Parashah

This article is about section divisions throughout theTanakh. For the weekly portion (Parashat HaShavua),see Weekly Torah portion.A parashah (Hebrew: ָּפָרָׁשה Pārāšâ “portion,” plural:

A page from the Aleppo Codex, Deuteronomy 32:50-33:29.Parashah breaks visible on this page are as follows: {P} 33:1-6(right column blank line 8th from top) {S} 33:7 (right column in-dentation line 23) {P} 33:8-11 (right column blank line 2nd frombottom) {S} 33:12 (middle column 1st indentation) {S} 33:13-17(middle column 2nd indentation) {S} 33:18-19 (left column in-dentation at top) {S} 33:20-21 (left column space in middle of 6thline) {S} 33:22 (left column 13th line indentation) {S} 33:24-39(left column 17th line indentation).

parashot or parashiyot) formally means a section of a bib-lical book in the Masoretic Text of the Tanakh (HebrewBible).[1] In the Masoretic Text, parashah sections aredesignated by various types of spacing between them, asfound in Torah scrolls, scrolls of the books of Nevi'imor Ketuvim (especially megillot), masoretic codices fromthe Middle Ages and printed editions of the masoretictext.The division of the text into parashot for the biblicalbooks is independent of chapter and verse numbers,which are not part of the masoretic tradition. Parashotare not numbered, but some have special names.The division of parashot found in the modern-day Torah

scrolls of all Jewish communities is based upon the sys-tematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah,Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, chapter 8.Maimonides based his division of the parashot for theTorah on the Aleppo Codex.[2] The division of parashotfor the books of Nevi'im and Ketuvim was never com-pletely standardized in printed Hebrew bibles and hand-written scrolls, though important attempts were made todocument it and create fixed rules.Incorrect division of the text into parashot, either by in-dicating a parashah in the wrong place or by using thewrong spacing technique, halakhically invalidates a Torahscroll according to Maimonides.[3]

1 Purpose

A parashah break creates a textual pause, roughly analo-gous to amodern paragraph break.[4] Such a pause usuallyhas one of the following purposes:

1. In most cases, a new parashah begins where a newtopic or a new thought is clearly indicated in the bib-lical text.

2. In many places, however, the parashah divisions areused even in places where it is clear that no new topicbegins, in order to highlight a special verse by cre-ating a textual pause before it or after it (or both).

3. A special example of #2 is for lists: The individ-ual elements in many biblical lists are separated byparashah spacing of one type or another.[5]

To decide exactly where a new topic or thought beginswithin a biblical text involves a degree of subjectivityon the part of the reader. This subjective element mayhelp explain differences amongst the various masoreticcodices in some details of the section divisions (thoughtheir degree of conformity is high). It may also explainwhy certain verses which might seem like introductionsto a new topic lack a section division, or why such di-visions sometimes appear in places where no new topicseems indicated. For this reason, the parashah divisionsmay at times contribute to biblical exegesis.[6]

1

2 4 HALAKHIC SIGNIFICANCE

2 History

Parashot appear in manuscripts as early as the Dead SeaScrolls, in which the division is generally similar to thatfound in the masoretic text.[7] The idea of spacing be-tween portions, including the idea of “open” and “closed”portions, is mentioned in early midrashic literature[8] andthe Talmud. Early masoretic lists detailing the Babylo-nian tradition include systematic and detailed discussionof exactly where portions begin and which type they are.As a group, Tiberian masoretic codices share similar butnot identical parashah divisions throughout the Bible.Unlike the Babylonian mesorah, however, Tiberian ma-soretic notes never mention the parashah divisions or at-tempt to systematize them. This is related to the fact thatthe Babylonian lists are independent compositions, whilethe Tiberian notes are in the margins of the biblical textitself, which shows the parashot in a highly visible way.In the centuries following the Tiberian mesorah, therewere ever-increasing efforts to document and standardizethe details of the parashah divisions, especially for theTorah, and even for Nevi'im and Ketuvim as time wenton.

3 Spacing techniques

Illustration of a closed section followed by an open section ina modern Torah scroll (closed at Numbers 10:35 and open at11:1). Note the rare occurrence of "inverted Nun" at these twopoints.

In most modern Torah scrolls and Jewish editions of theBible, there are two types of parashot, an “open portion”(parashah petuhah) and a “closed portion” (parashah se-tumah). An “open portion” is roughly similar to a modernparagraph: The text of the previous portion ends beforethe end of the column (leaving a space at the end of theline), and the new “open” portion starts at the beginningof the next line (but with no indentation). A “closed por-tion”, on the other hand, leaves a space in the middle ofthe line of text, where the previous portion ends beforethe space, and the next portion starts after it, towards theend of the line of text.In some manuscripts and in many printed editions, an“open portion” (petuhah) is abbreviated with the Hebrewletter "פ" (peh), and a “closed portion” (setumah) with theHebrew letter "ס" (samekh), often in place of the visualgap in the line.[9] Rough English equivalents are “P” and“S” respectively.[10]

In masoretic codices and in medieval scrolls, these twospacing techniques allowed for a larger range of options:

• An “open portion” always started at the beginning ofa new line. This could happen the way describedabove, but also by leaving a blank line between thetwo portions, thus allowing the previous portion tosometimes entirely fill its last line of text.

• A “closed portion” never began at the beginning ofa line. This could happen as in modern scrolls (aspace in the middle of a line), but also by the pre-vious portion ending before the end of the line, andthe new portion beginning on the next line after anindentation.

Open portions often seem to reflect the beginning of anew topic or a major subdivision within a biblical book,while closed portions seem to reflect smaller units or mi-nor subdivisions.[11]

Most printed Hebrew bibles today represent the parashotusing the more limited techniques found in typical mod-ern Torah scrolls: A space in the middle of a line for aclosed portion, and beginning at the start of the next linefor an open portion (not a blank line). A notable excep-tion is The Jerusalem Crown (The Bible of the HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem, 2000), whose typography andlayout is fashioned after the Aleppo codex, and followsthe medieval spacing techniques for parashah divisionsby leaving an empty line for {P} and starts {S} on a newline with an indentation.Medieval Ashkenazic sources beginning with the MahzorVitry also refer to a third spacing technique called aparashah sedurah. This involved starting a new parashahat the same point in the line where the previous parashahended on the line above.

4 Halakhic significance

4.1 Validity of scrolls

According to the ruling of Maimonides (Laws of Tefillin,Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls 10:1), any error regarding aparashah completely invalidates a Torah scroll. This in-cludes a parashah in the wrong place, of the wrong type,or a missing parashah.However, there is also a responsum by Maimonides[12] inwhich he ruled that one may recite a blessing over read-ing from an invalid scroll, based on the reasoning that thecommandment is in the reading itself, not in the text be-ing read from.Maimonides’ strict ruling that any error in the parashotcompletely invalidates a Torah scroll led to a majorhalakhic debate that continues to this day.[13] Among

3

those who ruled against Maimonides’ stricture in prac-tice were his son, Rabbi Abraham,[14] Rabbi MenachemHaMeiri,[15] Maharam Halava,[16] Mahari Mintz,[17] andRabbi Ovadia Yosef.[18]

All of the above authorities rule that a scroll containingparashot based on alternative scribal traditions that dis-agree with Maimonides’ list of parashot (Laws of Tefillin,Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, chapter 8) is nevertheless avalid scroll. However, even according to the lenient opin-ion, a blatant error with no source in any scribal traditioninvalidates a Torah scroll.

4.2 Rules and customs for public reading

See also: Torah reading

One basic halakhic rule for public reading of the Torahis that no fewer than three verses at a time be read.As a corollary to this, there is a specific rule regardingparashot: One may not leave off reading less than threeverses before the end of a parashah, nor may one end offreading by starting a new parashah but leaving off lessthan three verses from its beginning.[19]

When a Torah portion is read in public from a scroll aspart of the synagogue service, it is divided into smallersections among several people (for instance, 3 short sec-tions on weekdays or 7 on the Sabbath). The points atwhich the portion is subdivided often take the parashotinto account, but there is no hard and fast rule for this.The selections from Nevi'im that are read as haftarot arebased on custom. At times, some of these customs choosethe exact beginning or end of a haftarah because it coin-cides with a parashah division.

5 Torah

Due to the influence of Maimonides, parashah divisionsin the Torah have become highly standardized, and thereis close to exact agreement among Torah scrolls, printedJewish bibles, and similar online texts.[20] The followinglist thus presents the parashah divisions as found in (a)modern Torah scrolls, (b) Maimonides' Mishneh Torah,and (c) the Aleppo Codex (based on several witnesses be-sides Maimonides to the parashot in its missing parts).Rare inconsistencies between these three sources are ex-plained in footnotes.The list is constructed as follows:

• Only breaks between two sections are listed: Anyopen or closed parashah break, {P} or {S}, mustalways appear between two biblical sections. Thesymbols {P} and {S} always indicate the status ofthe following section. In Genesis, for instance, {S}5:32-6:4 {P} indicates a closed section (setumah)

because it begins with {S}. Therefore, no sectionbreak is indicated before the first portion of a bibli-cal book, or after its last portion.

• The five books of the Torah have been brokendown into their weekly Torah readings for conve-nience. The weekly Torah readings always beginat a parashah break, with the single exception ofVayechi (Genesis 47:28). The division into weeklyreadings is a prominent feature of the Tiberian ma-soretic codices along with the division into smallerparashot, and they are indicated with a special flour-ish in the margin parallel to the line in which eachone begins.

• Special series of parashot used for special typesof text (such as chronologies, lists, step-by-step se-quences, repeating formulas) are indicated.

• When a parashah ignores a chapter break, this isindicated for convenience by spelling out the exactverses from each chapter found in that parashah; forinstance: {P} 32:4-33;33:1-17 {S}. This system al-lows for immediate calculation of the number versesin the parashah, and also facilitates easier compari-son between the parashot and the chapter divisions.

• Variations found in alternative masoretic traditions(such as in the Leningrad Codex) are provided sep-arately at the end of each book.

• Unusual data (such as an unusually lengthyparashah) is underlined to draw special attention,followed by a parenthetical note identifying thecontents of the parashah at hand.

• The first words of a parashah are sometimes pro-vided in Hebrew for clarity, especially for parashotthat appear within a verse. A prominent example isfor the Ten Commandments. The titles of promi-nent parashot mentioned in rabbinic literature arealso sometimes given.

• The verse numbering in this list is according to thesystem commonly found in most Hebrew editions.The numbers in translations (and even in some He-brew editions such as BHS) may differ slightly.

Symbols:

• {P} = parashah petuhah (“open portion”), typicallyresembles a new paragraph

• {S} = parashah setumah (“closed portion”), typi-cally represented as a blank space in the middle ofa line

• {-} = no parashah break indicated

• {SONG} = Special format for songs; details of thespecial layout will be described in separate sections.

4 5 TORAH

5.1 Genesis

A page of the Aleppo Codex was photographed in 1887 byWilliam Wickes, containing Genesis 26:35 (החתי) to 27:30 ויהי).(אך It shows a single open parashah break {S} at 27:1 ויהי)יצחק זקן ;(כי that parashah is in bold within the list below forParashat Toledot.

• Parashat Bereshit (Genesis 1:1-6:8):

• Seven days:1:1-5 {P} 1:6-8 {P} 1:9-13 {P}1:14-19 {P} 1:20-23 {P} 1:24-31 {P} 2:1-3

• {P} 2:4-3:15 {S} 3:16 {S} 3:17-21 {P} 3:22-24 {P} 4:1-26

• FromAdam to Noah: {S} 5:1-5 {S} 5:6-8 {S}5:9-11 {S} 5:12-14 {S} 5:15-17 {S} 5:18-20 {S} 5:21-24 {S} 5:25-27 {S} 5:28-31 {S}5:32;6:1-4

• {P} 6:5-8

• Parashat Noach (Genesis 6:9-11:32):

• {P} 6:9-12 {S} 6:13-22;7:1-24;8:1-14 {S}8:15-22;9:1-7 {S} 9:8-17 {P} 9:18-29 {P}10:1-14 {S} 10:15-20 {S} 10:21-32 {P} 11:1-9

• From Noah to Abraham: {P} 11:10-11 {S}11:12-13 {S} 11:14-15 {S} 11:16-17 {S}11:18-19 {S} 11:20-21 {S} 11:22-23 {S}11:24-25 {S} 11:26-32

• Parashat Lekh Lekha (Genesis 12:1-17:27):

• {P} 12:1-9 {P} 12:10-20;13:1-18 {P} 14:1-24 {P} 15:1-21 {S} 16:1-16 {S} 17:1-14 {S}17:15-27

• Parashat Vayera (Genesis 18:1-22:24):

• {P} 18:1-33;19:1-38 {S} 20:1-18 {S} 21:1-21{P} 21:22-34 {P} 22:1-19 {P} 22:20-24

• Parashat Chayyei Sarah (Genesis 23:1-25:18):

• {P} 23:1-20 {S} 24:1-67 (Eliezer & Rebec-cah) {P} 25:1-11 {P} 25:12-18

• Parashat Toledot (Genesis 25:19-28:9):

• {P} 25:19-34 {P} 26:1-33 {S} 26:34-35 {S}27:1-46;28:1-9 (blessings of Isaac & Jacob;see image)

• Parashat Vayetzei (Genesis 28:10-32:3):

• {S} 28:10-22;29:1-35;30:1-43;31:1-54;32:1-3 (Jacob in Haran)

• Parashat Vayishlach (Genesis 32:4-36:43):

• {P} 32:4-33;33:1-17 {S} 33:18-20 {S} 34:1-31 {P} 35:1-8 {P} 35:9-22a {P} 33:22b-29{P} 36:1-19 {S} 36:20-43

• Parashat Vayeshev (Genesis 37-40):

• {P} 37:1-36 {P} 38:1-30 {S} 39:1-23 {P}40:1-23

• Parashat Miketz (Genesis 41:1-44:17):

• {P} 41:1-57;42:1-38;43:1-34;44:1-17(Joseph in Egypt)

• Parashat Vayigash (Genesis 44:18-47:27) andParashat Vayechi (Genesis 47:28-50:26):[21]

• {S} 44:18-34;45:1-28;46:1-7 (Reconciliation){S} 46:8-27 {S} 46:28-34;47:1-31[21] {P}48:1-22

• Jacob’s blessings: {P} 49:1-4 {P} 49:5-7 {P}49:8-12 {P} 49:13 {P} 49:14-15 {S} 49:16-18 {S} 49:19 {S} 49:20 {S} 49:21 {S} 49:22-26 {P} 49:27-33;50:1-26

Variants:

• Leningrad Codex: {P} 5:1 {S} 5:3 {P} 5:21 {P}5:25 {P} 5:28 {S} 7:1 {S} 12:1 {S} 23:1 {S} 25:12{S} 26:1 {S} 40:1 {P} 46:28 {S} 49:8 {S} 49:14{-} 49:19

5.3 Leviticus 5

5.2 Exodus

• Parashat Shemot (Exodus 1:1-6:1):

• 1:1-7 {P} 1:8-22 {P} 2:1-22 {P} 2:23-25 {S}3:1-22;4:1-17 {P} 4:18-26 {P} 4:27-31;5:1-23;6:1

• Parashat Va'era (Exodus 6:2-9:35):

• {S} 6:2-9 {P} 6:10-12 {P} 6:13 {S} 6:14-28{S} 6:29-30 {P} 7:1-7 {P} 7:8-13 {S} 7:14-18 {S} 7:19-25 {P} 7:26-29;8:1-11 {S} 8:12-15 {S} 8:16-28 {P} 9:1-7 {P} 9:8-12 {S}9:13-21 {P} 9:22-35

• Parashat Bo (Exodus 10:1-13:16):

• {P} 10:1-11 {S} 10:12-20 {P} 10:21-29 {P}11:1-3 {S} 11:4-8 {S} 11:9-10 {S} 12:1-20{P} 12:21-28 {S} 12:29-36 {P} 12:37-42 {P}12:43-50 {S} 12:51 {P} 13:1-10 {P} 13:11-16

• Parashat Beshallach (Exodus 13:17-17:16):

• {S} 13:17-22 {P} 14:1-14 {P} 14:15-25 {P}14:26-31

• {P} Song of the Sea: {SONG} 15:1-19{SONG}

• {P} 15:20-26 {S} 15:27;16:1-3 {S} 16:4-10{P} 16:11-27 {S} 16:28-36 {P} 17:1-7 {P}17:8-13 {P} 17:14-16

• Parashat Yitro (Exodus 18:1-20:23):

• {P} 18:1-27 {P} 19:1-24• Ten Commandments: {S} 20:1 וידבר {S}20:2-5 אנכי {S} 20:6 תשא לא {P} 20:7-10זכור {S} 20:11 כבד {S} 20:12a תרצח לא{S} 20:12b תנאף לא {S} 20:12c תגנב לא {S}20:12d תענה לא {S} 20:13a רעך בית תחמד לא{S} 20:13b[22] רעך אשת תחמד לא

• {P} 20:14-17 {S} 20:18-22

• Parashat Mishpatim (Exodus 21:1-24:18):

• Laws: {P} 21:1-6 {S} 21:7-11 {S} 21:12-13{S} 21:14 {S} 21:15 {S} 21:16 {S} 21:17{S} 21:18-19 {S} 21:20-21 {S} 21:22-25 {S}21:26-27 {P} 21:28-32 {S} 21:33-34 {S}21:35-36 {S} 21:37;22:1-3 {S} 22:4 {S} 22:5{S} 22:6-8 {S} 22:9-12 {S} 22:13-14 {S}22:15-16 {S} 22:17-18 {S} 22:19-23 {P}22:24-26 {S} 22:27-30 {S} 23:1-3 {S} 23:4{S} 23:5 {S} 23:6-19

• {P} 23:20-25 {S} 23:26-33 {P} 24:1-11 {S}24:12-18

• Parashat Terumah (Exodus 25:1-27:19):

• {P} 25:1-9 {S} 25;10-22 {P} 25:23-30 {P}25:31-40 {S} 26:1-14 {P} 26:15-30 {S}26:31-37 {S} 27:1-8 {S} 27:9-19

• Parashat Tetzaveh (Exodus 27:20-30:10):

