Finishing things up...A NOTE FROM SJ:

YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED AN

ASTERISK * BY ELEMENT 118:

UNUNOCTIUM IS A FAIRLY

NEW ELEMENT. IT HAS NOT

BEEN GIVEN AN OFFICIAL NAME YET, ACCORDING TO THE

IUPAC. FOR THAT MATTER, ALL

THE CHARACTERISTICS MENTIONED ON PAGES 2-3

ARE JUST APPROXIMATES OR

GUESSES. SCIENTISTS ARE

STILL RESEARCHING AND WORKING TO OBTAIN MORE

INFORMATION ON THIS NOBLE GAS.

There are many partners we would like to thank who are a vital part of making SJ function! Please take a minute and acknowledge them!

"Atomic/ionic Radii." Atomic/ionic Radii. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.<http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/atomic-radii.html>.

"Atomic and Ionic Radius." Atomic and Ionic Radius. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/atradius.html>.

"Chemistry Glossary - Definitions of Terms in Chemistry." Chemistry Glossary - Definitions of Terms in Chemistry. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.http://www.chemistry-reference.com/glossary_m-z.asp#valence_electrons

"Chemistry Resources at BPC: Chemistry at Brewton-Parker College." Welcome to Brewton-Parker College. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.bpc.edu/mathscience/chemistry>.

"Chemistry 11." : Electronegativity and Polarity. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.<http://mageechemistry11.blogspot.com/2012/04/electronegativity-and-polarity.html>.

"Electron Configuration." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/eleconfig/electron.htm

"Electronegativity." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity>.

"Elements, Atomic Radii and the Periodic Table." Elements, Atomic Radii and the Periodic Radii. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.<http://crystalmaker.com/support/tutorials/crystalmaker/atomicradii/index.html>.

"General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.<http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/4309?e=averill_1.0-ch07_s02>.

"Lesson 6: Reactivity Trends (Lab Work)." Lesson 6: Reactivity Trends. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.<http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104/lesson6reactivitytrends.html>.

"List of Elements of the Periodic Table - Sorted by Ionization Energy." Welcome to the Instructional Web Site of Green River Community College. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2012.

"States of Matter." The Periodic Table. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.elementalmatter.info/states-of-matter.htm>.

" The chemical elements of the periodic table sorted by melting point." Water Treatment and Purification - Lenntech. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart-elements/boiling-point.htm\

"Group 18: The Noble Gases." Chemwiki.com. UCDavis, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.<http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases>