Past Participles Past Participles Present PerfectPresent Perfect

PluperfectPluperfectPassive VoicePassive Voice

What is a past What is a past participle?participle?•A past participle may A past participle may

bebe– An adjective An adjective

•a a closedclosed door door

– Part of a verb phrase Part of a verb phrase •we have we have closedclosed •she has she has writtenwritten

•In English, some end in In English, some end in –ed–ed–opened, painted, opened, painted, talked talked

•others are irregular others are irregular –driven, eaten, run, driven, eaten, run, seen, writtenseen, written

What is a past What is a past participle?participle?

Forming a past Forming a past participleparticiple

•--AR VERBSAR VERBS–drop the –ar ending drop the –ar ending –add “–ado” to the stemadd “–ado” to the stem

•-ER/-IR VERBS-ER/-IR VERBS–drop the –er/-ir ending drop the –er/-ir ending –add “–ido” to the stem.add “–ido” to the stem.

Forming a past Forming a past participleparticiple

•-AR VERBS-AR VERBS

hablar hablar •-ER/-IR VERBS-ER/-IR VERBS

comer comer

vivir vivir

habl- hablado

viv-

com-

vivido

comido

spoken

eaten

lived

Forming a past Forming a past participle...participle...•There is a written accent There is a written accent

in the past participle of in the past participle of ––erer and and –ir–ir verbs whose verbs whose stems end in stems end in a, e, or oa, e, or o::

•caer caídocaer caído•leer leídoleer leído•oír oídooír oído•traer traer traído traído

Irregular Past Irregular Past ParticiplesParticiples

•abrir abrir abierto abierto•cubrir cubrir cubierto cubierto•decir decir dicho dicho•devolver devolver devuelto devuelto•escribir escribir escrito escrito•hacer hacer hecho hecho

Irregular Past Irregular Past ParticiplesParticiples

•ir ir ido ido•morir morir muerto muerto•poner poner puesto puesto•romper romper roto roto•ver ver visto visto•volver volver vuelto vuelto

The present perfect The present perfect tensetense•The present perfect talks The present perfect talks

about things someone has about things someone has done. done.

•It always consists of :It always consists of :•have or has + present have or has + present participle.participle.

•It implies that you have It implies that you have alreadyalready done something. done something.

• ya = already ya = already •(Yo) ya he visto la película.(Yo) ya he visto la película.

The present perfect The present perfect tensetense•The present perfect talks The present perfect talks

about things someone hasn’t about things someone hasn’t done yet. done yet.

•todavía = yettodavía = yet•It takes the double negative.It takes the double negative. •Yo no he visto la película Yo no he visto la película todavía. (Todavía no he todavía. (Todavía no he visto..)visto..)

•I haven’t seen the movie yet.I haven’t seen the movie yet.

The present perfect The present perfect tensetense

•Past participles are used with Past participles are used with “haber” to form the present “haber” to form the present perfect tense. perfect tense.

•Yo he estudiado–I have Yo he estudiado–I have (already) studied.(already) studied.hehe hemoshemos

hashas habéishabéishaha hanhan

•Los estudiantes Los estudiantes han aprendidohan aprendido mucho. mucho.

•The students The students have learnedhave learned a a lot. lot.

The present perfect tense refers The present perfect tense refers to actions completed in the to actions completed in the past but that relate to the past. past but that relate to the past.

-Esta experiencia en Apponequet -Esta experiencia en Apponequet ha sidoha sido muy bueno. muy bueno.

… … has been very goodhas been very good..

•¿Qué has hecho esta ¿Qué has hecho esta semana?semana?

•No he hecho nada.No he hecho nada.

•¿Ha viajado a España tu ¿Ha viajado a España tu profesora de español?profesora de español?

•Sí, ella ha viajado a Sí, ella ha viajado a España.España.

•Notice that the past participle Notice that the past participle of the present perfect tense of the present perfect tense DOES NOT REFLECT GENDER DOES NOT REFLECT GENDER OR NUMBER!OR NUMBER! Only “haber” Only “haber” changes to agree with the changes to agree with the subject.subject.

•When you use the object When you use the object pronouns or reflexive pronouns pronouns or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect you with the present perfect you put put the pronounthe pronoun beforebefore the the conjugated form of haber. conjugated form of haber.

•No me has dado la tarea. No me has dado la tarea. •You haven’t given me the You haven’t given me the

homework.homework.

•No me la has dado. No me la has dado. •You haven’t given it to me. You haven’t given it to me. •Yo le he escrito a mi amigo. Yo le he escrito a mi amigo. •I have written to my friend.I have written to my friend.•Nos hemos enojado. Nos hemos enojado. ((enojarse)enojarse)

•We have gotten angry.We have gotten angry.

The Pluperfect Tense (el The Pluperfect Tense (el pluscuamperfecto)pluscuamperfecto)•Past participles are used with Past participles are used with

“haber” to form the past “haber” to form the past perfect tense. perfect tense.