• {S} 27:20-21 {S} 28:1-5 {P} 28:6-12 {S}28:13-14 {S} 28:15-30 {S} 28:31-35 {S}28:36-43 {S} 29:1-37 {S} 29:38-46 {P} 30:1-10

• Parashat Ki Tissa (Exodus 30:11-34:35):

• {P} 30:11-16 {P} 30:17-21 {P} 30:22-33{S} 30:34-38 {S} 31:1-11 {P} 31:12-17 {S}31:18;32:1-6 {P} 32:7-14 {P} 32:15-35 {S}33:1-11 {P} 33:12-16 {P} 33:17-23 {S/P}[23]34:1-26 {P} 34:27-35

• Parashat Vayakhel (Exodus 35:1-38:20):

• {S} 35:1-3 {P} 35:4-29 {P} 35:30-35;36:1-7{S} 36:8-13 {P} 36:14-19 {S} 36:20-38 {P}37:1-9 {P} 37:10-16 {P} 37:17-24 {P} 37:25-29 {S} 38:1-7 {S} 38:8 {S} 38:9-20

• Parashat Pekudei (Exodus 38:21-40:38):

• {S} 38:21-23 {S} 38:24-31;39:1 {P} 39:2-5 {S} 39:6-7 {P} 39:8-21 {P} 39:22-26 {S}39:27-29 {S} 39:30-31 {S} 39:32 {P} 39:33-43 {P} 40:1-16 {S} 40:17-19 {S} 40:20-21{S} 40:22-23 {S} 40:24-25 {S} 40:26-27 {S}40:28-29 {S} 40:30-32 {S} 40:33 {P} 40:34-38

Variants:

• Leningrad Codex: {S} 2:1 {P} 6:29 {P} 7:14 {P}10:12 {P} 12:1 {S} 13:11 {S} 16:6 {P} 20:18 {-}21:16 {S} 21:27 {S} 22:18 {S} 23:2 {S} 23:20 {-}23:26 {P} 26:7 {S} 33:12 {S} 34:1[23] {S} 36:14{P} 38:1 {-} 39:6 {-} 39:22 {P} 40:28

5.3 Leviticus

• Parashat Vayikra (Leviticus 1:1-5:26):

• 1:1-9 {S} 1:10-13 {P} 1:14-17 {S} 2:1-3 {S}2:4 {S} 2:5-6 {S} 2:7-13 {S} 2:14-16 {P}3:1-5 {P} 3:6-11 {P} 3:12-17 {P} 4:1-12 {P}4:13-21 {P} 4:22-26 {P} 4:27-31 {P} 4:32-35 {P} 5:1-10 {S} 5:11-13 {S} 5:14-16 {P}5:17-19 {P} 5:20-26

• Parashat Tzav (Leviticus 6:1-8:36):

• {P} 6:1-6 {S} 6:7-11 {P} 6:12-16 {P} 6:17-23 {P} 7:1-10 {P} 7:11-21 {P/-}[24] 7:22-27{P/-}[24] 7:28-38 {P} 8:1-36

• Parashat Shemini (Leviticus 9:1-11:47):

6 5 TORAH

• {S} 9:1-24;10:1-7 {P} 10:8-11 {P} 10:12-20{P} 11:1-28 {S} 11:29-38 {S} 11:39-47

• Parashat Tazria (Leviticus 12:1-13:59):

• {P} 12:1-8 {P} 13:1-8 {P} 13:9-17 {P}13:18-23 {S} 13:24-28 {P} 13:29-37 {S}13:38-39 {S} 13:40-46 {S} 13:47-59

• Parashat Metzora (Leviticus 14:1-15:33):

• {P} 14:1-20 {S} 14:21-32 {P} 14:33-57{P} 15:1-15 {S} 15:16-18 {P} 15:19-24 {S}15:25-33

• Parashat Acharei Mot (Leviticus 16:1-18:30):

• {P} 16:1-34 {P} 17:1-16 {P} 18:1-5• Forbidden relations: {S} 18:6 {S} 18:7 {S}18:8 {S} 18:9 {S} 18:10 {S} 18:11 {S} 18:12{S} 18:13 {S} 18:14 {S} 18:15 {S} 18:16 {S}18:17-30

• Parashat Kedoshim (Leviticus 19:1-20:27):

• {P} 19:1-22 {P} 19:23-32 {S} 19:33-37 {P}20:1-27

• Parashat Emor (Leviticus 21:1-24:23):

• {P} 21:1-9 {S} 21:10-15 {S} 21:16-24 {P}22:1-16 {P} 22:17-25 {S} 22:26-33 {P} 23:1-3 {P} 23:4-8 {P} 23:9-14 {S} 23:15-22 {P}23:23-25 {S} 23:26-32 {P} 23:33-44 {P}24:1-4 {P} 24:5-9 {S} 24:10-12 {P} 24:13-23

• Parashat Behar (Leviticus 25:1-26:2):

• {P} 25:1-7 {S} 25:8-24 {S} 25:25-28 {S}25:29-34 {S} 25:35-38 {S} 25:39-46 {S}25:47-26:2

• Parashat Bechukotai (Leviticus 26:3-27:34):

• {P} 26:3-13 {P} 26:14-26 {S} 26:27-46 {P}27:1-8 {S} 27:9-34

Variants:

• Leningrad Codex: {P}[24] 7:22 {P}[24] 7:28 {S}11:21 {S} 15:1 {P} 15:17 {-} 15:18 {P} 15:25 {S}17:13 {P} 19:20 {P} 19:33 {P} 21:16 {S} 22:14{P} 22:26 {S} 23:23 {-} 25:29 {S} 26:3 {S} 26:18{S} 27:26

5.4 Numbers

• Parashat Bemidbar (Numbers 1:1-4:20):

• 1:1-19 {S} 1:20-21 {P} 1:22-23 {P} 1:24-25{P} 1:26-27 {P} 1:28-29 {P} 1:30-31 {P}1:32-33 {P} 1:34-35 {P} 1:36-37 {P} 1:38-39 {P} 1:40-41 {P} 1:42-43 {P} 1:44-47 {P}1:48-54 {P} 2:1-9 {S} 2:10-16 {S} 2:17 {S}2:18-24 {S} 2:25-31 {P} 2:32-34 {P} 3:1-4 {P} 3:5-10 {P} 3:11-13 {P} 3:14-26 {S}3:27-39 {S} 3:40-43 {P} 3:44-51 {P} 4:1-16{P} 4:17-20

• Parashat Naso (Numbers 4:21-7:89):

• {P} 4:21-28 {S} 4:29-37 {S} 4:38-49 {P}5:1-4 {P} 5:5-10 {P} 5:11-31 {P} 6:1-21{P} 6:22-23 {S} 6:24 {S} 6:25 {S} 6:26 {S}6:27 {S} 7:1-11 {S} 7:12-17 {P} 7:18-23 {P}7:24-29 {P} 7:30-35 {P} 7:36-41 {P} 7:42-47 {P} 7:48-53 {P} 7:54-59 {P} 7:60-65 {P}7:66-71 {P} 7:72-77 {P} 7:78-83 {P} 7:84-89

• Parashat Beha'alotekha (Numbers 8:1-12:16):

• {P} 8:1-4 {P} 8:5-22 {S} 8:23-26 {P} 9:1-8 {P} 9:9-14 {S} 9:15-23 {P} 10:1-10 {P}10:11-28 {S} 10:29-34 {S} נ10:35-36נ {P}11:1-15 {P} 11:16-22 {P} 11:23-35 {P} 12:1-3 {S} 12:4-13 {P} 12:14-16

• Parashat Shelach (Numbers 13:1-15:41):

• {P} 13:1-33;14:1-10 {P} 14:11-25 {P}14:26-45 {P} 15:1-16 {P} 15:17-21 {S}15:22-26 {S} 15:27-31 {P} 15:32-34 {S}15:35-36 {P} 15:37-41

• Parashat Korach (Numbers 16:1-18:32):

• {P} 16:1-19 {S} 16:20-22 {S} 16:23-35 {S}17:1-5 {P} 17:6-7 {S} 17:8-15 {P} 17:16-24{P} 17:25-26 {P} 17:27-28 {S} 18:1-7 {P}18:8-20 {S} 18:21-24 {P} 18:25-32

• Parashat Chukkat (Numbers 19:1-22:1):

• {P} 19:1-22 {P} 20:1-6 {P} 20:7-11 {S}20:12-13 {S} 20:14-21 {P} 20:22-29 {S}21:1-3 {P} 21:4-16 {S} 21:17-20 {P} 21:21-35;22:1

• Parashat Balak (Numbers 22:2-25:9):

• {S} 22:2-41;23:1-30;24:1-25 (Balaam &Balak) {P} 25:1-9

• Parashat Pinchas (Numbers 25:10-30:1):

• {P} 25:10-15 {P} 25:16-18;26:1a• Census: {P} 26:1b-11 {S} 26:12-14 {S}26:15-18 {S} 26:19-22 {S} 26:23-25 {S}26:26-27 {S} 26:28-32 {S} 26:33-34 {S}26:35-37 {S} 26:38-41 {S} 26:42-43 {S}26:44-47 {S} 26:48-51

5.5 Deuteronomy 7

• {P} 26:52-56 {S} 26:57-65 {S} 27:1-5 {P}27:6-11 {P} 27:12-14 {S} 27:15-23

• Offerings: {P} 28:1-8 {P} 28:9-10 {P} 28:11-15 {S} 28:16-25 {S} 28:26-31 {P} 29:1-6 {S}29:7-11

• Sukkot offerings: {S} 29:12-16 {S} 29:17-19{S} 29:20-22 {S} 29:23-25 {S} 29:26-28 {S}29:29-31 {S} 29:32-34 {S} 29:35-39;30:1

• Parashat Mattot (Numbers 30:2-32:42):

• {P} 30:2-17 {P} 31:1-12 {S} 31:13-20 {S}31:21-24 {S} 31:25-54 {P} 32:1-4 {S} 32:5-15 {S} 32:16-19 {P} 32:20-42

• Parashat Masei (Numbers 33:1-36:13):

• {P} 33:1-39 {S} 33:40-49 {S} 33:50-56 {P}34:1-15 {P} 34:16-29 {P} 35:1-8 {P} 35:9-34 {P} 36:1-13

Variants:

• Leningrad Codex: {P} 1:20 {S} 2:7 {-} 3:1 {S}3:14 {-} 3:27 {S} 4:17 {P} 4:29 {P} 7:1 {P} 9:15{S} 10:18 {S} 10:22 {S} 10:25 {S} 11:1 {P} 16:20{P} 16:23 {P} 17:1 {-} 17:6 {P} 17:9 {S} 17:25{S} 17:27 {S} 18:8 {S} 27:6 {S} 27:12 {P} 27:15{S} 28:11 {P} 29:12 {P} 29:32 {P} 29:35 {P}31:25

5.5 Deuteronomy

Two consecutive pages of the Aleppo Codex from the now-missing part of Deuteronomy were photographed in 1910 byJoseph Segall, containing the Ten Commandments. The imageshows Deuteronomy 4:38 (גדלים) to 6:3 ,(ואשר) including thefollowing parashah breaks: {P} 4:41 יבדיל אז {P} 5:1 ויקראמשה {S} 5:6 אנכי {S} 5:10 תשא לא {S} 5:11 שמור {S} 5:15 כבד{S} 5:16a תרצח לא {S} 5:16b תנאף ולא {S} 5:16c תגנב ולא {S}5:16d תענה ולא {S} 5:17a תחמד ולא {S} 5:21b תתאוה ולא {S}הדברים .5:22את These parashot are shown in bold within thelist below for Parashat Va'etchannan.

The Aleppo Codex is intact starting at Deuteronomy28:17 .(משארתך) Parashot from the extant parts are inbold, as are the parashot shown in the Segall photograph(image at right).

• Parashat Devarim (Deuteronomy 1:1-3:22):

• 1:1-46;2:1 {S} 2:2-8a {S} 2:8b-16 ונפן {S}2:17-30 {S} 2:31-37;3:1-22

• Parashat Va'etchannan (Deuteronomy 3:23-7:11):

• {S} 3:23-29 {P} 4:1-24 {P} 4:25-40 {P}4:41-49 {P} 5:1-5

• Ten Commandments: {S} 5:6-9 אנכי {S}5:10 תשא לא {S} 5:11-14 שמור {S} 5:15 כבד{S} 5:16a תרצח לא {S} 5:16b תנאף ולא {S}5:16c תגנב ולא {S} 5:16d תענה ולא {S} 5:17aתחמד ולא {S} 5:17b תתאוה ולא

• {S} 5:18-29;6:1-3 {P} 6:4-9 שמע {S} 6:10-15{S} 6:16-18 {S} 6:19-25 {S} 7:1-11

• Parashat Ekev (Deuteronomy 7:12-11:25):

• {P} 7:12-16 {S} 7:17-26 {P} 8:1-18 {P}8:19-20 {P} 9:1-29 {P} 10:1-11 {P} 10:12-22;11:1-9 {S} 11:10-12 {S} 11:13-21 {S}11:22-25

• Parashat Re'eh (Deuteronomy 11:26-16:17):

• {S} 11:26-28 {S} 11:29-32;12:1-19 {S}12:20-28 {S} 12:29-31;13:1 {P} 13:2-6 {S}13:7-12 {S} 13:13-19 {S} 14:1-2 {S} 14:3-8{S} 14:9-10 {S} 14:11-21 {P} 14:22-29 {S}15:1-6 {S} 15:7-11 {S} 15:12-18 {P} 15:19-23 {P} 16:1-8 {S} 16:9-12 {P} 16:13-17

• Parashat Shofetim (Deuteronomy 16:18-21:9):

• {S} 16:18-20 {S} 16:21-22 {S} 17:1 {S}17:2-7 {P} 17:8-13 {S} 17:14-20 {S} 18:1-2{S} 18:3-5 {S} 18:6-8 {S} 18:9-22 {S} 19:1-10 {P} 19:11-13 {S} 19:14 {S} 19:15-21 {S}20:1-9 {S} 20:10-18 {S} 20:19-20 {P} 21:1-9

• Parashat Ki Tetzei (Deuteronomy 21:10-25:19):

• {S} 21:10-14 {S} 21:15-17 {S} 21:18-21 {S}21:22-23 {S} 22:1-3 {S} 22:4 {S} 22:5 {P}22:6-7 {S} 22:8-9 {S} 22:10-11 {S} 22:12{S} 22:13-19 {S} 22:20-21 {S} 22:22 {S}22:23-24 {S} 22:25-27 {S} 22:28-29 {S}23:1 {S} 23:2 {S} 23:3 {S} 23:4-7 {S} 23:8-9{S} 23:10-15 {S} 23:16-17 {S} 23:18-19 {S}23:20-21 {S} 23:22-24 {S} 23:25 {S} 23:26{S} 24:1-4 {S} 24:5-6 {S} 24:7 {S} 24:8-9{S} 24:10-13 {S} 24:14-15 {S} 24:16 {S}24:17-18 {S} 24:19 {S} 24:20-22 {S} 25:1-4{S} 25:5-10 {S} 25:11-12 {S} 25:13-16 {P}25:17-19

8 6 NEVI'IM

• Parashat Ki Tavo (Deuteronomy 26:1-29:8):

• {P} 26:1-11 {S} 26:12-15 {S} 26:16-19 {P}27:1-8 {S} 27:9-10 {S} 27:11-14 {S} 27:15{S} 27:16 {S} 27:17 {S} 27:18 {S} 27:19 {S/-}[25] 27:20 {S} 27:21 {S} 27:22 {S} 27:23{S} 27:24 {S} 27:25 {S} 27:26 {P} 28:1-14{P} 28:15-68 {S} 28:69 {P} 29:1-8

• Parashat Nitzavim (Deuteronomy 29:9-30:20):

• {P} 29:9-29:28 {S} 30:1-10 {S} 30:11-14 {S}30:15-20

• Parashat Vayelekh (Deuteronomy 31:1-30):

• {P} 31:1-6 {S} 31:7-13 {P} 31:14-30

• Parashat Ha'azinu (Deuteronomy 32:1-52):

• {P} Song of Moses: {SONG} 32:1-43{SONG}

• {P} 32:44-47 {P} 32:48-52

• Parashat Vezot Haberakhah (Deuteronomy 33:1-34:12):

• {P} 33:1-6 {S} 33:7 {P} 33:8-11 {S} 33:12-17{S} 33:18-19 {S} 33:20-21 {S} 33:22-23 {S}33:24-29 {S} 34:1-12

Variants:

• Leningrad Codex: {S} 7:7 {-} 13:7 {S} 16:22 {S}18:14 {S} 19:8 {S} 19:11 {S} 22:9 {S} 22:11 {S}23:8b מצרי תתעב לא {S} 24:6 {S} 24:9 {S} 24:21{S} 25:4 {S} 25:14 {S} 27:1 {S} 27:20 {-} 24:8 {-} 24:20 {S} 28:15 {P} 30:11 {P} 31:7 {S} 31:16{S} 33:8

6 Nevi'im

Parashot in Nevi'im are listed here according to theAleppo codex, with variants from other masoretic tradi-tions noted at the end of each book’s section.The Aleppo codex is intact for the bulk of Nevi'im. The fewparashot noted here from itsmissing parts are listed according tothe notes taken by Joshua Kimhi, who recorded the parashot ofthe Aleppo codex in the nineteenth century in the bible of RabbiShalom Shachna Yellin. These are indicated by an asterisk.

