Overview of Final Unit Overview of Final Unit (copy)(copy)• French Revolution – 1789-1814French Revolution – 1789-1814

• Rise of the 3Rise of the 3rdrd Estate and Estate and Monarchies problems (1789-1791)Monarchies problems (1789-1791)

• Reign of Terror (1792-1795)Reign of Terror (1792-1795)

• Directory and Consulship (1795-Directory and Consulship (1795-1799)1799)

• Napoleon and the Building of Napoleon and the Building of Empire (1799-1815)Empire (1799-1815)

Overview of Final Unit Overview of Final Unit (continued) (copy)(continued) (copy)• Reactionarism and Nationalism (1815-late Reactionarism and Nationalism (1815-late

1800s)1800s)

• Age of Metternich and the Congress of Age of Metternich and the Congress of ViennaVienna

• Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 and its Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 and its resultsresults

• Germany and Italy – the rise of the Germany and Italy – the rise of the Nation-State (1850s-1880s)Nation-State (1850s-1880s)

• Western Europe vs Eastern EuropeWestern Europe vs Eastern Europe

Overview of Final Unit Overview of Final Unit (continued) (copy)(continued) (copy)• ImperialismImperialism

• Causes of Imperialism and “Social Causes of Imperialism and “Social Darwinism” (late 1800s and early 1900s)Darwinism” (late 1800s and early 1900s)

• Forms of Imperialism throughout the Forms of Imperialism throughout the GlobeGlobe

• British Imperial Empire – Age of British Imperial Empire – Age of VictoriaVictoria

• Responses to European ImperialismResponses to European Imperialism

L.O. Students will analyze the L.O. Students will analyze the underlying social, political, and underlying social, political, and economic causes of the French economic causes of the French RevolutionRevolutionDo NowDo Now: :

1. In your opinion, what role does social 1. In your opinion, what role does social order play in society?order play in society?2. In your opinion, What could cause the 2. In your opinion, What could cause the economy of a powerful nation to fall aparteconomy of a powerful nation to fall apart

rapidly?rapidly?3. How could a nation attempt to rectify 3. How could a nation attempt to rectify the economic crisis it was enduring?the economic crisis it was enduring?

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

17891789

Rise of the 3Rise of the 3rdrd Estate and Estate and Monarchy’s problems (1789-Monarchy’s problems (1789-1791) (copy)1791) (copy)• King need to raise money though country is rich King need to raise money though country is rich

(cost of Wars, Versailles, other “wastes” etc.)(cost of Wars, Versailles, other “wastes” etc.)

• Estates General is called to raise money after Estates General is called to raise money after 250 years of absence (1250 years of absence (1stst Estate – Priests, 2 Estate – Priests, 2ndnd Estate Estate – Nobles, 3– Nobles, 3rdrd Estate – everyone else though really Estate – everyone else though really just Bourgeoisie)just Bourgeoisie)

• 33rdrd Estate leaves Estates General and forms its Estate leaves Estates General and forms its own National Assemblyown National Assembly

• National Assembly adopts Declaration of Rights National Assembly adopts Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizenof Man and of the Citizen

• King Louis XVI is captured and held prisonerKing Louis XVI is captured and held prisoner

What were the main causes of What were the main causes of the French Revolution? (copy)the French Revolution? (copy)

1. System of Government1. System of Government

2. Social Order 2. Social Order

3. Economic crises3. Economic crises

4. Enlightenment Ideas4. Enlightenment Ideas

5. Weak leadership 5. Weak leadership

6. The American Revolution6. The American Revolution

System of GovernmentSystem of Government

• France was an France was an absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy

– Ruler has complete power over the Ruler has complete power over the government and lives of the people they government and lives of the people they governgovern

– Divine right of kingsDivine right of kings

King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI

Reigned 1774-1791 Reigned 1774-1791

Queen Marie AntoinetteQueen Marie Antoinette

Social Order in France Social Order in France (copy)(copy)

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime: old order, the : old order, the system of government in pre-system of government in pre-revolution Francerevolution France

KING

FIRST ESTATE1%

SECOND ESTATE1%

THIRD ESTATE98 %

Social Order of France (copy)Social Order of France (copy)

The First EstateThe First Estate

•ClergyClergy

Privileges: Privileges:

