The Perfect Active System

Perfect, Pluperfect/Past Perfect, Future Perfect

Finding the Perfect Stem

duxiducere ductusduco

The perfect stem is the third principal part – i.

duxi - i = dux

Find the third principal part of the verb.

“I” Surgery!!!!

Perfect Active Tense

The perfect active tense = Perfect Stem + Perfect Active Endings

1stPerson

2nd Person

3rd Person

-i

-isti

-it

I

you

he, she,it

Singular Plural

-erunt

-istis

-imus we

You/y’all

they

Perfect Active Endings

First Person

Second

Person

Third Person

dux i

dux

dux it

dux

dux

dux

imus

istis

erunt

I ledI have ledI did lead

You ledYou have ledYou did lead

He ledHe has ledHe did lead

We ledWe have ledWe did lead

They ledThey have ledThey did lead

Perfect Active

You ledYou have ledYou did leadisti

Past Perfect/Pluperfect Active Tense

Perfect Stem + era + Personal Endings

dux

dux

dux

dux

dux

dux

era

era

mus

era

era

era

era

s

m

t

tis nt

You had led

I had led

He had led

You had led

We had led

They had led

Past Perfect/Pluperfect Tense

HADHAD

HAD

HADHAD

-ERA-

-ERA--ERA-

E.

E. Rat HAD the flu last winter.

Ready for something you’venever seen…and heard it’s just

a MYTH???

Future Perfect Active Tense

Perfect Stem + eri + Personal Endings

dux

dux

dux

dux

dux

dux

er

eri

mus

eri

eri

eri

eri

s

o

t

tis

nt

You will have led

I will have led

He will have led

You will have led

We will have led

They will have led

Future Perfect Active

Future PerfectTense

WILL HAVEWILL HAVE

WILL HAVE

WILL HAVEWILL HAVE

-ERO

-ERI--ERI-

Your Turn!

• On a sheet of paper, write the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active charts for:

– retineo, retinēre, retinui, retentus: keep

Your Turn!

• On the same sheet of paper, write the present, imperfect, and future active charts for:

– retineo, retinēre, retinui, retentus: keep

Synopsis• A synopsis is a method to demonstrate your

knowledge of verbs without having to write all 6 charts.

• A synopsis shows all 6 tenses of a verb in just ONE person and number.

• For ex: 1st person singular, 3rd person plural, etc.

Sample Synopsisamo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

3rd person singular

• Present: AMAT---he/she/it loves• Imperfect: AMABAT---h/s/i was loving• Future: AMABIT---h/s/i will love• Perfect: AMAVIT---h/s/i loved (has loved)• Pluperfect: AMAVERAT---h/s/i had loved• Future Perfect: AMAVERIT---h/s/i will have loved

Your Turn!

• Give the 1st person plural synopsis using your charts for “retineo, retinēre, retinui, retentus.”

• Now try 2nd person plural for:– ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatus: to eat dinner