6.1 Joshua

• 1:1-9 {P} 1:10-11 {P} 1:12-18 {P} 2:1-24 {S} 3:1-4 {P} 3:5-6 {S} 3:7-8 {P} 3:9-17;4:1a {P} 4:1b-3{S} 4:4-13 {S} 4:14 {P} 4:15-24 {P} 5:1 {P} 5:2-8{P} 5:9-12 {S} 5:13-15;6:1 {S} 6:2-11 {P} 6:12-25{P} 6:26 {S} 6:27;7:1 {S} 7:2-26 {P} 8:1-17 {P}

8:18-29 {P} 8:30-35;9:1-2 {P} 9:3-27 {P} 10:1-7{P} 10:8-11 {S} 10:12-14 {S} 10:15-28 {S} 10:29-30 {S} 10:31-32 {P} 10:33-35 {P} 10:36-37 {S}10:38-43 {P} 11:1-5 {P} 11:6-9 {S} 11:10-20 {S}11:21-23 {S} 12:1-8

• {P} Canaanite Kings: {SONG} 12:9-24{SONG}

• {P} 13:1-14 {P} 13:15-23 {P} 13:24-32 {P} 13:33{S} 14:1-5 {P} 14:6-15 {P} 15:1-19

• Cities of Judah: {P} 15:20-32 {S} 15:33-36 {S}15:37-41 {S} 15:42-46 {S} 15:47 {S} 15:48-49 {S}15:50-51 {S} 15:52-54 {S} 15:55-57 {S} 15:58-59{P} 15:60 {S} 15:61-63

• {P} 16:1-10 {P} 17:1-13 {S} 17:14-18 {P} 18:1-10{P} 18:11-20 {P} 18:21-28 {P} 19:1-9 {P} 19:10-16 {P} 19:17-23 {P} 19:24-31 {P} 19:32-39 {P}19:40-48 {S} 19:49-51 {P} 20:1-9

• Levite cities: {P} 21:1-2 {P} 21:3-4 {S} 21:5 {S}21:6 {S} 21:7 {S} 21:8 {S} 21:9-12 {S} 21:13-16 {S} 21:17-19 {S} 21:20-22 {S} 21:23-26 {S}21:27 {S} 21:28-29 {S} 21:30-31 {S} 21:32-33 {S}21:34-35 {S} 21:36-40 {S} 21:41-43

• {P} 22:1-6 {P} 22:7-8 {P} 22:9-12 {P} 22:13-20{S} 22:21-29 {P} 22:30-34 {P} 23:1-16 {P} 24:1-15 {P} 24:16-26 {P} 24:27-28 {P} 24:29-33

6.2 Judges

• 1:1-7 {P} 1:8-15 {P} 1:16-21 {P} 1:22-26 {P}1:27-28 {S} 1:29 {S} 1:30 {S} 1:31-32 {S} 1:33-36 {P} 2:1a {P} 2:1b-5 {P} 2:6-10 {P} 2:11-23 {P}3:1-6 {P} 3:7-11 {P} 3:12-30 {P} 3:31 {P} 4:1-3{P} 4:4-24

• {P} Song of Deborah: {SONG} 5:1-31 {SONG}

• {P} 6:1-6 {P} 6:7-10 {P} 6:11-19 {P} 6:20-24 {S}6:25-32 {S} 6:33-40 {P} 7:1 {S} 7:2-3 {S} 7:4-6{S} 7:7-8 {P} 7:9-14 {P} 7:15-18 {P} 7:19-25;8:1-9 {P} 8:10-21 {P} 8:22-28 {P} 8:29-32 {P} 8:33-35 {P} 9:1-5 {S} 9:6-25 {P} 9:26-45 {P} 9:46-49{P} 9:50-57 {P} 10:1-2 {P} 10:3-4 {P} 10:6-10{P} 10:11-16 {P} 10:17-18 {P} 11:1-3 {P} 11:6-11{P} 11:12-31 {P} 11:32-33 {P} 11:34-40 {P} 12:1-7 {P} 12:8-10 {P} 12:11-12 {P} 12:13-15 {P} 13:1{P} 13:2-7 {P} 13:8-14 {S} 13:15-18 {P} 13:19-25 {P} 14:1-20 {P} 15:1-8 {P} 15:9-20 {P} 16:1-3 {P} 16:4-22 {P} 16:23-31 {P} 17:1-6 {P} 17:7-13 {P} 18:1 {P} 18:2-6 {P} 18:7-31 {P} 19:1-30{P} 20:1-2 {P} 20:3-11 {P} 20:12-16 {P} 20:17-23 {P} 20:24-29 {P} 20:30-34 {P} 20:35-48 {P}21:1-4 {P} 21:5-12 {P} 21:13-18 {S} 21:19-22 {S}21:23-24 {P} 21:25

6.4 Kings 9

6.3 Samuel

• (1Sam) 1:1-28 {S} 2:1-10 {P} 2:11-21 {S} 2:22-26{P} 2:27-36 {P} 3:1 {S} 3:2-3 {P} 3:4-5 {S} 3:6-10 {P} 3:11-18 {P} 3:19-20 {S} 3:21 {P} 4:1-17{P} 4:18-22 {P} 5:1-5 {P} 5:6-8 {S} 5:9-12 {S}6:1-2 {S} 6:3-14 {S} 6:15-16

• Philistine offering:[26] {S} 6:17a {S} 6:17b {S}6:17c {S} 6:17d {S} 6:17e {S} 6:17f

• {S} 6:18-21;7:1 {P} 7:2 {S} 7:3-4 {P} 7:5-17 {P}8:1-3 {P} 8:4-6 {P} 8:7-9 {S} 8:10 {S} 8:11-21{P} 8:22 {P} 9:1-14 {S} 9:15-20 {S} 9:21 {S}9:22-27 {P} 10:1-9 {S} 10:10-11a {S} 10:11b-16{S} 10:17-18a {P} 10:18b-22a {S} 10:22b-24 {S}10:25-27 {P} 11:1-10 {S} 11:11-15 {P} 12:1-5 {P}12:6-17 {S} 12:18-25 {P} 13:1-12 {S} 13:13-14{S} 13:15-18 {S} 13:19=23 {S} 14:1-5 {S} 14:6-7 {S} 14:8-12a {P} 14:12b-16 {P} 14:17-19a {P}14:19b-24 {S} 14:25-35 {P} 14:36-40 {S} 14:41-43 {S} 14:44-45 {S} 14:46-48 {P} 14:49-51 {S}14:52 {P} 15:1 {S} 15:2-3 {S} 15:4-9 {P} 15:10-15{P} 15:16 {S} 15:17-19 {S} 15:20-21 {S} 15:22-23 {S} 15:24-26 {S} 15:27 {S} 15:28 {S} 15:29-31 {S} 15:32 {S} 15:33 {S} 15:34-35 {P} 16:1-6 {S} 16:7-12a {P} 16:12b-16 {P} 16:17-23 {P}17:1-11 {P} 17:12-14 {S} 17:15-16 {P} 17:17-19 {S} 17:20-15 {P} 17:26-33 {S} 17:34-26 {S}17:37a {S} 17:37b-44 {S} 17:45-47 {S} 17:48-54 {S} 17:55-56 {S} 17:57-58;18:1-5 {P} 18:6-9{S} 18:10-13 {S} 18:14-16 {P} 18:17 {S} 18:18-27 {S} 18:28-29 {P} 18:30 {S} 19:1-3 {S} 19:4-7{S} 19:8-10 {P} 19:11-13 {S} 19:14 {S} 19:15-16 {S} 19:17-21a {P} 19:21b-24 {P} 20:1-4 {P}20:5-8 {P} 20:9 {S} 20:10 {S} 20:11 {S} 20:12-17 {S} 20:18-23 {S} 20:24-26 {S} 20:27a {P}20:27b-29 {S} 20:30-31 {S} 20:32-33 {S} 20:34{S} 20:35-39 {S} 20:40-42 {P} 21:1-5 {P} 21:6-9{S} 21:10a {S} 21:10b-14 {S} 21:15-16 {P} 22:1-4 {S} 22:5 {S} 22:6-8 {S} 22:9-11 {S} 22:12-13{S} 22:14-17 {S} 22:18-23 {S} 23:1-2a {S} 23:2b-3 {S} 23:4-5 {S} 23:6-9 {S} 23:10-11a {S} 23:11b{S} 23:12 {S} 23:13-15 {S} 23:16-18 {S} 23:19-29 {S} 24:1 {S} 24:2-7 {S} 24:8 {S} 24:9-15 {P}24:16-22 {S} 25:1 {P} 25:2-31 {S} 25:32-44 {S}26:1-7 {S} 26:8-9 {P} 26:10-14 {P} 26:15-24 {P}26:25 {P} 27:1-4 {S} 27:5-6 {P} 27:7-12 {P} 28:1-2 {P} 28:3-14 {S} 28:15 {S} 28:16-25 {P} 29:1-3{P} 29:4-5 {S} 29:6-7 {S} 29:8-11 {S} 30:1-6 {S}30:7-12 {S} 30:13-21 {S} 30:22 {S} 30:23-24 {S}30:25 {P} 30:26

• Spoils:[27] {S} 30:27a {S} 30:27b {S} 30:27c {S}30:28a {S} 30:28b {S} 30:28c {S} 30:29a {S}30:29b {S} 30:29c {S} 30:30a {S} 30:30b {S}30:30c {S} 30:31

• {P} 31:1-7 {P} 31:8-13 {P} (2Sam) 1:1-12 {P}1:13-16 {P} 1:17-27 {P} 2:1-4 {S} 2:5-7 {P} 2:8-

9 {P} 2:10-11 {S} 2:12-32;3:1 {S} 3:2-5 {P} 3:6-8 {S} 3:9-11 {S} 3:12-13 {S} 3:14-30 {S} 3:31-32 {S} 3:33-37 {S} 3:38-39 {P} 4:1-3 {S} 4:4-12 {P} 5:1-3 {S} 5:4-10 {P} 5:11-12 {S} 5:13-16{P} 5:17-19a {P} 5:19b-21 {P} 5:22-25 {P} 6:1-20a {S} 6:20b-23 {P} 7:1-4a {S} 7:4b {S} 7:4c-5a {S} 7:5b-17 {P} 7:18-24 {S} 7:25-29 {P} 8:1-8 {S} 8:9-18 {S} 9:1-13 {P} 10:1-16 {S} 10:17-19 {P} 11:1 {S} 11:2-15 {S} 1:16-24 {S} 11:25-27 {P} 12:1-6 {S} 12:7a {S} 12:7b-10 {S} 12:11-12 {S} 12:13a {S} 12:13b-25 {P} 12:26-31 {P}13:1-22 {P} 13:23-27 {S} 13:28-30 {P} 13:31 {S}13:32-33 {P} 13:34-39 14:1-4 {S} 14:5-7 {P} 14:8-9 {S} 14:10-12 {S} 14:13-17 {P} 14:18-20 {S}14:21-23 {S} 14:24 {S} 14:25-27 {P} 14:28-30{P} 14:31-33 {S} 15:1-6 {P} 15:7-9 {P} 15:10-18 {S} 15:19-24 {S} 15:25-26 {S} 15:27-37 {S}16:1-9 {S} 16:10 {S} 16:11-13a {S} 16:13b {P}16:14-19 {P} 16:20-23 {S} 17:1-4 {S} 17:5-6 {S}17:7-13 {P} 17:14a {S} 17:14b {S} 17:15-20 {S}17:21-23 {S} 17:24-26 {S} 17:27-29 {S} 18:1-2a{S} 18:2b-3 {S} 18:4-18 {S} 18:19-28a {S} 18:28b{S} 18:29-31 {S} 18:32 {S} 19:1-5 {S} 19:6-8a{S} 19:8b {S} 19:9 {S} 19:10-11 {S} 19:12-21{S} 19:22 {S} 19:23-24 {S} 19:25-29 {P} 19:30-31 {S} 19:32-38 {S} 19:39-40 {S} 19:41-42 {S}19:43 {S} 19:44{S} 20:1-3 {S} 20:4-5 {S} 20:6-8 {S} 20:9-14a {S} 2-:14b-19 {P} 2-:20-22 {S}20:23-26 {S} 21:1a {S} 21:1b-6 {P} 21:7-14 {P}21:15-17 {P} 21:18 {S} 21:19 {S} 21:20-22

• {P} Song of David: {SONG} 22:1-51 {SONG}

• {P} 23:1-7 {P} 23:8 {S} 23:9-10 {S} 23:11-12 {S}23:13-15 {S} 23:16-17 {S} 23:18-19 {S} 23:20-23

• David’s Thirty Champions:[28] {S} 23:24 {S}23:25a {S} 23:25b {S} {S} 23:26a {S} 23:26b {S}23:26c {S} 23:27a {S} 23:27b {S} {S} 23:28a {S}23:28b {S} {S} 23:29a {S} 23:29b {S} {S} 23:30a{S} 23:30b {S} 23:31a {S} 23:31b {S} {S} 23:32a{S} 23:32b {S} {S} 23:33a {S} 23:33b {S} {S}23:34a {S} 23:34b {S} {S} 23:35a {S} 23:35b {S}{S} 23:36a {S} 23:36b {S} {S} 23:37a {S} 23:37b{S} {S} 23:38a {S} 23:38b {S} 23:39

• {P} 24:1-2 {S} 24:3-10a {P} 24:10b-11a {P}24:11b-13 {S} 24:14-16 {S} 24:17 {P} 24:18-23a{S} 24:23b-25

6.4 Kings

The Aleppo codex is missing three folios from II Kings thatincluded 14:21 עזריה) (את to 18:13 .(שנה) Parashot listedfrom the missing section are based upon Kimhi’s notes on thecodex[29] and marked with an asterisk (*).

• (1Kings) 1:1-19a {P} 1:19b-27 {S} 1:28-31 {P}1:32-53 {P} 2:1-10 {P} 2:11-12 {S} 2:13-22 {P}

10 6 NEVI'IM

2:23-25 {S} 2:26-27 {P} 2:28-38 {S} 2:39-40 {S}2:41-46;3:1-2 {P} 3:3-14 {S} 3:15 {P} 3:16-23 {P}3:24-27 {S} 3:28

• Solomon’s officials: {S} 4:1 {S} 4:2 {S} 4:3a {S}4:3b {S} 4:4a {S} 4:4b {S} 4:5a {S} 4:5b {S} 4:6a{S} 4:6b {S} 4:7 {S} 4:8 {S} 4:9 {S} 4:10 {S} 4:11{S} 4:12 {S} 4:13 {S} 4:14 {S} 4:15 {S} 4:16 {S}4:17 {S} 4:18 {S} 4:19-20;5:1

• {P} 5:2-5 {S} 5:6-8 {S} 5:9-14 {S} 5:15 {S} 5:16-25 {P} 5:26-28 {S} 5:29-30 {S} 5:31-32 {P} 6:1-10 {P} 6:11-13 {P} 6:14-38;7:1-12 {P} 7:13-26{P} 7:27-37 {S} 7:38-39 {S} 7:40-50 {P} 7:51{P} 8:1-11 {P} 8:12-21 {S} 8:22-34 {S} 8:35-36{S} 8:37-53 {P} 8:54-66;9:1 {P} 9:2-9 {P} 9:10-13{P} 9:14-22 {S} 9:23-28 {P} 10:1-13 {P} 10:14-17{P} 10:18-25 {S} 10:26-29 {P} 11:1-6 {S} 11:7-10 {P} 11:11-13 {S} 11:14-25 {P} 11:26-28 {S}11:29-39 {S} 11:40 {S} 11:41-43 {S} 12:1-17 {P}12:18-19 {S} 12:20-21 {P} 12:22-24 {S} 12:25-33 {P} 13:1-10 {P} 13:11-20a {P} 13:20b-32 {P}13:33-34 {P} 14:1-4 {P} 14:5-20 {P} 14:21-24{P} 14:25-31 {P} 15:1-8 {P} 15:9-14 {S} 15:15-24{P} 15:25-32 {P} 15:33-34 {S} 16:1-7 {P} 16:8-14 {P} 16:15-20 {P} 16:21-22 {P} 16:23-28 {P}16:29-34 {S} 17:1 {S} 17:2-7 {S} 17:8-16 {P}17:17-24 {P} 18:1-14 {S} 18:15-46;19:1-14 {S}19:15-21 {P} 20:1-22 {P} 20:23-25 {P} 20:26-34 {S} 20:35-43 {P} 21:1-16 {P} 21:17-26 {P}21:27 {P} 21:28-29;22;1 {P} 22:2-18 {S} 22:19-40{P} 22:41-51 {S} 22:52-54;1:1-2(2Kings)[30] {S}1:3-14 {S} 1:15-17a {P} 1:17b {S} 1:18 {P} 2:1-18 {S} 2:19-22 {P} 2:23-25 {P} 3:1-3 {P} 3:4-10 {S} 3:11-27 {P} 4:1-7 {P} 4:8-37 {P} 4:38-41 {S} 4:42-44 {P} 5:1-19 {S} 5:20-27;6:1-7 {P}6:8-23 {P} 6:24-33 {P} 7:1-2 {P} 7:3-20 {S} 8:1-4 {S} 8:5-6 {P} 8:7-15 {P} 8:16-24 {P} 8:25-29{P} 9:1-28 {P} 9:29-37 {S} 10:1-14 {S} 10:15-17{P} 10:18-29 {P} 10:30-36 {P} 11:1-3 {P} 11:4-12 {S} 11:13-16 {S} 11:17-20 {S} 12:1 {P} 12:2-6{P} 12:7-17 {P} 12:18-22 {P} 13:1-9 {P} 13:10-13{P} 13:14-19 {P} 13:20-21 {P} 13:22-25 {P} 14:1-7 {P} 14:8-16 {P} 14:17-22 {P*} 14:23-29 {P*}15:1-7 {P*} 15:8-12 {P*} 15:13-16 {P*} 15:17-22 {P*} 15:23-26 {P*} 15:27-31 {P*} 15:32-38{P*} 16:1-20[31] {P*} 17:1-6 {P*} 17:7-23 {P*}17:24-41 {P*} 18:1-8 {P*} 18:9-12 {P*} 18:13-16{P} 18:17-37;19:1-14 {P} 19:15-19 {S} 19:20-31{S} 19:32-37 {P} 20:1-3 {S} 20:4-11 {P} 20:12-21{P} 21:1-11 {S} 21:12-18 {P} 21:19-26 {P} 22:1-2{P} 22:3-20;23:1-30 (Josiah’s deeds) {P} 23:31-35{S} 23:36-37;24:1-7 {P} 24:8-17 {P} 24:18-20 {S}25:1-7 {S} 25:8-24 {P} 25:25-26 {P} 25:27-30

