the use of participles

8/3/2019 The Use of Participles

1/19

When

The use of participles

1. the present participle (writing)2. the past participle (written)

3. theperfectparticiple (having written).

**the present and the perfect participles also have a passive form (being written and having been written).

Present and perfect participles can also have passive forms:

active passive

present participle writing being written

perfect participle having written having been written

The present and past participle used in tenses

Present participles are used in continuous tenses.

It was getting darker and darker.

Past participles are used in perfect tenses.

Ive just bought a new processor.

The past participle used in passive voice

The train was packed with people.

FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH, LISTEN,NOTICE + somebody / something + presentparticiple

After these verbs the present participle expresses an actioninprogress.

In passive voice a continuous infinitive is used:

He was seen to be climbing over the fence.
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2/19

When

If we want to emphasise that the action is completed, we use the infinitive:

I saw him climb over the fence. (= I saw that he climbed)

I have never heard this group perform this song. (= I have never heard this song performed by this group.)

Note that in passive voice to is inserted before the infinitive.

He was seen to climb over the fence.

he past participle replacing a clause

The action expressed by the past participle happens before or at the same time as another one. The participle replaces

a clause with a passive verb.

Shocked by the explosion, the people ran for shelter. (= As/After/Since they were shocked by the explosion, the

people ran for shelter.)

Then we stood up, surrounded by thunderous applause. (= We stood up while/as we were surrounded by thunderous

applause.)

If we want to emphasize that the action happens before the other one, we use a perfectpassive participle:

Having been beaten by Tyson, Geoffrey decided to give up boxing. (= After/As he had been beaten by Tyson,

Geoffrey decided to give up boxing.)

The perfect participle replacing a clause

The action expressed with theperfectparticiple happens before another one.

Having seen the film before, I didnt feel like going to the cinema. (= As I had seen the film before, I didnt feel like

going to the cinema.)

The present participle replacing a clause

The action expressed with the present participle happens at the same time as or just before another one.

Geoffrey walked down the street, singing happily. (= As he walked down the street, Geoffrey was singing happily.)

Having nothing left to do, Julie went home. (= Since she had nothing left to do, Julie went home.)

Opening the envelope, I found nothing. (= I opened the envelope and I found nothing.)

In the last sentence the opening of the letter happened right before the other action.
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3/19

When

EX.PARTICIPLES

As arranged home, well meet outside

He has been feeling terrible sick.ever since arriving in this country.

On reaching home, I went

Shaken her indifference

Having finished

Remember to use block capitals when completing the application.

Unless required later, the key should be returned

Remember to bend your knees, whenever lifting something way.

Waiting for the bus

Once opened, this product should be consumed.

When using a dictionary

All musical instruments, if played properly, hurt.

Having thus established

You find yourself thinking aboutsinging.

Being warned about the approaching.

Warned about the imminent storm

Having been warned about

Not being an expert

Being a poor swimmer

** Standing at the top of the hill

I could see all my friends.in the distance standing at the top

While preparing the meal, he listened to the radio.

Finding the window broken, we realized

Before preparing the meal he consulted a recipe book

Crawling across ..


4/19

When

HOLD hands with sm, someone responsible, your breath, head high.

She walked so fast that I couldnt KEEP UP WITH her = FOLLOW.

Theres no point in trying to KEEP UP WITH the J. = CONTINUE.

Youve done a lot of good work this month. I hope you can KEEP IT UP = CONTINUE

Theyre getting married next month! KEEP IT TO YOURSELF = DONT TELL ANYONE.

Ill KEEP MY FINGERS CROSSED

Im sorry for what I did, I hope you wont HOLD IT AGAINST ME

Their reasoning just Ididnt HOLD UP

But they were HOLDING SOMETHING BACK = NOT TELLING THE TRUTH.

We got HELD UP in the traffic = DELAYED.

HOLD BACK: ASCENDER, VACILAR,OCULTAR

HOLD ON:ESPERAR

HOLD OUT:AGUANTAR, DURAR.

HOLD OUT FOR: RETRASAR UN ACUERDO

KEEP DOWN: NO DEJAR CRECER, recortar

KEEP IN WITH: MANTENER BUENA RELACION

KEEP OFF: NO TOCARKEEP OUT OF: MANTENERSE AL MARGEN

EX HOLD & KEEP

The clouds look pretty ominous, I dont hold out much hope of sunny weather.