•Yo ya había estudiadoYo ya había estudiado• I had already studied.I had already studied.habíhabí

aahabíamoshabíamos

habíhabíasas

habíaishabíais

habíhabíaa

habíanhabían

The pluperfect tenseThe pluperfect tense•The pluperfect is used to The pluperfect is used to indicate events that indicate events that precede other events in the precede other events in the past. past.

•Cuando yo nací mi abuelo Cuando yo nací mi abuelo ya había muerto.ya había muerto.

•When I was born, my When I was born, my grandfather had already grandfather had already died.died.

Past Participles used as Past Participles used as AdjectivesAdjectives

• the closed door the closed door ((closed = adjclosed = adj))•As always, adjectives must:As always, adjectives must:

–1)Agree with the noun they 1)Agree with the noun they modifymodify

–2)Come after the noun2)Come after the noun•the closed door = the closed door = la puerta la puerta cerradacerrada

•the door is closed = the door is closed = •La puerta está cerrada.La puerta está cerrada.

Past Participles used as Past Participles used as AdjectivesAdjectives

• Where have we used past participles Where have we used past participles before?before?

•¿Estás cansado?¿Estás cansado?–Sí, estoy cansado. Sí, estoy cansado.

•¿Están aburridos los ¿Están aburridos los estudiantes?estudiantes?–No, los estudiantes no están No, los estudiantes no están aburridos.aburridos.

–La clase está muy divertida.La clase está muy divertida.

Las construcciones ser y estar Las construcciones ser y estar y y

el participio pasadoel participio pasado• The past participle can also be used The past participle can also be used

with ser expressed in the passive voice.with ser expressed in the passive voice. • Ser + past participleSer + past participle is used to express: is used to express:

– an action in the passive voice an action in the passive voice – An action happening An action happening

• Estar + past participleEstar + past participle is used to express:is used to express:– a condition resulting from an action. In a condition resulting from an action. In

this type of construction, the agent is this type of construction, the agent is never mentioned. never mentioned.

– Result of an action. The action has Result of an action. The action has stopped. stopped.

Las construcciones ser y estar Las construcciones ser y estar y y

el participio pasadoel participio pasadoSer + past participleSer + past participle : :

– El restaurante es abierto por El restaurante es abierto por el gerente.el gerente.

– The restaurant is opened by the The restaurant is opened by the manager.manager.

•Estar + past participleEstar + past participle ::– El restaurante está abierto. El restaurante está abierto. – The restaurant is open (not The restaurant is open (not closed). closed).

The Past ParticipleThe Past ParticipleSer + past participleSer + past participle : :

– El restaurante es abierto por el El restaurante es abierto por el gerente.gerente.

– The restaurant is opened by the The restaurant is opened by the manager.manager.

•The construcion “The construcion “se + verbose + verbo” is ” is more commonly used in Spanish more commonly used in Spanish to express the passive voice when to express the passive voice when an agent isn’t expressed. an agent isn’t expressed.

•Se abreSe abre el restaurante. el restaurante.•The restaurant is opened. The restaurant is opened.

The Past ParticipleThe Past Participle•se + verb + subject se + verb + subject •subject + se + verbsubject + se + verb•Note: that the verb always Note: that the verb always

agrees with the subjectagrees with the subject, which , which may come before or after the may come before or after the verbverb

•Se vendenSe venden zapatos allí. zapatos allí. •Shoes are sold there. Shoes are sold there. •Nuestra casa Nuestra casa se construyóse construyó en en

1990. 1990. •Our house was built…Our house was built…

The Past ParticipleThe Past Participle•The subject can also represent The subject can also represent

people. people. •Se necesitanSe necesitan mecánicos con mecánicos con

experiencia.experiencia.•Experienced mechanics are needed. Experienced mechanics are needed. •Such constructions are often used Such constructions are often used

to describe events resulting from to describe events resulting from unknown agents or natural unknown agents or natural phenomena.phenomena.

•Se rompió la ventana. Se rompió la ventana. •The window got broken (nobody The window got broken (nobody

knows who did it)knows who did it)

The Past ParticipleThe Past Participle• The The “se” construction“se” construction may also be may also be

used to express that an action used to express that an action occurred unintentionally.occurred unintentionally.

• se + indirect object + verb + subjectse + indirect object + verb + subject• Note the difference: Note the difference: • Active construcion:Active construcion: Ella rompió Ella rompió los los

vasos.vasos. • She broke the glassesShe broke the glasses• Se le rompieronSe le rompieron los vasos. los vasos. • She broke the glasses She broke the glasses

(unintentionally)(unintentionally)

Other usesOther uses•The impersonal “se” can also be The impersonal “se” can also be

used to indicate that unspecified used to indicate that unspecified people (they, people in general people (they, people in general etc.) did soemthing to specific etc.) did soemthing to specific peopl. peopl.

•se + singular verb + a + specific se + singular verb + a + specific personperson

•Se felicitó a los estudiantes. Se felicitó a los estudiantes. •They congratulated the student. They congratulated the student. •The students were congratulated.The students were congratulated.