6.5 Isaiah• Prophecies about Judah and Israel (1-12): 1:1-9{P} 1:10-17 {S} 1:18-20 {P} 1:21-23 {S} 1:24-31

{P} 2:1-4 {P} 2:5-11 {P} 2:12-22 {P} 3:1-12 {P}3:13-15 {S} 3:16-17 {S} 3:18-26;4:1 {S} 4:2-6 {P}5:1-6 {P} 5:8-10 {S} 5:11-17 {S} 5:18-19 {S} 5:20{S} 5:21 {S} 5:22-23 {P} 5:24-30 {P} 6:1-13 {P}7:1-2 {S} 7:3-6 {P} 7:7-9 {P} 7:10-17 {P} 7:18-20 {P} 7:21-22 {S} 7:23-25 {P} 8:1-3a {S} 8:3b-4אלי ה' ויאמר {S} 8:5-8 {S} 8:9-10 {S} 8:11-15 {P}8:16-18 {S} 8:19-23;9:1-6 {P} 9:7-12 {S} 9:13-20{S} 10:1-4 {P} 10:5-11 {P} 10:12-15 {P} 10:16-19 {S} 10:20-23 {P} 10:24-32 {P} 10:33-34 {S}11:1-9 {S} 11:10 {P} 11:11-16;12:1-6

• Prophecies about the Nations (13-23): {S} 13:1-5 {S} 13:6-22;14:1-2 {S} 14:3-27 {P} 14:28-32{P} 15:1-9;16:1-4 {S} 16:5-12 {S} 16:13-14 {P}17:1-3 {P} 17:4-8 {S} 17:9-11 {S} 17:12-14 {P}18:1-3 {S} 18:4-6 {S} 18:7 {S} 19:1-17 {S} 19:18{S} 19:19-22 {S} 19:23 {S} 19:24-25 {S} 20:1-2{S} 20:3-6 {P} 21:1-5 {S} 21:6-10 {P} 21:11-12{P} 21:13-15 {S} 21:16-17 {S} 22:1-14 {P} 22:15-25 {P} 23:1-14 {S} 23:15-18

• Prophecies about Judah and Israel (24-35): {P}24:1-15 {S} 24:16-20 {S} 24:21-23 {P} 25:1-5 {P}25:6-8 {P} 25:9-12 {S} 26:1-10 {P} 26:11 {S}26:12 {S} 26:13-15 {P} 26:16-19 {P} 26:20-21{P} 27:1 {S} 27:2-6 {P} 27:7-11 {P} 27:12 {P}27:13 {P} 28:1-4 {S} 28:5-6 {S} 28:7-8 {P} 28:9-13 {P} 28:14-15 {P} 28:16-17 {S} 28:18-22 {P}28:23-29 {P} 29:1-8 {P} 29:9-12 {S} 29:13-14 {S}29:15-21 {P} 29:22-24 {S} 30:1-5 {S} 30:6-11 {S}30:12-14 {S} 30:15-18 {P} 30:19-26 {P} 30:27-33 {P} 31:1-3 {S} 31:4-9 {P} 32:1-8 {S} 32:9-20{S} 33:1 {S} 33:2-6 {P} 33:7-9 {S} 33:10-12 {P}33:13-24 {S} 34:1-17 {S} 35:1-2 {P} 35:3-10

• Narrative (36-39): {S} 36:1-10 {S} 36:11-16a {P}36:16b-22 אמר כה כי {S} 37:1-14 {S} 37:15-32 {S}37:33-35 {S} 37:36-38 {S} 38:1-3 {S} 38:4-8 {S}38:9-22 {S} 39:1-2 {S} 39:3-8

• Consolations (40-66): {P} 40:1-2 {S} 40:3-5 {P}40:6-8 {S} 40:9-11 {S} 40:12-16 {P} 40:17-20 {S}40:21-24 {S} 40:25-26 {S} 40:27-31 {S} 41:1-7{S} 41:8-13 {S} 41:14-16 {S} 41:17-20 {P} 41:21-24 {P} 41:25-29 {P} 42:1-4 {P} 42:5-9 {P} 42:10-13 {S} 42:14-17 {P} 42:18-25;43:1-10 {S} 43:11-13 {S} 43:14-15 {S} 43:16-21 {S} 43:22-28 {P}44:1-5 {P} 44:6-20 {S} 44:21-23 {S} 44:4-28 {P}45:1-7 {P} 45:8 {S} 45:9 {S} 45:10 {S} 45:11-13 {S} 45:14-17 {P} 45:18-25;46:1-2 {P} 46:3-4{S} 46:5-7 {S} 46:8-11 {S} 46:12-13 {S} 47:1-3{P} 47:4-7 {P} 47:8-15 {S} 48:1-2 {S} 48:3-11{P} 48:12-16 {P} 48:17-19 {S} 48:20-22 {P} 49:1-4 {S} 49:5-6 {S} 49:7 {S} 49:8-13 {S} 49:14-21{P} 49:22-23 {S} 49:24 {S} 49:25-26 {S} 50:1-3{P} 50:4-9 {S} 50:10 {S} 50:11 {S} 51:1-3 {S}51:4-6 {P} 51:7-8 {S} 51:9-11 {S} 51:12-16 {S}51:17-21 {P} 51:22-23 {P} 52:1-2 {S} 52:3 {S}52:4-6 {S} 52:7-10 {S} 52:11-12 {S} 52:13-15 {S}

6.6 Jeremiah 11

53:1-12 {P} 54:1-8 {S} 54:9-10 {S} 54:11-17 {S}55:1-5 {S} 55:6-13 {P} 56:1-2 {S} 56:3 {P} 56:4-5v{S} 56:6-9 {P} 56:10-12;57:1-2 {S} 57:3-14 {S}57:15-21 {P} 58:1-14 {P} 59:1-14 {S} 59:15-21{S} 60:1-22 {S} 61:1-9 {P} 61:10-11;62:1-9 {S}62:10-12 {S} 63:1-6 {S} 63:7-19;64:1-2 {S} 64:3-11 {P} 65:1-7 {S} 65:8-12 {P} 65:13-25 {S} 66:1-4 {S} 66:5-9 {S} 66:10-11 {S} 66:12-14 {S} 66:15-24

6.6 Jeremiah

Jeremiah is divided into distinct prophecies, each ofwhich begins with an announcement of “the word ofthe Lord to Jeremiah” or a similar phrase. Each suchprophecy begins a new open parashah {P} in the AleppoCodex, with the single exception of the sixth prophecy(14:1) that begins with a closed parashah {S}.The Aleppo codex is missing two folios from Jeremiah, andthe folio following them is also partly torn. The missing textincluded parts of chapters 29-32.[32] Parashot listed from themissing parts are based upon Kimhi’s notes on the codex[29] andmarked with an asterisk (*).

Prophecies of Destruction (1-25):

• First prophecy (1): 1:1-3 {P} 1:4-6 {S} 1:7-10{P} 1:11-12 {S} 1:13-19

• Second prophecy (2:1-3:5): {P} 2:1-3 {P} 2:4-28{S} 2:29-37;3:1-5

• Third prophecy (3:6-6:30): {P} 3:6-10 {S} 3:11-17 {S} 3:18-25 {S} 4:1-2 {S} 4:3-8 {P} 4:9 {S}4:10-18 {P} 4:19-21 {P} 4:22-31 {S} 5:1-9 {S}5:10-13 {S} 5:14-19 {P} 5:20-29 {S} 5:30-31;6:1-5 {P} 6:6-8 {P} 6:9-15 {S} 6:16-21 {P} 6:22-30

• Fourth prophecy (7-10): {P} 7:1-2 {S} 7:3-15{P} 7:16-20 {P} 7:21-28 {S} 7:29-31 {P} 7:32-34;8:1-3 {S} 8:4-12 {P}8:13-16 {P} 8:17 {S} 8:18-22 {S} 8:23 {S} 9:1-5 {S} 9:6-8 {S} 9:9-10 {S}9:11 {S} 9:12-13 {P} 9:14-15 {P} 9:16-18 {S}9:19-21 {S} 9:22-23 {S} 9:24-25 {P} 10:1-5 {P}10:6-10 {P} 10:11 {S} 10:12-16 {S} 10:17 {S}10:18 {S} 10:19-21 {P} 10:22 {S} 10:23-25

• Fifth prophecy (11-13): {P} 11:1-5 {P} 11:6-8{S} 11:9-10 {S} 11:11-13 {S} 11:14 {S} 11:15-17{P} 11:18-20 {S} 11:21 {P} 11:22-23 {S} 12:1-3{P} 12:4-6 {S} 12:7-12 {S} 12:13 {P} 12:14-17{S} 13:1-2 {P} 13:3-7 {P} 13:8-10 {S} 13:11-12a{S} 13:12b-17 אמר כה {S} 13:18-19 {S} 13:20-27

• Sixth prophecy (14-17): {S} 14:1-9 {S} 14:10 {P}14:11-12 {S} 14:13 {S} 14:14 {S} 14:15-18 {S}14:19-22 {P} 15:1-9 {S} 15:10 {S} 15:11-14 {S}15:15-16 {S} 15:17-18 {S} 15:19-21 {S} 16:1-2{S} 16:3-4 {S} 16:5-8 {P} 16:9-13 {P} 16:14-5

{P} 16:16-18 {P} 16:19-21 {S} 17:1-4 {S} 17:5-6{S} 17:7-10 {S} 17:11-13 {P} 17:14-18 {S} 17:19-27

• Seventh prophecy (18-20): {P} 18:1-4 {S} 18:5-6{S} 18:7-8 {S} 18:9-10 {S} 18:11-12 {P} 18:13-17 {S} 18:18-23 {S} 19:1-5 {P} 19:6-13 {P}19:14 {S} 19:15;20:1-3 {S} 20:4-6 {P} 20:7-12{S} 20:13 {S} 20:14-18

• Eighth prophecy (21-24): {P} 21:1-3 {S} 21:1-3{S} 21:4-10 {S} 21:11-14;22:1-5 {P} 22:6-9 {S}22:10-12 {S} 22:13-17 {S} 22:18-19 {S} 22:20-27{P} 22:28-30 {P} 23:1 {S} 23:2-4 {S} 23:5-6 {P}23:7-8 {P} 23:9-14 {P} 23:15 {P} 23:16-22 {S}23:23-29 {S} 23:30-40 {P} 24:1-2 {P} 24:3 {P}24:4-7 {S} 24:8-10

• Ninth prophecy (25): {P} 25:1-7 {P} 25:8-14 {P}25:15-27a {P} 25:27b-31 אמר כה {S} 25:32-38

Prophecies interwoven with narratives about theprophet’s life (26-45):

• Tenth prophecy (26-29): {P} 26:1-6 {P} 26:7-10{S} 26:11-15 {S} 26:16-24 {P} 27:1-22 {P} 28:1-11 {P} 28:12-17 {P} 29:1-9 {P*} 29:10-15 {S*}29:16 {S*} 29:17-20 {P*} 29:21-23 {S*} 29:24-29{P*} 29:30-32

• Consolations (30-33):

• Eleventh prophecy (30-31): {P*} 30:1-3{P*} 30:4-9 {S*} 30:10-11 {S*} 30:12-17{S*} 30:18-22 {S*} 30:23-25 {S*} 31:1-5{P*} 31:6-8 {P*} 31:9-13 {P*} 31:14 {S*}31:15-19[33] {S*} 31:20-21 {P*} 31:22-25{S*} 31:26-29 {S*} 31:30-33 {S*} 31:34-35{S} 31:36 {S} 31:37-39

• Twelfth prophecy (32-33): {P} 32:1-5 {P}32:6-14 {S*} 32:15 {P*} 32:16-25 {S}32:26-35 {S} 32:36-41 {S} 32:42-44 {P}33:1-3 {P} 33:4-9 {S} 33:10-11 {S} 33:12-13 {S} 33:14-16 {S} 33:17-18 {P} 33:19-22{S} 33:23-24 {S} 33:25-26

• Thirteenth prophecy (34): {P} 34:1-5 {S} 34:6-7{P} 34:8-11 {P} 34:12-16 {S} 34:17-22

• Fourteenth prophecy (35): {P} 35:1-11 {P}35:12-19

• Fifteenth prophecy (36-39): {P} 36:1-3 {S} 36:4-8 {P} 36:9-18 {S} 36:19-26 {S} 36:27-29 {S}36:30-32 {P} 37:1-5 {P} 37:6-8 {P} 37:9-11 {S}37:12-21;38:1-2 {S} 38:3-6 {S} 38:7-13 {S} 38:14-16 {S} 38:17a {S} 38:17b-18 אמר כה {S} 38:19-23 {S} 38:24-26 {P} 38:27-28a {S} 38:28b;39:1-14 כאשר והיה {S} 29:15-18

12 6 NEVI'IM

• Sixteenth prophecy (40-45): {P} 40:1-6 {P} 40:7-12 {S} 40:13-16 {P} 41:1-10 {S} 41:11-15 {S}41:16-18 {P} 42:1-6 {P} 42:7-22 {S} 43:1 {S}43:2-7 {S} 43:8-13 {P} 44:1-6 {S} 44:7-10 {S}44:11-14 {P} 44:15-19 {S} 44:20-23 {S} 44:24-25{S} 44:26-29 {P} 44:30 {S} 45:1-5

Prophecies against the nations (46-51):

• Against the nations (46-49): {P} 46:1-12 {P}46:13-19 {S} 46:20-26 {P} 46:27-28 {P} 47:1-7{P} 48:1-11 {S} 48:12-39 {S} 48:40-47 {S} 49:1-6{P} 49:7-11 {S} 49:12-19 {S} 49:20-22 {P} 49:23-27 {P} 49:28-33 {S} 49:34-39

• Against Babylon (50-51): {P} 50:1-7 {S} 50:8-16{S} 50:17 {P} 50:18-20 {P} 50:21 {S} 50:22-27{S} 50:28-30 {P} 50:31-32 {S} 50:33-46 {S} 51:1-10 {S} 51:11-14 {S} 51:15-19 {P} 51:20-24 {S}51:25-32 {S} 51:33-35 {S} 51:36-51 {P} 51:52-53{S} 51:54-57 {S} 51:58 {S} 51:59-64

Narrative (52):

• Destruction and Hope (52): {P} 52:1-23 {S}52:24-27 {S} 52:28-30 {S} 52:31-34

6.7 Ezekiel

• Prophecies before the Fall of Jerusalem (1-24):1:1-28 {P} 2:1-2 {P} 2:3-5 {P} 2:6-7 {P} 2:8-10{S} 3:1-3 {P} 3:4-9 {P} 3:10-16a {P} 3:16b-21ויהידבר {P} 3:22-27 {P} 4:1-3 {P} 4:4-12 {S} 4:13-14 {S} 4:15 {S} 4:16-17 {P} 5:1-4 {P} 5:5-6 {S}5:7-9 {P} 5:10 {S} 5:11-17 {P} 6:1-10 {P} 6:11-14 {P} 7:1-4 {P} 7:5-22 {P} 7:23-27 {P} 8:1-6{P} 8:7-8 {S} 8:9-14 {S} 8:15-18;9:1-3 {P} 9:4-11 {P} 10:1-22;11:1 {P} 11:2-3 {S} 11:4-6 {P}11:7-13 {P} 11:14-15 {S} 11:16 {S} 11:17-25 {P}12:1-7 {P} 12:8-16 {P} 12:17-20 {P} 12:21-25 {P}12:26-28 {P} 13:1-7 {S} 13:8-12 {S} 13:13-16 {P}13:17-19 {S} 13:20-23;14:1 {P} 14:2-3 {S} 14:4-5{S} 14:6-8 {S} 14:9-11 {P} 14:12-20 {P} 14:21-23 {P} 15:1-5 {S} 15:6-8 {P} 16:1-35 {P} 16:36-50 {S} 16:51-58 {S} 16:59-63 {P} 17:1-10 {P}17:11-18 {S} 17:19-21 {P} 17:22-24 {P} 18:1-20{S} 18:21-23 {S} 18:24-26 {S} 18:27-32 {P} 19:1-9 {P} 19:10-14 {P} 20:1 {S} 20:2-26 {S} 20:27-29 {S} 20:30-31a {S} 20:31b-44 אדרש ואני {P}21:1-5 {P} 21:6-10 {S} 21:11-12 {P} 21:13-18 {P}21:19-22 {P} 21:23-28 {S} 21:29 {P} 21:30 {S}21:31-32 {P} 21:33-37 {P} 22:1-16 {P} 22:17-18{S} 22:19-22 {P} 22:23-31 {P} 23:1-10 {S} 23:11-21 {S} 23:22-27 {P} 23:28-31 {S} 23:32-34 {S}23:35 {S} 23:36-45 {S} 23:46-49 {P} 24:1-5 {S}24:6-8 {P} 24:9-14 {P} 24:15-24 {S} 24:25-27

• Prophecies about the Nations (25-32): {P} 25:1-5 {P} 25:6-7 {P} 25:8-11 {P} 25:12-17 {P} 26:1-6{P} 26:7-14 {S} 26:15-18 {S} 26:19-21 {P} 27:1-3{S} 27:4-36 {P} 28:1-5 {S} 28:6-10 {P} 28:11-19{P} 28:20-24 {P} 28:25-26 {P} 29:1-7 {S} 29:8-12 {S} 29:13-16 {P} 29:17-18 {S} 29:19-21 {P}30:1-5 {P} 30:6-9 {S} 30:10-12 {S} 30:13-19 {P}30:20-21 {S} 30:22-26 {P} 31:1-9 {P} 31:10-14{P} 31:15-18 32:1-2 {S} 32:3-10 {P} 32:11-16 {P}32:17-32

• Prophecies after the Fall of Jerusalem (33-39):{P} 33:1-6 {P} 33:7-9 {P} 33:10-11 {P} 33:12-20 {P} 33:21-22 {P} 33:23-24 {S} 33:25-26 {S}33:27-29 {P} 33:30-33 {P} 34:1-10 {S} 34:11-19{P} 34:20-31 {P} 35:1-10 {S} 35:11-13 {S} 35:14-15 {P} 36:1-12 {S} 36:13-15 {P} 36:16-21 {P}36:22-32 {S} 36:33-36 {S} 36:37-38 {P} 37:1-9a{S} 37:9b-14 אמר כה {P} 37:15-28 {P} 38:1-9 {S}38:10-13 {S} 38:14-16 {S} 38:17 {S} 38:18-23 {S}39:1-10 {S} 39:11-16 {P} 39:17-24 {S} 39:25-29