Their supplies held out the subject till the rescue party got to them.

Youd better keep off the subject of his marriage.

They managed to keep their costs down by employing fewer people.

It was private, so I thought to keep out of it.


5/19

When

Their boss attitude was holding her back in her career.

If she wants to get on, shell have to keep in with her boss.

Tell all that you know, dont hold anything back.

Our offer wasnt good enough, so they held out for more.

As they climbed the cliif, the leader told them to hold on tight.

REPORTING

Here are some common verbs which describe a function rather than report original words: accept, admit, advise,

agree, comfort, complain, congratulate, greet, interrupt, introduce, invite, remind, suggest, threaten, warn etc.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + TO +infinitive AGREE, CLAIM, DECIDE, DEMAND, HOPE, OFFER, PREFER,PROMISE, REFUSE, THREATEN ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb +somebody + TO + infinitive ASK, ADVISE, ALLOW, BEG,COMMAND, ENCOURAGE, FORBID, INSTRUCT, INVITE, ORDER, PERMIT, PERSUADE,

PREFER, RECOMMEND, REMIND, REQUEST, TELL, URGE, WARN, WANT ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + noun /gerund (-ING) ACCUSE SY OF, ADMIT (TO), APOLOGISE FOR, BOASTABOUT, CONFESS (TO), COMPLAIN (TO SY) ABOUT, DENY, INSIST ON, PROHIBIT,

SUGGEST, WARN SY ABOUT ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT +clause ADD, ADMIT, AGREE, ANSWER, BELIEVE, CLAIM, COMPLAIN, CONFESS,CONFIRM, DECIDE, DENY, DOUBT, EXPLAIN, FEEL, HOPE, INSIST, MENTION,

PROMISE, REPEAT, REPLY, SAY, SUGGEST ETC.


6/19

When

Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT +clause with SHOULD + infinitiveADVISE, AGREE, DEMAND, INSIST, PREFER, PROPOSE, RECOMMEND, REQUEST, SUGGEST,

URGE ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT +clause with subjunctive ADVISE, AGREE, DEMAND, INSIST,PREFER, PROPOSE, RECOMMEND, REQUEST, SUGGEST, URGE ETC

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

this (evening) that (evening)today yesterday ...

these (days) those (days)

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before last / the previous weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)tomorrow the next/following day

original utterance reported sentence

present simple past simple

present continuous past continuous

present perfect past perfect

present perfect continuous past perfect continuous

past simple past perfect

past continuous past perfect continuous


7/19

When

past perfect past perfect

past perfect continuous past perfect continuous


can (present reference) could

can (future reference) would be able to

may (uncertainty) might

may (permission with present reference) was allowed to

may (permission with future reference) would be allowed to

will would

neednt didnt need to/didnt have to

must (obligation) had to

must (certainty) must

could could

would would

might might

mustnt mustnt

had better had better

ought to ought to

should should

used to used to


8/19

When


tonight that night

today that day

this week/month/year/semester etc. that week/month/year/semester etc.

now then

yesterday the day before

last night/week/month/year/time etc. the previous night/week/month/year/time etc.

tomorrow the next/following day

next week/month/year etc. the next/following week/month/year etc.

five days/weeks/years etc. ago five days/weeks/years etc. before

in five days'/weeks'/years' etc. time five days/weeks/years etc. later

EX. REPORTING

He refused to help me and told me that I would have to do it by myself.

She advised me not to write it all out in longhloand.

He blamed me for our missing the bus, accusing me of misreading the timetable. r

He wondered if I knew when the performance started, not wishing to be late.

She suggested that I should telephone him she persuaded me to call him

She warned me not to star giggling during the interview

He persuaded me to type the letter out for him promising

She accused me of borrowing her dictionary

He threatened to me to call the police if I didnt my car

She agreed me to accompany me.

She implied that I should have finished writing my report.


9/19

When

He forgave me for my rudeness, knowing that I was upset

She apologized for breaking my sunglasses

INVERSION

There are two types of inversion:

(a) the subject and the verb change position (we call this full inversion):

In this type ofinversionthe subject and the verb of the sentence change position. In other words the verb is

put before the subject.

When adverbs or adverbial expressions of place are placed at the beginning of the sentence we use full

inversion.

But if the subject is a personal pronoun, no inversion is used.

