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Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue

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Page 1: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue 

Page 2: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and subcutaneous tissuesskin and subcutaneous tissues.

• TransientTransient• Localized

primary site of infectionor

secondary invasion

All parasitic groups have species which can involve the skin or subcutaneous tissues

Page 3: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

PROTOZOAN INFECTIONSPROTOZOAN INFECTIONSTransient Localized• African trypanosomiasis• American trypanosomiasis

• Cutaneous leishmaniasis• Entamoeba histolyticaAmerican trypanosomiasis

• Visceral leishmaniasisEntamoeba histolytica

• Balamuthia mandrillaris• Acanthamoeba

Page 4: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

Diagnosis ofhCutaneus Leishmaniasis

The ability to detect parasites depends on:

• The number of amastigotes present• The level of the host immune response • The absence or presence of bacterial and/or fungal contamination within the lesionfungal contamination within the lesion

• Whether the specimen is collected from an active or healing lesion. g

Page 5: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

Diagnosis of Cutaneus LeishmaniasisDiagnosis of Cutaneus LeishmaniasisSpecimen Collection.

• These lesions should be thoroughly cleaned with 70% alcoholwith 70% alcohol

• Necrotic debris should be removed to prevent the risk of bacterial and/or fungalthe risk of bacterial and/or fungal contamination of the specimen.

• Specimen should be taken from the advancingSpecimen should be taken from the advancing margin of the lesion; the central portion of the ulcer contains nothing but necrotic debris.g

Page 6: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

After stainingAfter staining

Page 7: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

TREMATODE INFECTIONSTREMATODE INFECTIONSTransient

• cercarial dermatitisswimmer’s itch / pelican itchswimmer s itch / pelican itchTrichobilharzia sp.

Page 8: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

CESTODE INFECTIONSCESTODE INFECTIONSmay cause subcutaneous lesions in their larval stages.y g• Taenia solium• Echinococcus granulosus

Page 9: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

NEMATODE INFECTIONSNEMATODE INFECTIONS

Transient LocalizedTransient• ground itch/dew itch• sandworm/cutaneous larva

• Gnathostomafilarial species:

migrans/creeping eruption

• larva currens

filarial species:• Loa loa, • Onchocerca volvulus,

(Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum etc)

S.s • Mansonella streptocerca• Dirofilaria spp.• Dracunculus medinensis

Page 10: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

ARTHROPOD INFECTIONS/INFESTATIONS OF THE SKIN/

Louse (Anoplura) Mites( p )Pediculus humanus corporisP. h. capitis

• Sarcoptes scabiei• Demodex folliculorum

Pthirus pubisDemodex folliculorum

Ticks

Blood-feeding bugsFleasBlood feeding fliesBlood-feeding flies Myiasis

Page 11: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping
Page 12: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping
Page 13: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

Specific techniques for recovery of the mitesSpecific techniques for recovery of the mites• Skin‐scraping technique. 

demonstration of the mites, eggs, or scybala (fecal pellets).gg y ( p )1. Place a drop of mineral oil on a sterile scalpel blade. (Mineral oil is preferred to potassiumhydroxide solution or water. Mites adhere to the oil, skin scales mix with the oil, the refractility differences are greater between the mite and the oil, and the oil does not dissolve fecal pellets.)2. Allow some of the oil to flow onto the papule.3. Scrape vigorously six or seven times to remove the top of the papule. (There should be tiny flecks ofblood in the oil.))4. Transfer the oil and scraped material to a glass slide (an applicator stick can be used).5. Add 1 or 2 extra drops of mineral oil to the slide and stir the mixture. Any large clumps can beclumps can becrushed to expose hidden mites.6. Place a coverslip on the slide, and examine (first on low power). The adult mites range from approximately 215 to 390 pm in length, depending on sex. The eggs are 170 pm long by 92 pm wide, and the fecal pellets are about 30 by 15 pm. The fecal170 pm long by 92 pm wide, and the fecal pellets are about 30 by 15 pm. The fecal pellets are yellow‐brown.

Page 14: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping
Page 15: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

• Plastic box or petri dish method• Plastic box or petri dish method.If mineral oil preparations of skin scrapings fail to demonstrate the mites the encrusted skindemonstrate the mites, the encrusted skin scrapings, etc., can be placed in a small plastic box or small petri dish The container should be leftor small petri dish. The container should be left undisturbed at room temperature for 12 to 24 h.Away from the living host the mites drop to theAway from the living host, the mites drop to the bottom of the box or dish and can be seen with a magnifying glass or dissecting microscopemagnifying glass or dissecting microscope.

Page 16: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

Epidermal parasitic skin diseases( )(EPSD)

• ScabiesScabies• pediculosis (head lice, body lice, pubic lice) 

i i ( d fl di )• tungiasis (sand flea disease)• hookworm‐related cutaneous larva migrans 

Page 17: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

In a nutshellIn a nutshell 

1. Skin pathology often provides important clues to systemic p gy p p yinfections.

2. Parasitic infestations are common in the tropics due to a bi ti f h t h idit d lti t lcombination of heat, humidity and ultimately poor 

socioeconomic and health care conditions.3. Parasitic infections can be solely confined to the skin, as seen y ,

with human scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, the chigger flea, cutaneous myiasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis.

4 P i fi d h ki i l d h i i4. Parasites not confined to the skin include onchocerciasis, loiasis, the guinea worm, schistosmiasis, cutaneous involvement in trypanosomiasis.

Page 18: Parasitic Infections of the Skin Soft tissue - iacld.ir · Parasitic Infections of the Skin & Soft tissue. A wide range of parasitic infections can involve the skin and ... migrans/creeping

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