• Visions of the Future Jerusalem (40-48): {P}40:1-49;41:1-26;42:1-20;43:1-9 (the future Tem-ple) {S} 43:10-27a {S} 43:27b השמיני ביום והיה{S} 44:1-8 {S} 44:9-14 {P} 44:15-31 {P} 45:1-8{P} 45:9-15 {P} 45:16-17 {S} 45:18-25 {S} 46:1-5 {S} 46:6-11 {P} 46:12-15 {S} 46:16 {S} 46:17-24;47:1-12 {P} 47:13-23 {P} 48:1-29 {S} 48:30-35

6.8 Twelve Minor Prophets

The Aleppo Codex leaves four empty lines betweeneach of the books of the Twelve Minor Prophets. TheLeningrad Codex leaves three lines. Parashot within eachof the twelve individual books are listed below.The Aleppo Codex is missing seven folios from two differentsections of the TwelveMinor Prophets. Parashot listed from themissing sections are based upon Kimhi’s notes on the codex[34]and marked with an asterisk (*). The two sections are: (a) threemissing folios that included Amos 8:13 to the end, Obadiah,Jonah, Micah until 5:1 ;(מקדם) (b) four missing folios that in-cluded Zephaniah 3:10 (הארץ) to the end, Haggai, Zechariahuntil 9:17 .(דגן)

• Hosea: 1:1-2a {P} 1:2b-9 {P} 2:1-15 {S} 2:16-2{P} 2:23-25 {P} 3:1-5 {P} 4:1-19 {P} 5:1-7 {S}5:8-15;6:1-11 {P} 7:1-12 {S} 7:13-16;8:1-14 {P}9:1-9 {P} 9:10-17 {S} 10:1-8 {P} 10:9-15;11:1-11{S} 12:1-15;13:1-11 {P} 13:12-15;14:1 {P} 14:2-10

• Joel: 1:1-12 {S} 1:13-20 {S} 2:1-14 {P} 2:15-27{P} 3:1-5;4:1-8 {P} 4:9-17 {S} 4:18-21

• Amos:• Three and four transgressions: 1:1-2 {P} 1:3-5{P} 1:6-8 {P} 1:9-10 {P} 1:11-12 {P} 1:13-15 {P} 2:1-2 {P} 2:4-5 {P} 2:6-16

13

• {P} 3:1-10 {P} 3:11-15 {S} 4:1-9 {S} 4:10-13 {P} 5:1-15 {S} 5:16-17 {P} 5:18-27 {P}6:1-10 {S} 6:11-14 {P} 7:1-6 {P} 7:7-9 {S}7:10-11 {S} 7:12-17 {P} 8:1-3 {P} 8:4-8 {P}8:9-10 {P} 8:11-14 {P*} 9:1-6 {P*} 9:7-12{P*} 9:13-15

• Obadiah: There are no parashah divisions in the21 verses of Obadiah (1:1-21).

• Jonah: 1:1-16;2:1-10 {P*} 2:11 {S*} 3:1-10;4:1-3{P*} 4:4-11

• Micah: 1:1-16 {S*} 2:1-2 {S*} 2:3-13 {P*} 3:1-4 {P*} 3:5-8 {P*} 3:9-12 {P*} 4:1-5 {P*} 4:6-7{P*} 4:8-14 {S*} 5:1-5 {P*} 5:6 {P} 5:7-14 {P}6:1-8 {S} 6:9-16 {P} 7:1-8 {P} 7:9-13 {P} 7:14-20

• Nahum: 1:1-11 {S} 1:12-14 {P} 2:1-14 {P} 3:1-19

• Habakkuk: 1:1-17 {S} 2:1-4 {S} 2:5-8 {P} 2:9-11{P} 2:12-14 {P} 2:15-18 {S} 2:19-20 {S} 3:1-13{P} 3:14-19

• Zephaniah: 1:1-11 {S} 1:12-18 {S} 2:1-4 {S} 2:5-15 {P} 3:1-13 {P*} 3:14-15 {P*} 3:16-20

• Haggai: 1:1-2 {P*} 1:3-6 {P*} 1:7-11 {P*} 1:12-14 {P*} 1:15;2:1-5 {P*} 2:6-9 {P*} 2:10-19 {P*}2:20-23

• Zechariah: 1:1-6 {P*} 1:7-17 {P*} 2:1-2 {P*}2:3-4 {S*} 2:5-9 {P*} 2:10-11 {P*} 2:12-13 {S*}2:14-17 {P*} 3:1-10;4:1-7 {P*} 4:8-14;5:1-8 {S*}5:9-11 {P*} 6:1-8 {P*} 6:9-15 {P*} 7:1-3 {S*}7:4-7 {P*} 7:8-14 {P*} 8:1-5 {P*} 8:6 {P*} 8:7-8{P*} 8:9-13 {S*} 8:14-17 {P*} 8:18-19 {P*} 8:20-22 {S*} 8:23 {P*} 9:1-8 {S*} 9:9-17;10:1-2 {P}10:3-12 {P} 11:1-3 {P} 11:4-11 {S} 11:12-14 {P}11:15-17 {P} 12:1-14;13:1-6 {P} 13:7-9 {P} 14:1-11 14:12-21

• Malachi: 1:1-13 {S} 1:14;2:1-9 {P} 2:10-12 {P}2:13-16 {P} 2:17;3:1-12 {P} 3:13-18 {P} 3:19-21{S} 3:22-24

7 Poetic layout of Psalms, Proverbsand Job

The three poetic books of Psalms, Proverbs and Jobare collectively known as Sifrei Emet (see the article onKetuvim). These three books share a unique system ofcantillation unlike that of the other 21 books in Tanakh,a system designed to highlight the parallelisms in theirverses.In the Tiberian masoretic codices, the unique system ofcantillation for Sifrei Emet is complemented by a scribal

layout unlike that of the rest of the Bible: Instead of thethree narrow columns per page typical of these codices,Sifrei Emet are written in two wide columns per page. Ineach line of these wide columns text begins on the right,followed by a gap, and then continued by further text untilthe left margin of the column. Although there is ampleevidence that the scribes attempted to place the gaps inthe middle of the lines at the points where the cantillationdivides the verses, they often did not succeed in doingso because of space limitations. Modern editions basedupon the Aleppo Codex have implemented the idea fullyby allowing wide full-page columns for Psalms, Proverbs,and Job.[35]

In poetic layout, parashah divisions are typically indi-cated by a blank line for an open parashah. The gapsin the middle of lines are not considered parashah divi-sions, and each scribe formatted the verses as he saw fitfor aesthetic and practical reasons. An exception to thisrule, however, is for the introductory titles of many in-dividual psalms which are followed by formal parashahbreaks, often by continuing the text at the beginning ofthe next line. These formal breaks will be indicated inthe list of parashot for Psalms.The special poetic cantillation and layout are not imple-mented for the narrative opening and conclusion of thebook of Job (1:1-3:1 and 42:7-17).

8 Ketuvim

Parashot in Ketuvim are listed here according to theAleppo codex, with variants from other masoretic tra-ditions noted at the end of each book’s section. Thebooks of Ketuvim are presented in the order they ap-pear in most printed Hebrew bibles. In Tiberian and earlySephardic masoretic codices (such as the Aleppo Codex)the order is as follows: Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs,Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther,Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah.The Aleppo codex is largely intact until the word ציון(“Zion”) in Song of Songs 3:11. It is missing the rest ofSong of Songs, as well as the final books of Ketuvim intheir entirety: Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Danieland Ezra-Nehemiah. It is also missing two folios whichincluded about 10 psalms (15:1-25:1). Parashot listedhere from its missing parts are according to the notestaken by Joshua Kimhi, who recorded the parashot of theAleppo codex for Rabbi Shalom Shachna Yellin in thenineteenth century. These are indicated by an asterisk.For some of the books that are largely or completely miss-ing, charts have been provided below to allow for easycomparison of the parallel data found in the masoreticmanuscripts.Key to symbols for variants:

• A = Aleppo Codex.

14 8 KETUVIM

• A* =Aleppo Codex (parashot in the lost parts basedon Kimhi’s notes).

• L = Leningrad Codex.• Y = Cambridge University Library Add. Ms. 1753(Yemenite). Yeivin regards this manuscript of Ketu-vim as “a second or third hand copy” of a Tiberianmanuscript “no less accurate and reliable than theAleppo Codex.”[36]

• S1 = Sassoon 1053 (10th century). Yeivin judgesthis manuscript to be carelessly prepared by com-parison with other accurate Tiberian codices.[37]

• L34 = EBP. II B 34 of the Russian National Libraryin St. Petersburg, a carefully prepared manuscriptof Ketuvim but with many gaps.[38]

• F = Finfer, Pesah. Masoret HaTorah VehaNevi'im.• Ff = Finfer, “few books” ספרים) .(קצת If a“few books” say one thing and a “few books”another, these are indicated by Ff1 & Ff2.

• Fo = Finfer, “other books” ספרים) .(שאר• C="Cairo”• D="Damascus”• Finfer also sometimes notes a tiqqun.• {-} Finfer notes that there is no parashahbreak at this verse.

• (-) Finfer doesn't list this verse at all.

8.1 Psalms

The Aleppo Codex leaves two empty lines between thefive Books of Psalms (following psalms 41, 72, 89, 106).Otherwise there is one blank line between each twopsalms, the standard way of indicating an open parashahbreak {P} in poetic layout.There is no break at all, however, between psalms 114-115, which were apparently considered a single psalm bythe scribes. Psalm 119, which has sets of eight verses foreach letter of the Hebrew alphabet, has an open parashahbreak (a blank line) between each set of eight verses.The titles of individual Psalms have formal rules. Sym-bols for representing these rules are as follows, based onexamples:

• 1 {-} = Psalm 1 has no formal title. The entire psalmis written in regular poetic layout.

• 3:1a {S/T} = Closed parashah within title verse ofpsalm. The title of psalm 3 is more than minimal,an entire verse containing more than one hemistich.There is a closed parashah division after the firsthemistich. In masoretic manuscripts, this gap in themiddle of the first title verse often closely resemblesthe poetic layout of the body of the psalm followingthe title verse.

• 4:1 {P} = The first full verse of psalm 4 is a title fol-lowed by an open parashah break (text of the bodyof the psalm starts at the beginning of the next line).

• 11:1a {P} = The beginning of the first verse ofpsalm 11 is a title, followed by an open parashahbreak in the middle of the verse (text of the body ofthe psalm starts at the beginning of the next line).Besides formal titles, this form is also found afterthe word “halleluyah” at the beginning of a numberof psalms (e.g. 106).

• 15a {S} = A closed parashah division following atitle at the beginning of the first verse of the psalm.This is also occasionally found for a full-verse title,e.g. psalm 108:1 {P}.

• 26 {-/T} The beginning of the first verse is a title,but there is no parashah division.

Book One (Psalms 1-41):

• 1 {-} · 2 {-} · 3:1a {S/T} · 4:1 {P} · 5:1a {S/T} ·6:1a {S/T} · 7:1a {S/T} · 8:1a {S/T} · 9:1a {S/T} ·10:1 {-} · 11:1a {P} · 12:1 {S/T} · 13:1 {P} · 14:1a{P} · 15:1a {S*} · 16:1a {P*} · 17:1a {P*} · 18:1a{P*} · 19:1 {P*} · 20:1 {P*} · 21:1 {P*} · 22:1a{S/T*} · 23:1a {S*} · 24:1a {P*} · 25:1a {S*} · 26{-/T} · 27:1a {S} · 28 {-/T} · 29:1a {S} · 30:1 {P} ·31:1 {P} · 32:1a {S} · 33 {-} · 34:1a {S/T} · 35:1a{S} · 36:1 {P} · 37 {-/T} · 38:1 {P} 39:1 {P} · 40:1{P} · 41:1 {P}

Book Two (Psalms 42-72):

• 42:1 {P} · 43 {-} · 44:1 {P} 45:1a {S/T} · 46:1a{S/T} · 47:1 {P} · 48:1 {P} · 49:1 {P} · 50:1a {P}· 51:1 {P} · 52:1 {P} · 53:1 {P} · 54:1 {P} · 55:1{P} · 56:1a {S/T} · 57:1a {S/T} · 58:1 {P} · 59:1a{S/T} · 60:1a {S/T} · 61:1 {P} · 62:1a {S/T} · 63:1a{S/T} · 64:1 {P} · 65:1 {P} · 66:1a {S/T} · 67:1 {P}· 68:1 {P} · 69:1 {P} · 70:1 {S} · 71 {-} · 72:1a {S}

Book Three (Psalms 73-89):

• 73:1a {S} · 74:1a {S} · 75:1 {P} · 76:1 {P} · 77:1{P} · 78:1a {P} · 79:1a {P} · 80:1a {S/T} · 81:1 {P}· 82:1a {P} · 83:1 {P} · 84:1 {P} · 85:1 {P} · 86:1a{P} · 87:1a {S/T} · 88:1a {P} 88:1b {S/T} · 89:1{P}

Book Four (Psalms 90-106):

• 90:1a {P} · 91 {-} · 92:1 {P} · 93 {-} · 94 {-} · 95 {-} · 96 {-} · 97 {-} · 98 {-/T} · 99:1a {S} (not a title)· 100:1a {S} · 101:1a {S} · 102 {-/T} (first verse istitle) · 103 {-/T} · 104 {-} · 105 {-} · 106:1a {P}

8.4 Song of Songs 15

Book Five (Psalms 107-150):

• 107 {-} · 108:1 {S} · 109:1a {P} · 110:1a {P} [...] ·111:1a {P} · 112:1a {P} · 113:1a {P} · 114-115 {-}· 116 {-} · 117 {-} · 118 {-} · 119:1-8 {P} 119:9-16 {P} 119:17-24 {P} 119:25-32 {P} 119:33-40 {P} 119:41-48 {P} 119:49-56 {P} 119:57-64{P} 119:65-72 {P} 119:73-80 {P} 119:81-88 {P}119:89-96 {P} 119:97-104 {P} 119:105-112 {P}119:113-120 {P} 119:121-128 {P} 119:129-136{P} 119:137-144 {P} 119:145-152 {P} 119:153-160 {P} 119:161-168 {P} 119:169-176 · 120:1a{P} · 121:1a {P} · 122:1a {P} · 123:1a {P} · 124:1a{P} · 125:1a {P} · 126:1a {P} · 127:1a {P} · 128:1a{P} · 129:1a {P} · 130:1a {P} · 131:1a {P} · 132:1a{P} · 133:1a {P} · 134:1a {P} · 135:1a {P} · 136 {-} · 137 {-} · 138 {-/T} 139:1a {P} · 140:1 {P} ·141:1a {P} · 142:1a {P} · 143:1a {P} · 144 {-/T}145:1a {P} · 146:1a {P} · 147:1a {P} · 148:1a {P}· 149:1a {P} · 150:1a {P}

8.2 Proverbs

• 1:1-7 {P} 1:8-19 {P} 1:20-33 {P} 2:1-22 {P} 3:1-10 {P} 3:11-18 {P} 3:19-35 {P} 4:1-19 {P} 4:20-27 {P} 5:1-6 {P} 5:7-23 {P} 6:1-5 {P} 6:6-11 {P}6:12-15 {P} 6:16-19 {P} 6:20-26 {P} 6:27-35 {P}7:1-27 {P} 8:1-31 {P} 8:32-36;9:1-18

• Centered title: “The Proverbs of Solomon” 10:1a(10:1b-19:9). There are no parashah divisions fol-lowing the centered title until 19:10, an unusuallylarge amount of unbroken text (278 verses).

• {P} 19:10-29;20:1-30;21:1-30 {P} 21:31;22:1-29{P} 23:1-5 {P} 23:6-35;24:1-14 {P} 24:15-18 {P}24:19-22 {P} 24:23-27 {P} 24:28-29 {P} 24:30-34

• {P} מלך חזקיה אנשי העתיקו אשר שלמה משלי אלה גם25:1-13יהודה {P} 25:14-20 {P} 25:21-28;26;1-21 {P} 26:22-25;27:1-22 {P} 27:23-27;28:1-4 {P}28:5-10 {P} 28:11-16 {P} 28:17-28;29:1-17 {P}29:18-27 {P} 30:1-6 המשא יקה בן אגור דברי {P}30:7-9 {P} 30:10-14 {P} 30:15-17 {P} 30:18-20{P} 30:21-23 {P} 30:24-28 {P} 30:29-33 {P} 31:1-7 אמו יסרתו אשר משא מלך למואל דברי {P} 31:8-9{P} 31:10-31 חיל .אשת

8.3 Job

I. Narrative Opening (1:1-3:1):

• Common layout and regular cantillation: 1:1-5 {P}1:6-22 {P} 2:1-10 {P} 2:11-13;3:1.

II. Poetic Disputations: The disputations, which consti-tute the bulk of the book of Job, employ the special po-etic layout in common with Psalms and Proverbs, along

its associated poetic cantillation. In Tiberian masoreticcodices, the formal title of each individual speech ap-pears in the center of its line, while the body of the replyappears in poetic form (as in Psalms and Proverbs). Thebreak between the title and the body is considered an openparashah, and the verse numbers for these titles appearin bold in the list. Blank lines as open parashot are alsoused occasionally, and these are noted as {P}.

• Main Disputation (3:2-32:1):

• Centered titles: 3:2 (Job 3:3-26)• First cycle: 4:1 (Eliphaz 4:2-21;5:1-27), 6:1 (Job 6:2-30;7:1-21), 8:1 (Bil-dad 8:2-22), 9:1 (Job 9:2-35;10:1-22),11:1 (Zophar 11:2-20), 12:1 (Job 12:2-25;13:1-28;14:1-22)

• Second cycle: 15:1 (Eliphaz 15:2-35),16:1 (Job 16:2-22;17:1-16), 18:1 (Bil-dad 18:2-21), 19:1 (Job 19:2-29), 20:1(Zophar 20:2-29), 21:1 (Job 21:2-34),22:1 (Eliphaz 22:2-30), 23:1 (Job 23:2-17;24:1-25), 25:1 (Bildad 25:2-6), 26:1(Job I 26:2-14), 27:1 (Job II 27:2-23;28:1-28), 29:1 (Job III 29:2-25;30:1-31;31:1-40).

