outdoor comfort
TRANSCRIPT
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
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Technologies for energy efficient design
and thermal comfort in buildings Stuttgart - Munich - New York
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
SMART GREEN 20. August 2010, Bad Nauheim
AUSSENKOMFORT UND KLIMABEWERTUNG Dr. Wolfgang Kessling, Martin Engelhardt www.transsolar.com
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
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Außenkomfort, Bewertung und Konzepte zur Verbesserung in feucht heißen Klimazonen
Inhalt
• Grundlagen Außenkomfort: – 7 Komfortparameter
– Klimabedingungen
– Human Biometerological Comfort Chart
• Projektbeispiele: – FIFA World Cup Qatar
– MASDAR Central Plaza
– Bundesgartenschau Koblenz
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wind
direct solar radiation
diffuse radiation
infrared radiation air temperature
air humidity
air temperature
infrared radiation
outdoor indoor
Human Comfort Parameters
activity clothing
activity clothing
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Perceived Temperature, PT For comfort evaluation in hot and humid environments the comfort index of the Perceived Temperature (PT) has been developed*. The PT considers all relevant parameters such as the mean radiant temperature (solar radiation and infrared radiation), air temperature, air velocity, air humidity, clothing, and activity of person. The PT considers the physiological relevance of skin wetness and sweat on the thermal comfort. * German Industry Standard VDI 3787, November 2008
extreme cold stress very cold PT ≤ –39
great cold stress cold –39 < PT ≤ –26
slight cold stress cool –26 < PT ≤ –13
slight cold stress slightly cool –13 < PT ≤ 14
comfort possible comfortable 14 < PT < +20
slight heat stress slightly warm +20 ≤ PT < +26
moderate heat stress warm +26 ≤ PT < +32
great heat stress hot +32 ≤ PT < +38
extreme heat stress very hot PT ≥ +38
Thermo-physiological stress
Thermal perception
Perceived temperature PT in °C
What is considered as good outdoor conditions depends on climate conditions of the site.
Perceived Temperature, PT: Comfort index for warm and humid environments
In hot and humid climates perceived temperatures of 32°C and lower are rated as excellent for outdoor comfort.
In cold and moderate climates a PT between 14°C and 31°C can be considered as good outdoor comfort conditions.
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26 Evaluation of outdoor comfort strategies
1. Solar Radiation
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
1. No sun shade
Outdoor Comfort: L
no sun-shade
1. Solar Radiation
23%
42%
35%warm hot very hot
1. Solar Radiation
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
2. Partly sun shaded
Parameter
2. Infrared Radiation
K
partly sun-shaded
1. Solar Radiation 1. Solar Radiation
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
3. Air Velocity
no wind-shade
2. Infrared Radiation
1. Solar Radiation
Comfort
Comfort key:
2. Infrared Radiation 56%
7%7%
36%
very hothotwarm98%
0%2%
very hothotwarm
3. Sun shaded, wind exposed
Parameter Comfort Parameter Comfort
Outdoor Comfort: Outdoor Comfort: K
38%
23%
38%
very hothotwarm
best passive best passive
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27 Evaluation of outdoor comfort strategies
4. Best passive design
Outdoor Comfort:
1. Solar Radiation
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
5. Best passive design and radiant cooling
Parameter
1. Solar Radiation 1. Solar Radiation
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
no wind-shade
1. Solar Radiation
Comfort
6. Best passive, radiant cooling and soft conditioing
Parameter Comfort Parameter Comfort
Outdoor Comfort: Outdoor Comfort:
1. Solar Radiation
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
3. Air Velocity
J
fully wind-shaded
2. Infrared Radiation
1. Solar Radiation 31%
25%
44%
very hothotwarm 3. Air Velocity
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Air Velocity
2. Infrared Radiation
4. Air Temperature
5. Air Humidity
2. Infrared Radiation
51%
41%
8%8% very hothotwarm 100%
0%0%
very hothotwarm
J J
23%
42%
35%warm hot very hot
Comfort key: active measures active measures active measures
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Projekt Vorlage
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Projekt Vorlage
Outdoor Comfort in Football Stadiums for FIFA 2022 World Cup, Qatar
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> 4.0
0
0.7
1.0
0.3
1.7
2.3
3.0
3.7
3.3
2.7
2.0
1.3
sun shine hours [h]
Sun shine hours – 13th of June 2 pm to 7 pm
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32°C
33.5°C 41°C
39.5°C
> 44.0
26.0
29.0
30.5
27.5
33.5
36.5
39.5
43.5
41.0
38.0
35.0
32.0
PT [°C]
without radiant cooling
PT – 13th of June 2.00 pm
32°C 38°C
36.5°C 30.5°C
with radiant cooling
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Temporary Stadium - soft air conditioning - return air cooling - low thermal mass
Permanent Stadium - soft air conditioning - floor cooling
high reflective materials
wind protection photo voltaic layer high reflective membrane low-e layer shading
Pitch - return air cooling - floor cooling
CCH CCH AHU
AHU
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5 Star Hotel
Long Stay Hotel
Conference Centre
Retail Centre
Entertainment Centre
ADFEG HQ
Ensemble plaza and buildings
Copyright LAVA
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69 Landscape, Public areas and quality of stay
Soft conditioned areas
Arcade
Family street life Dining
Circulation
Dining Cinema
Copyright LAVA
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Solar radiation [W/m²]
21. June 12:00 With umbrellas Without umbrellas Umbrella arrangement
Shading of umbrellas
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72 Quality of stay, conditioning the outdoor space
VCCNH3
ARCADE DINING FAMILY GET-TOGETHER
CIRCULATION STREET LIFE
low-e coating PV panels
floor cooling air conditioning
cooling water generation
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73 Umbrellas opened for solar shading and renewable energy production at day time
Copyright LAVA
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T_amb T_mr nicht öffenbar (T_sky nach Debowski)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
T_amb [°C]
T_m
r [°C
]
T_mr_reference 6-17 dayT_mr_reference 18-5 night
day time umbrellas open
night time umbrellas open
6pm – 6am 6am – 6pm
Fixed umbrellas, shading but reduced cooling effect
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T_amb T_mr öffenbar (T_sky nach Dibowski)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
T_amb [°C]
T_m
r [°C
]
T_mr day 6-17 dayT_mr day 18-5 night
6pm – 6am 6am – 6pm
MRT significant reduction during night because of IR radiation exchange with the sky
day time umbrellas open
night time umbrellas closed
MRT reduction during day
because of cooling down of the basement
during night
Shading and night cooling effect of operable umbrellas