If the utteranceprecedes the reporting verb, we can use full inversion and place this verb in front of the

subject.

(b) the word order changes to the interrogative (question) form (we call this partial inversion): In thistype ofinversion the subjectand the auxiliaryof the sentence change position. n case of present

and past simple the auxiliary do/didis put before the subject and the verb is used in its simple

infinitive form.
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10/19

When

Partial inversion after SO + adverb / adjectiveand SUCH

When adjective and adverbial phrases starting with so and such are moved to the beginning of a sentence

foremphaticeffect, partial inversion is used.

So quickly did he run that the others couldnt catch up with him. (= He ran so quickly that the others couldn't catch

up with him.)

When telling a story in the past time, if an event quickly follows another, these adverbials and partial inversion is

used to express the first event. In the inverted clause usually pastperfectis used. With no sooner than, however,

we can also use simple past.

Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang. (= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.)

Ex INVERSION

At no level of society do women have equal rights with men

It occurred to me later (did)*

A solitary pine tree stood at the top of the hill

Little did they know that the sheriff

Bang went the door. In came fred. On came all the lights.out went the cat.

Rarely shy people taken as seriously as assertive people.

FILL THE GAPS

Little did she/anyone realize that

Not only does she play the piano.she sings well

Never in my life have / had I so humiliated.

No sooner had I got into the baththe phone started ringing

Only after a long searc h

Under no circumstances should/must the fire doors be blocked

Not until everyone had finished were the rest of us.

Not once during her entire life has she been

Not only is he rather nave but she also seems to be
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11/19

When

No sooner had we started

Out we went in our best clothes, and down came the train

Off drove the thieves with the police

Up went the umbrellas. Home we went, wet through

Sitting beside her in the train was a tall dark stranger

Lying under the table was a cat fat tabby.

The edge of the city gave way and down she fell

Behind the wall was a ferocious dog barking

Not until then realized I had made a very

OPPOSITES

NAVE SOPHISTICATED BRAVE-COWARDY/TIMID, SORRY-UNREPENTANT,SLOWING DOWN-ACCELERATED, GUILTY-INNOCENT, HELP-HINDERED ME,

SPENDING- SAVED IT, PULLING X OPEN-PUSHED IT TO, REASSURING-UPSET ME,

GET ANGRY- STAYED CALM, ANTONYM-SYNONYM, SLAMMING-CLOSED

QUIETLY.

1)IN CONSPICIOUS, TOLERANT, FREQUENT, ADVISABLE, COMPETETN, DISCREET,EXPLICABLE, ACCESIBLE, STABILITY, VISIBLE, APPROPRIATE, CONSIDERATE,

DISTINCT, GRATITUDE, SINCERE, CONSISTENT, EFFICIENT, SINCERITY,

SUFFICIENT.

3)UN ACCEPTABLE, DESIRABLE, EVENTFUL, FORGETTABLE,MANAGEABLE,

SOCIABLE, CLEARLY, CONVENTIONAL, DIGNIFIED, EXPECTED, PREDICTABLE,

SOPHISTICATED, TRUSWORTHY, COMPETENT, CONVINCING, GRATEFUL,

REWARDING, DECIDED, FAITHFUL, STABLE, WANTED, AWARE, FORESEEN,

IMAGINATIVE, WELCOME.

3) DIS CONNECT, AVANTAGE, AGREEABLE, APPROVE, ARM, CONTENTED,ENTANGLE, RESPECTFUL, SATISFAIED, SIMILAR

4)IL LOGICAL, LEGAL, LEGIBLE, LEGITIMATE,

5)IR RATIONAL, REGULAR, RELEVANT, RESPONSIBLE.

CLUMSY-CAREFUL FEARLESS-FEARFUL/COWARDLY, NEAT-UNTIDY/MESSY.

NOISY-QUIET, PROUD-HUMBLE/MODEST, RARE-COMMON, RESTLESS-CALM,

TACTFUL-TACTFULESS, TALKATIVE-QUIET/TACITURN TRIVIAL-

SIGNIFICANT/SERIOUS.