• Conclusion of the main disputation: {P} 32:1.

• Elihu (32:2-37:24):

• Introduction: {P} 32:2-5• Speech: {P} 32:6-22;33:1-33 (Elihu I). Cen-tered titles: 34:1 (Elihu II 34:2-37), 35:1(Elihu III 35:2-16), 36:1 (Elihu IV 36:2-33;37:1-24).

• God and Job (38:1-42:6):

• God: {P} 38:1-41;39:1-18 {P} 39:19-30.• God and Job (centered titles): 40:1 (God40:2), 40:3 (Job 40:4-5).

• God: {P} 40:6-32;41:1-26 {P}.• Job (centered title): 42:1 (Job 42:2-6).

III. Narrative Conclusion (42:7-17):

• Common layout and regular cantillation: {P} 42:7{S} 42:8-17.

8.4 Song of Songs

The Aleppo codex is extant until the word ציון (“Zion”)in Song of Songs 3:11. Bibles that show parashot in theSong of Songs based upon the Aleppo Codex (with re-construction of its missing parts based on Kimhi’s notes)include two editions following the Breuer method (Horevand The Jerusalem Crown). The flow of text in such biblesis as follows:

16 8 KETUVIM

• 1:1-4 {P} 1:5-8 {P} 1:9-14 {S} 1:15-17;2:1-7 {S}2:8-13 {S} 2:14 {S} 2:15-17 {S} 3:1-5 {S} 3:6-8{S} 3:9-11 {S*} 4:1-7 {S*} 4:8-16;5:1 {S*} 5:2-16;6:1-3 {S*} 6:4-9 {S*} 6:10 {S*} 6:11-12;7:1-11{S*} 7:12-14;8:1-4 {S*} 8:5-7 {S*} 8:8-10 {P*}8:11-14

The Tiberian masoretic codices are nearly identical in theparts at which they show parashah breaks in the text.However, while A and L have {S} almost exclusively, Y(which is usually very close to A) shows {P} for the largemajority of parashot,[39] as shown in the chart below:

8.5 Ruth

In the Tiberian masoretic codices, the only parashahfound in Ruth is for the short chronology at the end ofthe book:

• {P} 4:18-22 פרץ תולדות ואלה

Variant:

• While A, Y, L, and Ff1 all have {P} at 4:18,other traditions noted by Finfer differ: F={-},Ff2={S}.[43]

8.6 Lamentations

The Aleppo codex lacks Lamentations in its entirety.Parashot listed here are based upon Kimhi’s notes on thecodex.[44]

• First lamentation (1:1-22): {S} between each of the22 verses and {P} following the last one.[45]

• Second lamentation (2:1-22): {S} between each ofthe 22 verses and {P} following the last one.

• Third lamentation (3:1-66): {S} between each of 66verses and {P} following the last one.

• Fourth lamentation (4:1-22): {S} between each ofthe 22 verses and {P} following the last one.[45]

• Fifth lamentation (5:1-22): 5:1-18 {P} 5:19-22

Variants:

• In the third lamentation, the Leningrad Codex has{S} between each set of three verses beginning withthe same letter.

8.7 Ecclesiastes

The Aleppo codex lacks Ecclesiastes in its entirety.Parashot listed here are based upon Kimhi’s notes on thecodex.[46]

• 1:1-11 {P*} 1:12-18;2:1-26;3:1

• {S*} Song of the Seasons {SONG*} 3:2-8{SONG*}

• {S*} 3:9[42]

There are no further parashah divisions at all in the rest ofthe book (3:9-12:14) according to Kimhi’s notes on theAleppo Codex, an unusually large amount of unbrokentext (170 verses) that is confirmed by Y. The Leningradcodex has a solitary parashah break: {S} at 9:11. Thefollowing chart compares the meager parashah breaks forEcclesiastes as found in manuscripts:

8.8 Esther

The book of Esther is traditionally read by Jews on theholiday of Purim from a handwritten scroll on parchmentthat must be halakhically valid. This means that the rulesof open and closed parashot are of more practical rele-vance for Esther than for any other book in Nevi'im orKetuvim. Despite this—or perhaps because of the largenumbers of scrolls of Esther that have been written, andthe special attention that has therefore been paid to theproblem by rabbis and scribes—manuscripts of Estherand opinions about how they should be written betraya relatively large number of discrepancies regarding theparashah divisions.In the nineteenth century, Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried pub-lished a manual for scribes called Keset HaSofer, in whichhe follows the rule that all parashot in Esther are closed{S} (Keset HaSofer 28:5).[51] This is currently the dom-inant tradition for Ashkenazic and Sephardic megillot(scrolls of Esther) today. But the Tiberian masoreticcodices contain both open and closed portions. Also,Yemenite scribes did not entirely adopt the tradition ofclosed portions, leaving the divisions in many scrolls ofEsther similar to what is found in the masoretic codices.Ganzfried ruled that a scroll of Esther with open por-tions is invalid, but added that “some authorities vali-date” it (Keset HaSofer 28:5).[52] When discussing theseauthorities in his additional notes,[53] Ganzfried cites a listopen parashot found in the book Orhot Hayyim, and con-cludes: “And even though our custom is that all of theseare closed, it nevertheless seems that if some or all ofthese are open one may read from the scroll with a bless-ing.” These have been listed in the chart below under at“OH” under Keset HaSofer, and they are very similar towhat is found in the Tiberian masoretic codices.[54]

8.10 Ezra-Nehemiah 17

Most printed Jewish bibles, even those based onmanuscripts, show the flow of text in Esther accordingto the widespread tradition based on Keset HaSofer (onlyclosed parashot). Such editions include the Koren edi-tion (Jerusalem, 1962), Breuer’s first edition (Jerusalem,1982) and Dotan’s editions (which are otherwise basedupon the Leningrad Codex). The flow of text in suchbibles is as follows:

• 1:1-8 {S} 1:9-12 {S} 1:13-15 {S} 1:16-22 {S} 2:1-4 {S} 2:5-20 {S} 2:21-23 {S} 3:1-7 {S} 3:8-15 {S}4:1-17;5:1-14 {S} 6:1-14;7:1-4 {S} 7:5-8 {S} 7:9-10 {S} 8:1-2 {S} 8:3-6 {S} 8:7-14 {S} 8:15-17;9:1-6

• {S} Haman’s Sons: {SONG} 9:7-9 {SONG}

• {S} 9:10-28 {S} 9:29-32 {S} 10:1-3

Bibles that show the parashot in Esther based upon a re-construction of the Aleppo Codex include two editionsfollowing the Breuer method (Horev and The JerusalemCrown). The flow of text in such bibles is as follows:

• 1:1-9 {S*} 1:10-15 {P*} 1:16-22 {P*} 2:1-4 {P*}2:5-10 {S*}[56] 2:11-20 {S*} 2:21-23 {P*} 3:1-7{S*} 3:8-15 {S*} 4:1-12 {P*} 4:13-17 {S*} 5:1-2 {S*} 5:3-14 {S*} 6:1-14;7:1-4 {S*} 7:5-8 {S*}7:9-10 {P*} 8:1-2 {S*} 8:3-6 {S*} 8:7-14 {S*}8:15-17;9:1-6

• {S*} Haman’s Sons: {SONG*} 9:7-9 {SONG*}

• {S*} 9:10-19 {S*} 9:20-28 {S*} 9:29-32 {S*}10:1-3

8.9 Daniel

The Aleppo codex lacks Daniel in its entirety. Parashotlisted here are based upon Kimhi’s notes on the codex.[58]

• 1:1-21 {S} 2:1-13 {S} 2:14-16 {S} 2:17-24 {S}2:25-28 {S} 2:29-30 {S} 2:31-45 {S} 2:46-49 {P}3:1-18 {P} 3:19-23 {P} 3:24-30 {P} 3:31-33;4:1-25 {P} 4:26-34 {P} 5:1-7 {S}[42] 5:8-12 {P} 5:13-16 {P} 5:17-30 {P} 6:1-6 {S}[42] 6:7-11 {S}[42]6:12-14 {P} 6:15 {S} 6:16-29

• {P} 7:1-14 {P} 7:15-28 {P} 8:1-27 {P} 9:1-27 {S}10:1-3 {P} 10:4-21 {P} 11:1-45;12:1-3 {P} 12:4-13

8.10 Ezra-Nehemiah

The Aleppo codex lacks Ezra-Nehemiah in its entirety.Parashot listed here are based upon Kimhi’s notes on thecodex.[59]

• (Ezra) 1:1-8 {S} 1:9 {S} 1:10-11

• People of the province who returned to Jerusalem:{P} 2:1-2 {S} 2:3 {S} 2:4 {S} 2:5 {S} 2:6 {S} 2:7{S} 2:8 {S} 2:9 {S} 2:10 {S} 2:11 {S} 2:12 {S}2:13 {S} 2:14 {S} 2:15 {S} 2:16 {S} 2:17 {S} 2:18{S} 2:19 {S} 2:20 {S} 2:21 {S} 2:22 {S} 2:23 {S}2:24 {S} 2:25 {S} 2:26 {S} 2:27 {S} 2:28 {S} 2:29{S} 2:30 {S} 2:31 {S} 2:32 {S} 2:33 {S} 2:34 {S}2:35 {S} 2:36 {S} 2:37 {S} 2:38 {S} 2:39 {S} 2:40{S} 2:41 {S} 2:42 {S} 2:43 {S} 2:44 {S} 2:45 {S}2:46 {S} 2:47 {S} 2:48 {S} 2:49 {S} 2:50 {S} 2:51{S} 2:52 {S} 2:53 {S} 2:54 {S} 2:55 {S} 2:56 {S}2:57 {S} 2:58 {S} 2:59 {P} 2:60 {S} 2:61 {S} 2:62-66 {S} 2:67 {P} 2:68-69 {S} 2:70

• {S} 3:1a {S} 3:1b {S} 3:2-7 {P} 3:8-9a {S}[42]3:9b-13 חנדד בני {P} 4:1-6 {S} 4:7 {P} 4:8-11 {P}4:12 {S} 4:13 {S} 4:14-16 {P} 4:17 {P} 4:18-22{S} 4:23 {S}[42] 4:24 {P} 5:1 {S} 5:2 {P} 5:3-5{P} 5:6-7 {S} 5:8-10 {P} 5:11-12 {P} 5:13-15 {P}5:16-17 {P} 6:1-2 {P} 6:3-4 {S} 6:5 {S} 6:6-12{P} 6:13-15 {P} 6:16-18 {P} 6:19-22 {P} 7:1-6{P} 7:7-10 {S} 7:11 {P} 7:12-24 {P} 7:25-26 {P}7:27-28

• Chiefs of the clans: {P} 8:1 {S} 8:2a {S} 8:2b {S}8:2c {S} 8:3a שכניה מבני {S}[42] 8:3b פרעש מבני{S} 8:4 {S} 8:5 {S} 8:6 {S} 8:7 {S} 8:8 {S} 8:9{S} 8:10 {S} 8:11 {S} 8:12 {S} 8:13 {S} 8:14

• {S} 8:15-18a {S} 8:18b-19 מחלי מבני {S} 8:20-30{P} 18:31-34 {P}[42] 18:35 {P} 18:36 {S} 9:1-9{S} 9:10-14 {S} 9:15 {P} 10:1 {P} 10:2-3 {P} 10:4{P} 10:5-8 {P} 10:9 {P} 10:10-11 {S} 10:12-14{S} 10:15-17

• Priestly families who were found to have foreignwomen: {P} 10:18-19 {S} 10:20 {S} 10:21 {S}10:22 {S} 10:23 {S} 10:24 {S} 10:25 {S} 10:26{S} 10:27 {S} 10:28 {S} 10:29 {S} 10:30 {S}10:31 {S} 10:32 {S} 10:33 {S} 10:34 {S} 10:35{S} 10:36 {S} 10:37 {S} 10:38 {S} 10:39 {S}10:40 {S} 10:41 {S} 10:42 {S} 10:43-44

• {P} (Nehemiah) 1:1-11 {P} 2:1-9 {P} 2:10-18 {P}2:19-20

• Builders: {P} 3:1 {S} 3:2 {S} 3:3 {S} 3:4b {S} 3:4c{S} 3:4a {S} 3:5 {S} 3:6 {S} 3:7 {S} 3:8a {S} 3:8b{S} 3:9 {S} 3:10 {S} 3:11 {S} 3:12 {S} 3:13-14{S} 3:15 {S} 3:16 {S} 3:17a {S} 3:17b {S} 3:18{S} 3:19 {S} 3:20 {S} 3:21 {S} 3:22-23a {S} 3:23b{S} 3:24-25 {S} 3:26 {S} 3:27-28 {S} 3:29a {S}3:29b {S} 3:30a {S} 3:30b {S} 3:31-32

• {P} 3:33-35 {P} 3:36-38 {P} 4:1-8 {P} 4:9-17 {P}5:1-8 {P} 5:9-19 6:1-4 {P} 6:5-7 {P} 6:8-13 {P}6:14-15 {P} 6:16-19 {P} 7:1-5

• People of the province who returned to Jerusalem:{P} 7:6-7 {S} {S} 7:7 {S} 7:8 {S} 7:9 {S} 7:10

18 8 KETUVIM

{S} 7:11 {S} 7:12 {S} 7:13 {S} 7:14 {S} 7:15 {S}7:16 {S} 7:17 {S} 7:18 {S} 7:19 {S} 7:20 {S} 7:21{S} 7:22 {S} 7:23 {S} 7:24 {S} 7:25 {S} 7:26 {S}7:27 {S} 7:28 {S} 7:29 {S} 7:30 {S} 7:31 {S} 7:32{S} 7:33 {S} 7:34 {S} 7:35 {S} 7:36 {S} 7:37 {S}7:38 {P} 7:39 {S} 7:40 {S} 7:41 {S} 7:42 {S} 7:43{S} 7:44 {S} 7:45 {P} 7:46 {S} 7:47 {S} 7:48 {S}7:49 {S} 7:50 {S} 7:51 {S} 7:52 {S} 7:53 {S} 7:54{S} 7:55 {S} 7:56 {S} 7:57 {S} 7:58 {S} 7:59a {S}7:59b פרכת בני {P} 7:60 {P} 7:61 {S} 7:62 {S}7:63-67 {S} 7:68-69 {S} 7:70-72a {S} 7:72b;8:1-4 השביעי החדש ויגע {S} 8:5-8 {P} 8:9-12 {P}8:13-15 {S} 8:16 {S} 8:17-18 {P} 9:1-3 {P} 9:4-37 {P} 10:1-14 {S} 10:15-34 {S} 10:35-40;11:1-2{P} 11:3-6 {P} 11:7-9 {P} 11:10-14 {S} 11:15-18{P} 11:19-21 {P} 11:22-36 {P} 12:1-7 {P} 12:8-22 {P} 12:23-26 {P} 12:27-34 {P} 12:35-47 {P}13:1-9 {P} 13:10-13 {P} 13:14-18 {P} 13:19-21{P} 13:22 {P} 13:23-30a {P} 13:30b-31 ואעמידה.משמרות

8.11 Chronicles

• Chronology until David (1 Chronicles 1-10): 1:1-4 {S} 1:5 {S} 1:6 {S} 1:7 {S} 1:8-9 {S} 1:10 {S}1:11-12 {S} 1:13-16 {S} 1:17 {S} 1:18-23 {S}1:24-27 {S} 1:28 {S} 1:29-31 {S} 1:32 {S} 1:33{S} 1:34 {S} 1:35 {S} 1:36 {S} 1:37 {S} 1:38 {S}1:39 {S} 1:40 {S} 1:41-42 {P} 1:43-51a {P} 1:51b-54 אדום אלופי ויהיו {P} 2:1-2 {P} 2:3 {S} 2:4 {S}2:5 {S} 2:6 {S} 2:7 {S} 2:8 {S} 2:9-20 {S} 2:21-22{S} 2:23-24 {S} 2:25-26 {S} 2:27-32 {S} 2:33-41{S} 2:42-46 {S} 2:47-49 {S} 2:50-53 {S} 2:54-55{S} 3:1-4 {S} 3:5-9 {P} 3:10-23 {S} 3:24 {S} 4:1-2 {S} 4:3-10 {S} 4:11-12 {S} 4:13-14 {P} 4:15-18{S} 4:19-23 {S} 4:24-27 {S} 4:28-33a {S} 4:33b-43 מושבתם זאת {P} 5:1-2 {S} 5:3-10 {S} 5:11-13{S} 5:14-17 {P} 5:18-22 {P} 5:23-26 {P} 5:27-28{S} 5:29a {S} 5:29b-41 אהרן ובני {P} 6:1-3 {S}6:4-13 {S} 6:14-15 {P} 6:16-23 {S} 6:24-28 {S}6:29-32 {S} 6:33-34 {P} 6:35-38 {S} 6:39-41 {S}6:42-44 {S} 6:45 {S} 6:46 {P} 6:47 {S} 6:48 {S}6:49-50 {S} 6:51-55 {P} 6:56-58 {S} 6:59-60 {S}6:61 {S} 6:62-66 {S} 7:1 {S} 7:2 {S} 7:3-5 {S}7:6-13 {P} 7:14-19 {P} 7:20-29 {P} 7:30-40 {S}8:1-32 {S} 8:33-40 {P} 9:1 {S} 9:2-4 {S} 9:5-9{S} 9:10-11 {S} 9:12-34 {S} 9:35-38 {S} 9:39−44{P} 10:1-4a {S} 10:4b-5 שאול ויקח {S} 10:6-7 {S}10:8-10 {S} 10:11-14

• King David (1 Chronicles 11-29):

• {P} 11:1-3 {S} 11:4-9 {P} 11:10 {S} 11:11-21 {S} 11:22-25

• David’s champions (11:26-47): {S} 11:26a{S} 11:26b אלחנן {S} 11:27a {S} 11:27b חלץ{S} 11:28a {S} 11:28b אביעזר {S} 11:29a{S} 11:29b עילי {S} 11:30a {S} 11:30b חלד