- Collected tithesCollected tithes

- Paid no taxesPaid no taxes

- Bishops -Were usually wealthy Bishops -Were usually wealthy appointed noblesappointed nobles

- Parish priests were usually poorParish priests were usually poor

The Second EstateThe Second Estate

• Titled nobility of French societyTitled nobility of French society

Privelages:Privelages:– Paid no taxes Paid no taxes – Top jobs in government, the army, the Top jobs in government, the army, the

courts and the Churchcourts and the Church– Disliked losing positions to the rising Disliked losing positions to the rising

bourgeoisies bourgeoisies

The Third EstateThe Third Estate• Consisted of everyone who was not clergy Consisted of everyone who was not clergy

or nobility or nobility • Largest class 98% Largest class 98% • Vastly diverseVastly diverseBourgeoisie Bourgeoisie – middle class were top – middle class were top

of third estateof third estateIncluded professionals such as ?Included professionals such as ?Bankers, merchants, lawyers & Dr.’sBankers, merchants, lawyers & Dr.’sMajority – rural peasantsMajority – rural peasants

Abbé Sieyès‘ (theorist of the Abbé Sieyès‘ (theorist of the Revolution) Revolution) What is the Third Estate?What is the Third Estate?

    We must ask ourselves three questions.We must ask ourselves three questions.

  1. What is the Third State?  1. What is the Third State? Everything.Everything.

  2. What has it been until now in the political   2. What has it been until now in the political order? order?

Nothing.Nothing.

  3. What does it want to be?   3. What does it want to be? SomethingSomething........

• Estates GeneralEstates General: is the legislative : is the legislative body made up of representatives of body made up of representatives of the three estates.the three estates.

• Can only be summoned by the kingCan only be summoned by the king

• Had not been called for 175 yearsHad not been called for 175 years

• Each estate had 1 vote (unfair as far Each estate had 1 vote (unfair as far as population distribution)as population distribution)

Another cause: Economic Another cause: Economic CrisesCrises Severe economic crisesSevere economic crises

--France was deeply in debtFrance was deeply in debt

Deficit spendingDeficit spending – occurs when a – occurs when a government government spends more than they spends more than they take in take in National Debt – interest hugeNational Debt – interest huge

Causes: Economic Crises Causes: Economic Crises (copy)(copy)

• Lavish Spending by previous Lavish Spending by previous monarchsmonarchs– Louis XV (War of the Austrian Louis XV (War of the Austrian

Succession)Succession)– Louis XIVLouis XIV

•Three major warsThree major wars

• Chateau de Versailles Chateau de Versailles

Causes: Economic Crises Causes: Economic Crises (copy)(copy)

Bad Harvests Bad Harvests Food prices soaredFood prices soared

Brought widespread famine to peasantsBrought widespread famine to peasants

Population growthPopulation growth

Lavish spending at court Lavish spending at court Financing wars includingFinancing wars including

-The Seven Years War (France lost)-The Seven Years War (France lost)

-The American Revolution-The American Revolution

Economic Reform Economic Reform Jacques Necker: financial Jacques Necker: financial advisor advisor • appointed by the kingappointed by the king

– Reduce extravagant spending Reduce extravagant spending – Tax the First and second EstatesTax the First and second Estates– Dismissed Dismissed – King failed to institute reformsKing failed to institute reforms– This angered the Third EstateThis angered the Third Estate

Jacques NeckerJacques Necker

The AmericanThe American RevolutionRevolution

Ideas of the Ideas of the philosophesphilosophes

RousseauRousseau

Montesquieu Montesquieu

VoltaireVoltaire

Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas

• Equality and justice for allEquality and justice for all

• Governments power comes from the Governments power comes from the peoplepeople

• People have natural rights to life, People have natural rights to life, liberty and property liberty and property

• Separation of powersSeparation of powers

• Checks and balancesChecks and balances

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

• Cost of financing the AmericansCost of financing the Americans

• Enlightenment ideas successfully Enlightenment ideas successfully implementedimplemented

• Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

• Cahiers: notebooks used to list Cahiers: notebooks used to list grievances of the Three Estates grievances of the Three Estates

The Tennis Court Oath (3The Tennis Court Oath (3rdrd Estate leaves the Estate Estate leaves the Estate General and French General and French Revolution begins)Revolution begins)