12/19

When

CONCEITED- MODEST, DECEITFUL- TRUHTFUL, OPEN, FRANK. FUSSY- LAID

BACK. LAZY-HARD-WORKING. MALICIOUS-KINDHEARTED. MEAN-GENEROUS.NARROW-MINDED-LIBERAL. NEUROTIC-NONCHALANT. PRETENTIOUS-

UNASSUMING. SECRETIVE-OPEN, FRANK. SOLITARY-SOCIABLE. SULLEN-

CHEERFUL. TOUCHY-EASY GOING.

ING & TO

To answer a letter/phone

To contact sm by phone or post

To drop a line

to give sm a ring

to keep in touch

to reply to a letter

to tell som a story

to write sm a letter

to get from the airport to the city .taking a taxi

I never beento go there someday

After a heavy meal I cant face taking exercise

The night exam..unwise to risk going out all the night

After struggling to follow.trying to read the novel

Some people enjoy listening.i prefer listening metallica

First chapter.i kept on reading on

There was a violent..on walking in a safe place

After a hard day working I feel like having a break

If I heat a baby crying I cantto listen

After an English class I dont mind doing extra work

After being ill 3 .i began to feel better

She probably wasnt.why not try to call her again?

Someone started but I pretended not to hear.


13/19

When

FORMING ADJECTIVES

ABLE acceptable, admirable, advisable, breakable, describable, forgivable, obtainable,

ING astonishing, convincing, distressing, disturbing, forgiving, inspiring, overwhelming,

promising, upsetting.

IVE communicative, informative, instructive, descriptive, cooperative, possessive, preventive,

productive.

AL conventional, educational, fictional, functional, intentional, musical, personal, professional,proportional, seasonal, secretarial, sensational.

IC diplomatic, enigmatic, idealistic, magnetic, materialistic, optimistic, pessimistic, realistic,

romantic.

OUS adventurous, ambitious, fictitious, malicious, religious, spacious.

LY fortnightly, quarterly, weekly, yearly,

ED curly-haired, experienced, long-legged, pale-skinned.

Ed-n educated, finished, unknown, satisfied

Ical alphabetical, historical

Ish childish, stylish, boyish, snobbish

Y draughty, airy,brainy, funny

Worthy seaworthy, trustworthy, noteworth, newsworthy, noteworthy.

GET & BRING

Shes a very gregarious person ans seems to get on with

I promised to go food shopping..and I cant get out of

Was it because they pleaded guilty thatgot off with a fine, insteador the judge had been got

at?

There is not point in having good ideas.dont get them down writing

The un intervention brought about

If you want to get on in politics..and get in with people


14/19

When

Im sorry to get on

I know how to handle himIll be able to get round him.

I havent done the workwhen Ill get round to it

I have to be at work can you get me up at

Im sorry to bring this up.

What have the children been getting up while i.

bring about - ocasionar, provocar

bring up - subir, criar, educar, mencionar como tema de discusin

(to) get at: alcanzar, llegar a/ insinuar/ criticar/ meterse con.

Get down: bajar, apuntar, deprimir

Get in with: juntarse con

Get off with: ligar

Get on: subir,ponerse, hacerse Viejo, avanzar

Get on to:ponerse en contacto, localizar,

THERE

Theres somebody waiting to see you.

There are no easy answers to most political problems.

Theres no point in trying to.

There is more coverage given to sport

Luckily for us there was a telephone box

Theres no need to shout

There are 14 branches.

Come quickly!there has been an .there may be some people.

There he stood with

There were fifteen.

PREFIXES

ANTI American democracy federal feminist monarchy test union

PRO American democracy federal feminist monarchy union


15/19

When

PRE cooked packed test

HALF American asleep brother cooked expect packed truth way

RE appear build capture fasten fillable grow load number print united usable value

work

UN block fasten load usuable

OVER build estimate work load simplify

UNDER estimate value

OUT grow number vote

SELF defeating educated employed explanatory governing preservation sufficient

CO director exit owner

COUNTER measure

EX director official owner policeman president

SEMI automatic circular educated official productive

SUB standard heading title

EX oversimplification overestimating pro-strike outvoted counter-productive

overreact subtitles super-rich superstars outsell self-explanatory half expected ex

wife counter-attack pre-arranged reappeared half-frozen

ANTE BEFORE NATAL ROOM

AUTO BY ITSELF REVERSE RECORD TIMER

FORE BEFORE WARNED ARMED TASTE

POST AFTER WAR GRADUATE

MEGA LARGE STAR DOLLARS

MONO ONE SYLLABIC CHROME

BI DOUBLE CENTENARY ANNUAL SEXUAL LATERAL LINGUAL

TRI LATERAL LOGY PET

ADVERBS 1) in front of the main verb or after the verb to be

We have just, already, almost finished our work.