{S} 11:31a {S} 11:31b בניה {S} 11:32a {S}11:32b אביאל {S} 11:33a {S} 11:33b אליחבא{S} 11:34a {S} 11:34b יונתן {S} 11:35a {S}11:35b אליפל {S} 11:36 {S} 11:37a {S}11:37b נערי {S} 11:38a {S} 11:38b מבחר {S}11:39 {S} 11:40a {S} 11:40b גרב {S} 11:41a{S} 11:41b זבד {S} 11:42a {S} 11:42b חנן{S} 11:43 {S} 11:44a {S} 11:44b שמע {S}11:45 {S} 11:46a {S} 11:46b-47a ויתמה {S}11:47b .ויעשיאל

• {P} 12:1-5 {S} 12:6-14 {S} 12:15-16 {P}12:17-18 {S} 12:19 {P} 12:20-23

• David’s supporters in Hebron: {P} 12:24 {S}12:25 {S} 12:26 {S} 12:27 {S} 12:28 {S}12:29 {S} 12:30 {S} 12:31 {S} 12:32 {S}12:33 {S} 12:34 {S} 12:35 {S} 12:36 {S}12:37 {S} 12:38 {S} 12:38-41

• {P} 13:1-14 {S} 14:1-2 {S} 14:3-7 {P} 14:8-12 {P} 14:13-17;15:1-2 {P} 15:3-4 Levites:{S} 15:5 {S} 15:6 {S} 15:7 {S} 15:8 {S} 15:9{S} 15:10 {P} 15:11 {S} 15:12-15 {P} 15:16{P} 15:17a {S} 15:17b-25 מררי בני ומן {P}15:26-29 {P} 16:1-4 {S} 16:5-7

• {P} Song of Assaf: {SONG} 16:8-22 {P}16:23-36 {SONG}

• {P} 16:37-38 {S} 16:39-43 {P} 17:1-2 {S}17:3-7a {S} 17:7b-15 אמר כה {P} 17:16-2718:1-8 {P} 18:9-17 {P} 19:1-5 {S} 19:6-7a {S} 19:7b עמון ובני {S} 19:8-12a {S}19:12b-15 עמון בני ואם {S} 19:16-19 {S}20:1-3 {S} 20:4-5 {S} 20:6-8 {P} 21:1-7 {S}21:8 {P} 21:9-12 {S} 21:13-15 {S} 21:16-17 {S} 21:18-26 {S} 21:27-30 {S} 22:1 {P}22:2-4 {P} 22:5-6 {S} 22:7-17 {S} 22:18-19{P} 23:1-5 {S} 23:6 {S} 23:7 {S} 23:8 {S}23:9 {S} 23:10-11 {S} 23:12 {S} 23:13-14{S} 23:15-17 {S} 23:18-23 {S} 23:24-32 {P}24:1-5 {S} 24:6

• {P} 24:7a {S} 24:7b לידעיה {S} 24:8a {S}24:8b לשערים {S} 24:9a {S} 24:9b למימן {S}24:10a {S} 24:10b לאביה {S} 24:11a {S}24:11b לשכניהו {S} 24:12a {S} 24:12b ליקים{S} 24:13a {S} 24:13b לישבאב {S} 24:14a{S} 24:14b לאמר {S} 24:15a {S} 24:15bלהפצץ {S} 24:16a {S} 24:16b ליחזקאל {S}24:17a {S} 24:17b לגמול {S} 24:18a {S}24:18b .למעזיהו

• {P} 24:19 {P} 24:20 {S} 24:21 {S} 24:22{S} 24:23 {S} 24:24 {S} 24:25 {S} 24:26 {S}24:27 {S} 24:28 {S} 24:29 {S} 24:30-31 {S}25:1-3 {S} 25:4-8 {P} 25:9a {S} 25:9b גדליהו{S} 25:10 {S} 25:11 {S} 25:12 {S} 25:13{S} 25:14 {S} 25:15 {S} 25:16 {S} 25:17{S} 25:18 {S} 25:19 {S} 25:20 {S} 25:21{S} 25:22 {S} 25:23 {S} 25:24 {S} 25:25{S} 25:26 {S} 25:27 {S} 25:28 {S} 25:29

19

{S} 25:30 {S} 25:31 {P} 26:1-5 {S} 26:6-13 {P} 26:14-16 {S} 26:17a {S} 26:17b-20ולאספים {S} 26:21 {S} 26:22 {S} 26:23-24{S} 26:25-28 {P} 26:29-32 {P} 27:1 {P} 27:2{S} 27:3 {S} 27:4 {S} 27:5-6 {S} 27:7 {S}27:8 {S} 27:9 {S} 27:10 {S} 27:11 {S} 27:12{S} 27:13 {S} 27:14 {S} 27:15 {P} 27:16a{S} 27:16b לשמעוני {S} 27:17 {S} 27:18a{S} 27:18b ליששכר {S} 27:19a {S} 27:19bלנפתלי {S} 27:20 {S} 27:21a {S} 27:16b27:22-24לבנימן {S} 27:25a {S} 27:25b ועלהאצרות {S} 27:26 {S} 27:27a {S} 27:27b ועלשבכרמים {S} 27:28a {S} 27:28b אצרות ועלהשמן {S} 27:29a {S} 27:29b הקבר ועל {S}27:30a {S} 27:30b האתנות ועל {S} 27:31 {S}27:32 {S} 27:33 {S} 27:34

• {P} 28:10 {P} 28:11-19 {P} 28:20-21 {S}29:1-9 {P} 29:10-19 {P} 29:20-25 {P} 29:26-20

• King Solomon (2 Chronicles 1-9): {P} 1:1-10 {S}1:11-13 {P} 1:14-18;2:1 {P} 2:2-9 {S} 2:10-15 {P}2:16-17;3:1-7 {S} 3:8-13 {S} 3:14 {S} 3:15 {S}3:16-17 {S} 4:1 {S} 4:2-5 {S} 4:6 {S} 4:7 {S} 4:8{S} 4:9-18 {S} 4:19-22;5:1a {S} 5:1b שלמה ויבא{P} 5:2-10 {P} 5:11-14 {S} 6:1-13 {P} 6:14a ויאמר{P} 6:14b-23 ישראל אלהי ה' {S} 6:24-25 {P} 6:26-27 {S} 6:28-31 {S} 6:32-40 {S} 6:41-42 {P} 7:1-4{S} 7:5-6 {S} 7:7-11 {P} 7:12-22 {P} 8:1-9 {P}8:10-11 {P} 8:12-16 {S} 8:17-18 {P} 9:1-12 {P}9:13-21 {P} 9:22-24 {S} 9:25-31

• The Davidic Dynasty (2 Chronicles 10-36): {P}10:1-5 {S} 10:6-11 {P} 10:12-16 {S} 10:17-18a{S} 10:18b התאמץ רחבעם והמלך {S} 10:19;11:1{P} 11:2-4 {P} 11:5-12 {S} 11:13-23;12:1 {P}12:2-4 {S} 12:5-8 {S} 12:9-12 {S} 12:13-14 {S}12:15-16 {P} 13:1-3a {S} 13:3b וירבעם {S} 13:4-5{P} 13:6-9 {S} 13:10-20 {P} 13:21-23 {P} 14:1-6{P} 14:7a {S} 14:7b-10 ומבנימן {S} 14:11-14 {S}15:1-2 {S} 15:3-7 {S} 15:8-9 {P} 15:10-19 {P}16:1-5 {S} 16:6 {S} 16:7-14 {P} 17:1-6 {P} 17:7-11 {P} 17:12-14a {S} 17:14b השר עדנה {S} 17:15{S} 17:16 {S} 17:17 {S} 17:18 {S} 17:19 {P}18:1-17 {S} 18:18-22 {S} 18:23-34;19:1 {S} 19:2-11 {P} 20:1-13 {S} 20:14-30 {P} 20:31-37;21:1-3{P} 21:4-11 {P} 21:12-20;22:1 {P} 22:2-12 {P}23:1-11 {S} 23:12-13 {S} 23:14-15 {P} 23:16-21;24:1-2 {S} 24:3-14 {P} 24:15-16 {P} 24:17-19 {S} 24:20-22 {P} 24:23-27 {P} 25:1-10 {S}25:11-13 {P} 25:14-16 {P} 25:17-24 {P} 25:25-28;26:1-2 {P} 26:3-10 {S} 26:11-23 {P} 27:1-9{P} 28:1-5 {S} 28:6-7 {S} 28:8 {S} 28:9-11 {S}28:12-13 {S} 28:14-15 {P} 28:16-27 {P} 29:1-11{P} 29:12a {S} 29:12b-13 הגרשני ומן {S} 29:14a{S} 29:14b-17 ידותון בני ומן {S} 29:18-19 {S}29:20-26 {P} 29:27-30 {P} 29:31-36 {P} 30:1-9{S} 30:10-19 {S} 30:20 {S} 30:21 {S} 30:22 {S}

30:23-24a {S} 30:24b-26 הרימו והשרים {S} 30:27{P} 31:1 {P} 31:2 {S} 31:3-6 {S} 31:7 {S} 31:8{P} 31:9-10 {S} 31:11-21 {P} 32:1-8 {P} 32:9-19{S} 32:20 {S} 32:21-23 {P} 32:24-32 {P} 33:1-9{P} 33:10-20 {P} 33:21-25 {P} 34:1-7 {P} 34:8-11{S} 34:12-23 {S} 34:24-26a {S} 34:26b-28 אמר כהישראל אלהי ה' {S} 34:29-33 {S} 35:1-2 {S} 35:3-6{P} 35:7 {S} 35:8-18 {S} 35:19 {S} 35:20-22 {S}35:23-24 {S} 35:25-27 {S} 36:1-4 {P} 36:5-8 {P}36:9-10 {P} 36:11-14 {S} 36:15-17 {S} 36:18-21{S} 36:22 {S} 36:23

9 Songs with special layout

Image of a modern Torah scroll open to the Song of the Sea (Ex-odus 15:1-19) with special layout visible.

In addition to the common “open” and “closed” parashot,the masoretic scribal layout employs spaces in an elab-orate way for prominent songs found within narrativebooks, as well as for certain lists. Each such “song” isformatted in its own exact way, though there are similar-ities between them. These sections include:Torah

• Song of the Sea (Exodus 15:1-19)

• Song of Moses (Deuteronomy 32)

Nevi'im

20 11 REFERENCES

• Canaanite Kings (Joshua 12:9-24)

• Song of Deborah (Judges 5)

• Song of David (II Samuel 22)

Ketuvim

• Song of the Seasons (Ecclesiastes 3:2-8)

• Haman’s Sons (Esther 9:7-9)

• David’s Champions (I Chronicles 11:26-47)

• Song of Assaf (I Chronicles 16:8-36)

The following sections discuss the layout and formattingof each of these songs in detail.

9.1 Song of the Sea (Exodus)

9.2 Song of Moses (Deuteronomy)

9.3 Canaanite Kings (Joshua)

9.4 Song of Deborah (Judges)

9.5 Song of David (Samuel)

9.6 Song of the Seasons (Ecclesiastes)

9.7 Haman’s Sons (Esther)

Esther 9:7-9 lists Haman’s ten sons in three consecu-tive verses (three names in 7, three in 8, and four in 9).Each name is preceded by the Hebrew particle .ואת The{SONG} format for this list is as follows:

• The last word of verse 9:6 (איש) is purposely plannedto be the first word in a new line (at the right margin).This word will begin the first line of text in {SONG}format.

• The first word of 9:7 (the Hebrew particle (ואת iswritten at the end of the first line in at the left margin.A large gap is thus left between איש and ,ואת whichforms a closed parashah division {S}.

• In the next ten lines of text, the ten names of the sonsof Haman appear one after another in the beginningof each line at the right margin, beneath the word,איש while the word ואת appears at the end of eachline text (left margin) until the final line. The 11thand final line of text ends with the first word of 9:10.(עשרת)

• There are thus a total of eleven lines of text in{SONG} format, each with a single word at the be-ginning of the line and a single word at the end. Thefirst (right) column begins with the word איש and thenames of Haman’s 10 sons follow beneath it. Thesecond (left) column has the word ואת ten times, andin the final row it has the first word of 9:10 .(עשרת)

The {SONG} format described here originated in thetypically narrow columns of the Tiberian masoreticcodices, in which a line of text containing only two wordsat opposite margins with a gap between them appearssimilar to a standard closed parashah. However, in manylater scrolls the columns are much wider, such that lineswith single words at opposite margins create a huge gap inthe middle. In many scrolls these eleven lines are writtenin very large letters so that they form one full column oftext in the megillah.

9.8 Song of Assaf (Chronicles)

10 See also

Compare to (masoretic tradition):

• Weekly Torah portion

• Seder (Bible)

Compare to (similar concepts in other traditions):

• Chapters and verses of the Bible

• Lectionary

• Pasha (Quran)

Related masoretic topics:

• Masoretic Text

• Aleppo Codex

• Leningrad Codex

• Torah scroll

• List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

11 References[1] In common usage today the word often refers to the

Weekly Torah portion (a shortened form of ParashatHaShavua). This article deals with the first, formal mean-ing of the word.

21

[2] Though initially doubted by Umberto Cassuto, this hasbecome the established position in modern scholarship.As Goshen-Gottstein, Penkower, and Ofer have shown,Cassuto’s doubts were based upon apparent discrepancieshe noted between the parashah divisions in the AleppoCodex and those recorded by Maimonides. However, themost striking of these apparent discrepancies are rootedin the faulty manuscripts and printed editions of Mai-monides that Cassuto consulted (as noted in his personaljournals), while the remaining cases can be reasonably ex-plained as differing interpretations of very small spaces inthe Aleppo Codex. Furthermore, the best manuscripts ofMaimonides describe highly unusual implementations ofspacing techniques that are found in no other masoreticmanuscript besides the Aleppo Codex. Full explanationsof each individual discrepancy appear in the notes to thisarticle.

[3] For more details see the section on Halakhic significancebelow.

[4] For a general description of the section divisions and theirpurpose, see Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the He-brew Bible, 2nd revised edition (Minneapolis: FortressPress, 2001), pp. 50-51.

[5] This phenomena often borders on “song” format. Thevarious types and degrees of “song” format as a sophis-ticated expansion of the parashah spaces in the Tiberianmasoretic manuscripts has been analyzed at length byMordechai Breuer in The Aleppo Codex and the AcceptedText of the Bible (Jerusalem: Mosad Harav Kook, 1976),pp. 149-165 (Hebrew).

[6] Tov, p. 51: “The subdivision into open and closed sec-tions reflects exegesis on the extent of the content units...It is possible that the subjectivity of this exegesis createdthe extant differences between the various sources. Whatin one Masoretic manuscript is indicated as an open sec-tion may appear in another as a closed section, while theindication of a section may be altogether absent in yet athird source. Nevertheless, a certain uniformity is visiblein the witnesses of M.”

[7] “The division of the text in theQumran scrolls into contentunits reflects in general terms the system of parashiyyotthat was later accepted in M: a space in the middle ofthe line to denote a minor subdivision and a space ex-tending from the last word in the line to the end of theline, to denote a major subdivision...” (Tov, p. 210). “Al-though the medieval manuscripts continue the tradition ofthe proto-Masoretic texts from Qumran in general, theyoften differ with regard to the indication of individual sec-tion breaks...” (ibid., p. 50). Data on the manuscript ev-idence for parashot beginning with the Dead Sea Scrollsis collated in the Hebrew University Bible Project.

[8] Dibbura de-Nedava (introduction to Sifrei on Leviticus).

[9] The abbreviations are most often used in Hebrew editionsof the Bible with commentaries, and in older one-volumeeditions of the Tanakh published through the first half ofthe 20th century. Though most current Jewish editionsuse the actual spacing techniques instead of the abbrevi-ations, they are still used some in one-volume editions,most prominently in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia.

[10] As implemented here.

[11] Tov, pp. 50-51, 210-211. However, no comprehensiveand systematic study of the matter has even been done.

[12] Blau, responsum #294; also appears in Shu"t HaRambamPe'er HaDor #9, and is thus cited by Rabbi Ovadiah Yosefin Yehaveh Da'at VI:56.

[13] An English-language survey of the halakhic sources thatdeal with discrepancies in the transmission of details inthe masoretic text of the Torah, regarding both its spelling(letter-text) and its parashah divisions, may be found inBarry Levy’s Fixing God’s Torah: The Accuracy of the He-brew Bible text in Jewish Law (Oxford University Press,2001). Levy discusses most of the sources listed here andtranslates some of them.

[14] Responsum #91.

[15] Commentary Beit HaBehira to Kiddushin 30a and in theintroduction to his Kiryat Sefer on the laws of writingTorah scrolls.

[16] Responsum #145. Maharam was a student of Rashba inthirteenth century Spain.

[17] Responsum #8. Rabbi Judah Mintz flourished in Italy inthe fifteenth century.

[18] Yehaveh Da'at VI:56. Basing himself on previous author-ities who disputed Maimonides ruling entirely, in additionto Maimonides’ own ruling that a blessing may be recitedupon reading from an invalid Torah Scroll, Rabbi Yosefpermits Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews to recite a bless-ing upon reading from aYemenite Torah Scroll. Yemenitescrolls differ from both Ashkenazic and Sephardic scrollsfor exactly one parashah division: an open section atLeviticus 7:22 (Yemen) instead of at 7:28 (Ashkenaz andSepharad). Yemenite scrolls also differ regarding cer-tain spellings (exactly 9 letters), while Ashkenazic andSephardic scrolls are identical in all of these details.

[19] The talmudic source for this isMegillah 22a. In later ha-lakhic literature, these rules are discussed in Orah Hayyim138.

[20] Such as the text found at Mechon Mamre.

[21] Parashat Vayechi is the only one of the weekly Torah read-ings whose opening verse (Genesis 47:28) is not the begin-ning of an open or a closed section. Its parashot are thuslisted here sequentially along with those of the previousweekly reading.

