perception my 3

8/8/2019 Perception My 3

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Question?Question?y What is leading reason for conflict in

business?y Why do people make wrong decisions in

business?


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QuestionsQuestionsy How does red apple look to you As

same as red color you see.y How does a chicken taste to you?y How do you feel if you are taken to top

of 15 th floor of an apartment?y How do you feel if a naked beggar is

walking to you?


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ANSWERANSWER

PERCEPTION.


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PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION

Is the cognitive process by which anindividual gives meaning to the

environment.Perception refers to the acquisition of specific knowledge about objects or eventsat any particular moment. It occurswhenever stimuli activate the senses.


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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?WHAT IS PERCEPTION?Perception is a process by which individuals

organize and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to give meaning totheir environment


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IN PSCYCOLOGY PERCEPTIONIN PSCYCOLOGY PERCEPTION

IS PROCESSIS PROCESS


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Why is the study of perceptionWhy is the study of perception

important?important?y Peoples behavior is based on theirperception of what reality is, not onreality it self.

y How to judge individuals in anorganization(person perception)

y Decision making process


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FACTORS THAT IN FLUENCEFACTORS THAT IN FLUENCE


Perceiver

Target

Situation


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FACTORS IN THE PERCEIVERFACTORS IN THE PERCEIVER1. Attitudes2. Motives3. Interests4. Experience5. Expectations


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EXAMPLEEXAMPLEy Every one in the organization liked and

understood the training program exceptyou.


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Characteristics of the targetCharacteristics of the target

SoundsSizeBackgroundProximitySimilarity


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Factors in the situationFactors in the situation

TimeWork settingSocial setting


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ATTRIBUTION THEORY


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Person Perception:Person Perception:

Making JudgmentsMaking JudgmentsAbout OthersAbout Others


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ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORYy How do you judge individuals in

organization?y What are factors that drive us when

making judgments about people?


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ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORYy How people make causal explanations

beginning with question why is answeredby attribution theory.


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Perception Challenges: What Do You See?Perception Challenges: What Do You See?


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What is attribution?What is attribution?y Attribution describes the process of

explaining events and the behaviors andemotional consequences of thoseexplanations.


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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory

Two Types of Causes:Two Types of Causes:

1) Internal1) Internal

2) External2) External


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How We Perceive PeopleHow We Perceive Peopley Attribution Theory

How the actions of individuals are perceived byothers depends on what meaning (causation) we

attribute to a given behavior.x Internally caused behavior: under the individuals controlx Externally caused behavior: due to outside factors


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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theoryy A person tries to determine whether

another persons behavior is caused byinternal or external factors. This isconditioned by three attributes:

consensus in behavior.

consistency in behavior.

distinctiveness in behavior.


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Three Factors of theThree Factors of theAttribution Theory:Attribution Theory:

1.) Distinctiveness1.) Distinctiveness2.) Consensus2.) Consensus

3.) Consistency3.) Consistency


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K ey terms In AttributionK ey terms In AttributionTheoryTheory

1. Attributions - the causes individualsgenerate to make sense of their world.

2. Consistency - the degree to which theactor performs that same behaviortoward an object on different occasions.


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Contd.Contd.3 Distinctiveness - the degree to which the

actor performs different behaviors withdifferent objects.

4. Consensus - the degree to which otheractors perform the same behavior withthe same object.


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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory


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ERRORERRORFundamental attribution error-Tendencyto underestimate the influence of externalfactors and overestimate influence of internal factorsSelf-serving bias---The tendency of individuals to

attribute their successes to internal factorswhile blaming personal failures on externalfactors


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SHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERSSHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERS

1.) Selective Perception

2.) Halo Effect3.) Contrast Effects4.)projection

5.) Stereotyping


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SELECTIVE PERCEPTIONSELECTIVE PERCEPTIONSelective perception is the personalfiltering of what we see and hear so asto suit our own needs.Much of this process is psychologicaland often unconscious.We will tend to perceive things

according to our beliefs more than asthey really are, and react accordingly.


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HALO EFF ECTHALO EFF ECTy Tendency of individual to carry on same

impression through out the process of evaluation.


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CONTRAST E FF ECTSCONTRAST E FF ECTSy We dont evaluate person in isolation.y This leads to distortion in our perception.


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CONTRAST E FF ECTSCONTRAST E FF ECTSy A subordinate who has made a good

overall impression on a supervisor israted as performing high-quality

work and always meeting deadlinesregardless of work that is late andfull of mistakes


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StereotypingStereotypingy Evaluating person based on generalization.


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SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS INSPECIFIC APPLICATIONS INORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS ::

1.) Employment Interview

2.) Performance Expectations(Self Fulfilling Prophecy)

3.) Performance Evaluation

4.) Employee Effort


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EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEWEMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW

Perception can help the manager torecruit the best fit.Perceptual biases can affect the accuracy

of interviewers judgments of applicants.


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Performance ExpectationsPerformance ExpectationsPerception can help the manager to make

the most effective judgment on theexpectation.

Self-fulfilling prophecy : The lower or higherperformance of employees reflectspreconceived leader expectations about

employee capabilities .


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Performance EvaluationsPerformance EvaluationsPerception can help the manager to make

the most effective performance appraisalof the employee.


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EMPLOYEE EFF ORTEMPLOYEE EFF ORT

-Perception can help the manager to makethe right judgment of the employee's effort.

Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment subject to perceptual distortion andbias.

perception my 3

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