Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Educational Building

Complex using Envi-MET AnalysisCase Study: Universitas Kebangsaan, Bandung

Try Ramadhan1, Aldissain Jurizat1, Andina Syafrina2, Amat Rahmat3

1 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia2 Institut Teknologi Bandung3 Universitas Kebangsaan

tryramadhan@upi.edu, aldissain@upi.edu, andina.syafrina@gmail.com, amatrahmat.saja@gmail.com

Urban Retrofitting: Building, Cities and Communities

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INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEWPlace Your

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Outdoor thermal conditions in the campus area significantly impact

student’s comfort in carrying out their activities [1]. Student academic

activities are not only carried out indoors but also outdoors. Campus

as an educational facility should provide a good outdoor environment

to support the student’s activities.

The outdoor thermal comfort is influenced by regional climate and

urban conditions. These factors produce four variables that affect the

thermal comfort of the human body, including air temperature, mean

radiant temperature, humidity, and air velocity [2].

Designing buildings and outdoor environments by considering climatic

factors will not only provide comfortable thermal conditions, but can

also increase satisfaction and improve human health, in this case

students [3]. Apart from external factors, internal factors will also

affect thermal comfort. These internal factors can be in the form of

clothes used and activities carried out [4]. Apart from these two

factors, design elements can also affect such as artificial surface

materials, paving, concrete, asphalt, as well as buildings and

vegetation.[5]

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Thermal comfort research in the campus area has begun to be carried out, for example the study of outdoor thermal comfort on campuses in

summer and winter climates [1].

Other research has also studied outdoor thermal environments around campus clusters in subtropical urban areas, which focuses on the

influence of various types of design elements [6].

Recent research in Kuala Lumpur, also tried to study the thermal characteristics in a university campus in the tropical climate. This study found that there are significant impacts of shading and vegetation on

increased thermal comfort [3].

ENVI-met simulations have also been used to find solutions to reduce heat stress and create student thermal comfort in open spaces between

education buildings. This study uses PMV as a parameter to assess its thermal comfort [7].

INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW

Universitas Kebangsaan, is one of the educational building complexes in Bandung, Indonesia. This campus

preserves the original campus design from 1992. After being established for a long time, Universitas

Kebangsaan has plans to physically develop its campus. There are demands from the increasing number of

students that need to be accommodated, but the limited land ownership makes this campus optimize the

existing land. This future campus development should be able to create a better quality outdoor environment

to accommodate student activities.

The study aims to explore the thermal characteristics of various outdoor areas of the campus and try

to identify the important parameters that affect thermal comfort. In addition, this study will suggest

some future design considerations based on the parameters found. The research will be conducted

using the ENVI-met simulation.

The benefits of this research will provide input for future campus developments. More broadly, this study

also contributes to the development of knowledge related to the outdoor thermal comfort conditions

in types of educational building complexes, especially in tropical climates such as Bandung City.

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METHODS

This research used a quantitative descriptive approach, explaining data in the form of numbers from the phenomena that occurred. This

paper refers to a case study, examining the thermal quality of the educational building environment using ENVI-met software based

on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index. This software can simulate the interactions between the urban design and the microclimate in

order to calculate human comfort. This software can generate output containing the thermal comfort parameters, including external and

internal input parameters [9]. Based on ISO 7730, seven thermal sensation scales consist of +3 hot, +2 warm, +1 slightly warm, 0 neutral, -

1 slightly cool, -2 cool, and -3 cold. Data sources : meteoblue, gaisma, BMKG, and measurement (case study and validation)

1. literature review and observation is

carried out to build a repertoire of

knowledge related to : climate theory, thermal

comfort and its standards, educational buildings from

basic theory, and recent research.

2. making case study model from primary

data observation that already

obtained.

3. input data on climate conditions in

the Envi-Met software

4. simulation.

5. analyzing, validating and

interpreting the simulation result

data that has been done descriptively.

6. draws conclusions and

recommendations.

3.1.1 External factor data 3.1.2 Internal factor data

Research Stages

Data InputAge 21 years oldSex MaleHeight 164.3 cmWeight 58.8 kgOccupation StudentClothing 0.75 cloActivity / Metabolic Rate Standing 69.84 W.m-2 (1.2 met level)

CASE STUDY

The research location is at the Universitas

Kebangsaan in Bandung. Universitas Kebangsaan

located at Jalan Terusan Halimun No.37 (Pelajar

Pejuang 45) Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, since

1992-1993. It has been 28 years since this campus

was established in that location.

The 2018-2028 UKRI Strategic Plan will encourage

the university to achieve academic excellence and

distribution at every level of the structure by

integrating it through physical campus

development. With this development plan, it is very

important to evaluate the existing condition of the

building as input for future development.

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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The average wind speed at the research location is 0.68 m/s. This

value is in the slightly calm and low category [22] for the outdoor

space scale. The wind speed does not have a significant effect on

PMV in the area (Figure 6). The PMV value in the study area is

more influenced by air temperature and relative humidity (Figure 6).

The most uncomfortable conditions are at 02:00 pm – 03:00 pm with a PMV

index value is 3, which is also linear with the increasing air temperature with

air temperature value is 28°C.

• The outdoor area that has lower PMV is in areas close to buildings and

trees. These conditions make the outdoor area get more shading

although there is still a PMV value above 2.5 in some areas.

• The higher air temperature can be caused by the building density and

the type of pavement material in the campus area.

• Low wind distribution in the area also makes radiation released slowly.

Therefore, it is necessary to consider building density and preparation of

open space planning that has a connection to each other to make a

better wind distribution in the campus area.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

• The most comfortable sub zone is at PAR B with the average PMV value is 0.65 (Fig 8). This sub

zone has a higher shadowing intensity throughout the day. The shadowing in this sub zone is

resulted from wide canopy trees. The location on the front of campus area and has large open space

makes this area connected directly to the wind that affect the decreased air temperature (Fig 9).

• The most uncomfortable sub zone is at PAR A (Fig 8). This area gets the least of shadowing

throughout the day. The asphalt pavement characteristic in this area has relatively high heat capacity

and automatically affects the thermal environment as an effective heat absorbent and producer [26].

• Anova diagram (Figure 10) shows areas

that use asphalt and concrete as land

cover have higher temperature than other

areas. While the lower temperature area

uses grass material as land cover.

• The shading factor in the outdoor space

shows that the higher the SVF value will

make higher PMV value and can make the

area become more uncomfortable

because it receives large solar radiation

(Fig 11). The higher SVF value or closer to

1 will indicate the wider open space. The

wider open space can make the higher

solar radiation received in the area.

CONCLUSIONS

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This evaluation study shows that the outdoor area in the Universitas Kebangsaan has low thermal comfort

value due to several factors, such as:

1) the use of materials that can absorb large heat radiation,

2) lack of connection between open spaces will make the low wind distribution inside the campus area,

3) lack of shadow in some area.

This study offers a campus planning direction to maintain the optimal capacity of the natural environment,

such as:

1) controlling the use of materials on pavement and building cover,

2) controlling the density of campus building,

3) open space planning that has connection to each other to make a better wind distribution in campus

area,

4) trees and shading planning to make better shadow factor in the outdoor space.

Through this avoidance concept strategy of the air heating process in the campus development policy in the

future, we argue the concept strategy can create more comfortable environment thermally and the outdoor

area can be used optimally and reduce the heat effect from the outdoor to the indoor space.

REFERENCES

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