[22] Numerous testimonies verify that the Aleppo codex had aclosed section at 20:13b רעך) אשת תחמד .(לא Though thisdata does not agree with what is found in several editionsof Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah, it accords with the orig-inal reading of Maimonides based on early manuscriptsand testimonies. See Penkower, Maimonides, pp. 50-64(at length); Ofer, Cassutto, p. 326; Ofer, Yelin, p. 306.

[23] For Exodus 34:1, ,פסל-לך the vast majority of accurateTiberian manuscripts have {S} here instead of {P} (thelatter is as listed by Maimonides and found in currentTorah scrolls). Testimony about the text of the Aleppo

22 11 REFERENCES

codex when it was still intact (by Kimhi) reveals that theform of the parashah at this point was a line of text thatdidn't reach the end of the column, followed at 34:1 by aline that began close to the beginning of the column. Iden-tifying the type of parashah in such a context depends onwhether the reader considers there to be a significant gapat the beginning of the line (in which case it is setumah)or does not consider the gap to be significant (in whichcase it is petuhah). This form of parashah is often indi-cated by a very small indentation in the extant parts of theAleppo Codex, sometimes no wider than the space of oneor two letters. Therefore, Penkower (p. 51 n. 125) andOfer (pp. 306-307) suggest that Maimonides judged 34:1to start at the beginning of its line without a significantgap, and was thus followed in later Torah scrolls. Otherobservers noted it as setumah (Kimhi, Sithon) or wroteconflicting notations (Amadi).

[24] Ashkenazic and Sephardic Torah scrolls lack an open por-tion at 7:22 חלב) כל דבר... (וידבר... while Yemenitescrolls have one. Conversely, Yemenite scrolls lack anopen portion at 7:28 המקריב) דבר... (וידבר... whileAshkenazic and Sephardic scrolls have one. This situa-tion derives from Maimonides’ ambiguous formulation inLaws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, chapter 8,where he lists a series of six consecutive open parashotat this point in Leviticus, one of them beginning with thewords ישראל" בני אל דבר "וידבר... (“The Lord spoke toMoses... Speak to the children of Israel...”). However,there are actually two places where this is found (Leviti-cus 7:22 and 7:28), and it is unclear which of them Mai-monides was referring to. Thus, the scrolls that have asection break at 7:22 and those with a break at 7:28 areboth implementing Maimonides’ ambiguous formulationin two different ways. How this formulation by Mai-monides accords with the Aleppo Codex has been dis-cussed at length by Ofer (Cassuto, pp. 328-330) andPenkower (New Evidence, pp. 76-90). If the AleppoCodex was indeed missing a parashah break at either 7:22or 7:28, that would be unique among the 71 occurrences of“The Lord spoke to Moses...” in the Torah. Furthermore,all other Tiberian masoretic manuscripts have parashotin both places. Available data on this now-missing partof the codex is as follows: Rabbi Judah Ityah, who ex-amined the codex to answer questions posed by UmbertoCassuto, reported that there were open parashah breaksat both 7:22 and 7:28. Earlier, Rabbi Samuel Vital (Re-sponsa Be'er Mayyim Hayyim 27) also confirmed an openparashah at 7:22. Amadi, however, wrote two oppos-ing notes at 7:22—that a parashah break is lacking andthat the “Codex of Ezra” has a parashah here—which ap-parently refer to two different codices but it is unclearwhich ones. Ofer deals with the evidence by assumingthat Ityah’s report was correct and that Maimonides, inthe process of adding sums to the final version of his listof parashot forMishneh Torah, counted אל" דבר וידבר...ישראל "בני once instead of twice. Penkower prefers an al-ternative explanation, namely that there was a small spaceat the end of the line preceding 7:22 which Maimonidesdid not consider significant, but which other witnessesthought indicated an open parashah break (pp. 79-80).Modern editions based on the Aleppo Codex show theseparashot as follows: Breuer’s first edition, published be-foremost of this evidence became available, shows a break

only at 7:28 (following the Yemenite tradition). His twolater editions (Horev and Jerusalem Crown) show breaks atboth 7:22 and 7:28, noting in the margin that “the scrollsof Ashkenaz and Sepharad” or “the scrolls of Yemen” lacka break in either place. The Feldheim Simanim editionshows a break only at 7:28, keeping to the tradition ofAshkenaz and Sepharad.

[25] Deuteronomy 27:20 is the only one in a series of versesbeginning with ארור (“cursed”) not preceded by a closedbreak in Maimonides’ list of parashot (and hence in cur-rent Torah scrolls). But other Tiberian masoretic codiceshave {S} here as for the other verses in the series, whiletestimonies about the Aleppo Codex fromwhen it was stillintact are conflicted. Ofer (pp. 307-8) suggests that since27:19 has more words than usual for this series of sim-ilarly constructed verses, its relative length resulted in avery small space between 27:19 and 27:20 in the narrowcolumns of the Aleppo Codex, a space whichMaimonidesinterpreted as no more than the space between words andnot a closed section break, while other readers evaluatedit as a closed section break.

[26] The word ladonai appears at the beginning of a line fol-lowed by a space and then the first place-name (le-Ashdod)at the end of the line (left side of the column). Each subse-quent occurrence of “one” (ehad) appears below ladonaiat the beginning of a line followed by a space, with theplace-names at the end of the line (left side of the col-umn).

[27] The thirteen occurrences of la-asher or vela-asher (3 eachin 30:27-30 and once at the beginning of 30:31) are ar-ranged above each other at the end of each line (left end ofthe column), with the appropriate place-names followingat the beginning of the next line (right side of each col-umn) and a space in the middle of the line. Some moderneditions follow the same principle with different layout bypresenting place names followed by two columns of vela-asher on each line.

[28] The closed portions found in the Aleppo Codex for this listmostly appear in themiddle of its narrow columns, leavingjust a single word (or a short phrase) at the beginning andend of each line.

[29] Ofer, Yellin, p. 320 and p. 332 n. 1.

[30] The Aleppo Codex has no break at all where 2 Kings be-gins in the Greek textual tradition; text continues on thevery same line with no interruption (see the relevant im-age at aleppocodex.org). In the Leningrad codex there isa closed parashah break where 2 Kings begins, such thatin printed editions reflecting that tradition, text continuesat the end of the same line after a gap.

[31] The Leningrad codex has an open section at 16:7 וישלח),(אחז but Kimhi did not note any parashah. The possibil-ity that Kimhi erred by neglecting to note a parashah at16:7 is lessened by the fact that Codex Cairensis also lacksa parashah at this point (Ofer, Yellin, p. 332 n. 1). Forthis reason Breuer’s editions based on the Aleppo Codexand Kimhi’s notes (Horev and The Jerusalem Crown) donot show a parashah at 16:7. Finfer similarly does notrecord this verse in his list of parashot (p. 130), andthus no break is shown in the Koren edition. However,

23

the volume of Mikraot Gedolot Haketer on Kings doesshow an open parashah break {P} at 16:7 as found in theLeningrad Codex.

[32] These include 29:9 (יהוה) to 31:34 ;(נתן) 32:1(לנבוכדראצר) to 32:5 ;(כי) (שדי)32:8 to 32:12;(בספר) (רבים)32:14 to 32:19 ;(עיניך) (ובמורא)32:21to 32:24. However, a few words from 32:4-5 and 32:24remain.

[33] The Leningrad codex has a closed section break {S}at 31:17 ,(שמוע) but Kimhi did not note any parashah.The possibility that Kimhi erred by neglecting to notea parashah at 31:17 is lessened by the fact that CodexCairensis also lacks a parashah at this point, as well asthe fact that Finfer records lack of a parashah break herein most manuscripts (Ofer, Yellin, p. 332 n. 1). For thisreason Breuer’s editions based on the Aleppo Codex andKimhi’s notes (Horev and The Jerusalem Crown) do notshow a parashah at 31:17, nor does a break appear in theKoren edition based on Finfer’s list. However, Finfer doesnote that “a few manuscripts” have {S} here (p. 133).

[34] Ofer, Yellin, p. 321.

[35] Editions which have implemented the poetic layout in fullincludeJerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew Uni-versity of Jerusalem (2000);Mikraot Gedolot Haketer, ed.Menachem Cohen (Bar-Ilan University, 1992-present) onPsalms (two volumes); and theSimanim editions of Psalmsand the full Tanakh (Feldheim, 2005). For a clear expla-nation of the phenomenon see Cohen’s remarks in his in-troduction to the first volume of Psalms (p. 8).

[36] See BHQ, General Introduction, pp. xxiii-xxiv. This wasone of the four main codices consulted by Breuer for hisHorev edition and the Jerusalem Crown. See n. 6 toBreuer’s explanatory essay at the end of Jerusalem Crown.It was also collated for BHQ, where it is referred to as MY.With regard to the parashot it is very close to the AleppoCodex, as shown in Yeivin, Division, and also borne outin this article’s lists.

[37] BHQ, ibid. pp. xxiv-xxv. This was also one of the fourmain codices consulted by Breuer for his Horev editionand the Jerusalem Crown and was also collated for BHQ,where it is referred to as MS1.

[38] BHQ, ibid. p. xxv.

[39] BHQ Megilloth, pp. 8-9*.

[40] P. 145. Besides the verses listed below, Finfer recordsthat there are no parashah breaks in the manuscripts heconsulted at 2:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1.

[41] Kimhi made no notation here, and no parashah break ap-pears in the Breuer editions as in Y but as opposed to L.

[42] Not listed in Ofer, Yellin, pp. 322-328, but appears thusin Horev and Jerusalem Crown editions as stated in theeditorial essays as the back of these volumes: “In a fewplaces where Kimhi did not note anything but a parashahappears in other accurate codices, I have added a parashahbased on the Leningrad Codex. These include...” (Breuer,Horev, p. 14). These additions assume that Kimhi failedto note a parashah accidentally.

[43] BHQ Megilloth, p. 6*; Finfer p. 145. Besides this verse,Finfer records that there are no parashah breaks in themanuscripts he consulted at 1:19. 2:1, 3:1, 3:8, 4:1.

[44] Ofer, Yellin, p. 323.

[45] Kimhi omits notation of individual verses in Lamentationsat the following points: 1:2, 1:5, 1:14, 4:4, 4:5, 4:6, 4:7,4:14 (Ofer, Yellin, p. 323). The Breuer edition suppliesthese parashot, apparently missing based upon an over-sight by Kimhi (see Breuer, Horev, p. 14).

[46] Ofer, Yellin, p. 322.

[47] In addition to the verses listed below, Kimhi specificallynoted that the Aleppo Codex lacks parashah breaks at thefollowing points: 2:1, 5:1.

[48] BHQ Megilloth, p. 14*.

[49] P. 145. Besides the verses listed below, Finfer recordsthat there are no parashah breaks in the manuscripts heconsulted at 2:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1. 11:1,12:1. “A few manuscripts” have {S} at 1:11,12; 3:1,2;9:7. “Other manuscripts” have {S} at 3:9, 7:1, 11:9.

[50] This verse also begins one of the four sedarim in Ecclesi-astes: 1:1, 3:3, 7:1, 9:7 (BHQ Megilloth, p. 14*).

[51] These closed portions are noted with the word סתומה ateach relevant verse in Ganzfried’s notes on Esther towardsthe end of the book (beginning on page 133a). A digitalimage of the text may be found here. The rule is codi-fied in Shulhan Arukh Orah Hayyim 691:2 (Rema), andits source is Hagahot Maimoniyot on Maimonides’ Lawsof Megillah chapter 2.

[52] Page (40a) in the digital image of the text found here.

[53] Lishkat HaSofer, note 5 (40a). Ganzfried cites MagenAvraham as allowing such a scroll to be used in difficultcircumstances, while Peri Megadim is unsure whether ablessing should be recited over it.

[54] Another medieval list of open and closed sections in Es-ther is found in Isaac ben Moses of Vienna's Or Zarua(Part II, Laws of Megillah 373), citing his teacher Eliezerben Joel HaLevi (Ra'avyah). Arukh Hashulchan OrahHayyim 691:6 notes an internal contradiction in Or Zaruaand concludes that a scroll of Esther written with opensections may still be used; but see Israel Isserlin, TerumatHaDeshen, Rulings and Essays 23.

[55] BHQ Megilloth p. 21*. An empty cell in the table underL34 indicates a gap in that manuscript.

[56] Kimhi simply noted "ס" at 2:11 יום) .(ובכל No other tex-tual tradition, Tiberian or otherwise, has a parashah atthis point in the text, nor does the narrative indicate thatone would be appropriate. Editions based on the Breuermethod or close to it (Horev, The Jerusalem Crown, andMikra'ot Gedolot ha-Keter) nonetheless show {S} here.

[57] Mistakenly listed as both {P} and {S} in the notes at theback of the Dotan edition.

[58] Ofer, Yellin, p. 324-325.

[59] Ofer, Yellin, pp. 325-328.

24 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

12 Literature cited

Books and articles cited in the references to this arti-cle:

• Finfer, Pesah. Masoret HaTorah VehaNevi'im.Vilna, 1906 (Hebrew). Online text: DjVu at Com-mons, (PDF)

• Ganzfried, Shlomo. Keset HaSofer. Ungvár(Uzhhorod), 1835 (Hebrew). Online text (PDF)

• Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe. “The Authenticity of theAleppo Codex.” Textus 1 (1960):17-58.

• Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe. “A Recovered Part ofthe Aleppo Codex.” Textus 5 (1966):53-59.

• Levy, B. Barry. Fixing God’s Torah: The Accuracyof the Hebrew Bible text in Jewish Law. Oxford Uni-versity Press, 2001.

• Ofer, Yosef. "M. D. Cassuto's Notes on theAleppo Codex.” Sefunot 19 (1989):277-344 (He-brew). Online text (PDF)

• Ofer, Yosef. “TheAleppoCodex and the Bible of R.Shalom Shachna Yellin” in Rabbi Mordechai BreuerFestschrift: Collected Papers in Jewish Studies, ed.M. Bar-Asher, 1:295-353. Jerusalem, 1992 (He-brew). Online text (PDF)

• Penkower, Jordan S. “Maimonides and the AleppoCodex.” Textus 9 (1981):39-128.

• Penkower, Jordan S. New Evidence for the Penta-teuch Text in the Aleppo Codex. Bar-Ilan UniversityPress: Ramat Gan, 1992 (Hebrew).

• Yeivin, Israel. “The Division into Sections in theBook of Psalms.” Textus 7 (1969):76-102.

• Yeivin, Israel. Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah.Trans. and ed. E. G. Revell. Masoretic Studies 5.Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1980.

Bible editions consulted (based on the AleppoCodex):

1. Mossad Harav Kuk: Jerualem, 1977-1982.Mordechai Breuer, ed.

2. Horev publishers: Jerusalem, 1996-98. MordechaiBreuer, ed.

3. Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew Univer-sity of Jerusalem. Jerusalem, 2000. Yosef Ofer, ed.(under the guidance of Mordechai Breuer).

4. Jerusalem Simanim Institute (Feldheim Publishers),2004.

5. Mikraot Gedolot Haketer, Bar-Ilan University Press,1992–present.

6. Mechon Mamre, online version.

Bible editions consulted (based on the LeningradCodex):

1. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Deutsche Bibelge-sellschaft: Stuttgart, 1984.

2. Adi publishers. Tel Aviv, 1986. Aharon Dotan, ed.

3. The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh. Philadelphia,1999.

4. Biblia Hebraica Quinta: General Introduction andMegilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft,2004 (BHQ).

Bible editions consulted (based on other traditions):

1. Koren Publishers: Jerusalem, 1962.

13 External links

Note: Links concerning theWeekly Torah portion do notbelong here.

• The Aleppo Codex website to view high-resolutionimages of the parashot and songs as they appear inthe extant portions of the codex.

• Mechon-Mamre's digital version of the letter-text ofthe Aleppo Codex showing its parashah divisions.

• The Westminster Leningrad Codex records theparashot as they appear in the Leningrad Codex.

• Titles for the Parashot in the Torah, by Aryeh Ka-plan

25

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text• Parashah Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashah?oldid=626790294 Contributors: IZAK, Nahum, Jdavidb, Dovi, Rich Farm-brough, YUL89YYZ, Xezbeth, Kaisershatner, Alansohn, QVanillaQ, Sburke, Rjwilmsi, MZMcBride, Bgwhite, Mukkakukaku, Saulkaiser-man, Sassisch, SmackBot, BenSWiki, Chris the speller, Rigadoun, Iridescent, Sirmylesnagopaleentheda, HammerHeadHuman, MER-C,Albany NY, Redaktor, R'n'B, Reedy Bot, Mrg3105, Aesopos, Java7837, Alfarero, SieBot, StAnselm, Brenont, Commontater, KathrynLy-barger, Shadchan, AMbot, PixelBot, Editor2020, Jgreenman, Addbot, Binary TSO, Leszek Jańczuk, Debresser, Ettrig, TaBOT-zerem,Boleyn2, LilHelpa, Omnipaedista, Moogla, FrescoBot, Yottie, PleaseStand, EmausBot, John of Reading, Evanh2008, Rebyid613, ClueBotNG, Ypnypn, Vcohen, Maryester, Wheeke, Monozigote, ChrisGualtieri and Anonymous: 34

14.2 Images• File:Aleppo_Codex_(Deut).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors:http://www.aleppocodex.orgOriginal artist: Shlomo ben Buya'a

• File:Aleppo_Deut_1910_Photo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Aleppo_Deut_1910_Photo.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Joseph Segall, Travels through Northern Syria (London, 1910), p. 99. Original artist: See AleppoCodex

• File:Esther-elihu.djvu Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Esther-elihu.djvu License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-tributors: http://www.saad.org.il/elihu/esther/esther.html Original artist: Elihu Shannon שנון) (אליהוא

• File:Sefer-torah-vayehi-binsoa.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Sefer-torah-vayehi-binsoa.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Taken from this site, which specifically states that all material in site is free for use. Original artist: Thiswork has been released into the public domain by its author, unknown. This applies worldwide.In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so:unknown grants anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

• File:Torah2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Torah2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: PlateX. The S.S. Teacher’s Edition: The Holy Bible. New York: Henry Frowde, Publisher to the University of Oxford, 1896. Original artist:

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