I always, just, often, utterly, quite disagree


16/19

When

It is never, hardly ever, seldom as cold as this.

2) in front of the verb or after the object, continually, perpetually, regularly, sporadically,

absolutely, altogether, completely, constantly enormously, entirely, exactly, greatly, more or

less, perfectly.

3) verbs more of than word are normally placed at the end or beginning of a sentence

Again and again, all the time, every so often, from time to time, many times, most of the tome,once a week, once every x years, in the past, the following week, the previous day, within the

hour.

ADVERBS NEVER GO BETWEEN A VERB AND DO

4) can be placed at the beginning, in front of the main verb or after the main verb or object

normally, occasionally, periodically, sometimes, usually afterwards, at once, clearly, eventually,

immediately, later, obviously, presently, shortly, soon, suddenly, probably, presumably.

5) adverbs of manner which describe how people react, act or speak are placed after the main

verb or its object though other positions are possible she was very foolishly or violently. He

held up the prize proudly and thanked everyone gratefully or sincerely. She took his hand

gratefully, lovingly and looked gloomily into his eyes. I raised my hand instinctively to protect

my face.

REWRITE WH

Wherever he goes, he takes a phrasebook with him.

You can arrive whenever you like.

All I did was stick out my tongue at her.

What you did was very rude

All she needs is someone to tell her troubles to.

I dont mind where you put it.

Whether you write or phone doesnt really matter

Whenever you arrive, get in touch

What he said made a big impression on me

What astonished me was her confidence

MAKE & DO

Someone was comingbut I couldnt make out who it was.Adrift.they were done for.


17/19

When

I dont seewhat this has to do with you.

It was a 3-seafearer.but they refused to make room for me.

None of it is true I made it all up

Im sorry yoi had to do allIll make it up to you.

They were finding.difficult to make both ends meet.

How can I ever make amends

Its no vey importan really, youre making a big mountain of a molehill

Shhh dont make a scene.

Its a shame we were held up..make up for lost time

Its a terrible portrait..do justice to him

EX

I left my bike outsidehas made off it

Youve done this room up.

We went out for a meal to make up for our disappointment

It youre not comingill make up some sandwiches

We collect 5so I made it up yo a round 10

Your shoes need doing uo otherwise youll tripe over the laces

Do you agree thatr all exam should be done away with

Youre heading in the wrongif youre making for the station

If too many news.ones will be done out of our jobs

He threw anythingand then made off without another word

PASSIVE

I was told by a friend that you have been awarded a scholarship.

Both cars were badly damaged in the crash, but no one was injured.

After the bather had been rescued, he was taken to hospital.

After he had operated on, he was told to stay in bed for weeks.


18/19

When

MC are sold all over the world.

Liverpool were held to a draw by everton.

The square may be crowded with thousands demonstratos tonight.

The plane was scheduled to land at moon but ot has been delayed

The tennis mach was rained off

There were flooded with requests for the samples of the new product.

An escaped prisoner has been seen, who is believed to be dangerous.

I think im going to sneeze can could you give a tissue.

Will you be able to makewhen you are in/go to/ visit

Hqve you decidedare you going to go by car /are you going to take the bus

Supposing ypu car breaks downwhat will you do?

Our flight is due to landwill be/is going to be/might be

By the time the plane lands.will have been

No one knows for sure what the future will bring.

In the next century, tourism is going to be/ is likely to be

While you are away on holidays Im going to be=Ill send

Ive no idea Ill have

As soon as I receivell give you

Its time we decided what we are going to do.

I hope nobody callsll be having

What willif I leave

Im looking forward to reading.you have

SIMILAR MEANING

Why ever didnt you tell me before

We were still waiting at midnight for the plane to take off

Arriving at he airport, I was told that my flight had been cancelled

Never having flown before, I was very nervous


19/19

When

The only thing I want to do is spend the rest of my life with you

Not only do they go on holiday in the winter but in the summer too

Little did we realize that our hotel was right beside the airport

I propose that he be sent a letter explaining the situation

She never fails to get the right answers

Only after writing several lettersdid we manage to get our money back

the use of participles

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