osr analysis

Guideline for Offshore Structural Reliability Analysis - General Page No._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DNV Report No. 95-2018 References

Skjong,R, E.B.Gregersen, E.Cramer, A.Croker, .Hagen, G.Korneliussen, S.Lacasse, I.Lotsberg, F.Nadim,K.O.Ronold (1995)Guideline for Offshore Structural Reliability Analysis-General, DNV:95-2018

205

8. References

Allen, D.E. (1975), "Limit State Design - A Probabilistic Study", Canadian Journal of CivilEngineering, March 1975.

American Petroleum Institute (1986), "Recommended practice for planning, designing andconstructing fixed offshore platforms", API Recommended Practice 2A, 16th Edition, AmericanPetroleum Institute, Dallas, Texas.

American Petroleum Institute (1987a), "Bulletin of design of flat plate structures", API Bulletin2V, First Edition.

American Petroleum Institute (1987b), "Bulletin on Stability Design of Cylindrical Shells", APIBulletin 2U, First Edition, May 1, 1987.

American Petroleum Institute (1993a), "Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing andConstructing Fixed Offshore Platforms - Load and Resistance Factor Design", API RP 2A-LRFD, First Edition, July 1, 1993.

American Petroleum Institute (1993b), "Recommended Practice for Design, Analysis, andMaintenance of Moorings for Floating Production systems", Recommended Practice 2FP1 (RP2FP1), First Edition.

American Petroleum Institute (1993c), "Recommended practice for planning, designing andconstructing fixed offshore platforms", API Recommended Practice 2A, 20th Edition, AmericanPetroleum Institute, Dallas, Texas.

American Petroleum Institute (1993d), "Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing andConstructing Fixed Offshore Platforms - Working Stress Design", API RP2A-WSD, 20th edition,American Petroleum Institute, Dallas, Texas, Sept. 1993.

Andersen, K.H., R. Dyvik, R. Lauritzsen, D. Heien, L. Hrvik, and T. Amundsen (1989), "Modeltests of gravity platforms: Interpretation", J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 11, pp. 1550-1568.

Andersen, K.H., R. Dyvik, K. Schrder, O.E. Hansteen, and S. Bysveen (1993), "Field tests ofanchors in clay - II: Predictions and interpretation", J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 119, No. 10,pp. 1532-1549.

Andresen, L. (1985), "Vindmlinger", Report (in Norwegian), DNMI (The NorwegianMeteorological Institute), Oslo, Norway.

A.P.I. (1993), "Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed OffshorePlatforms - Load and Resistance Design", RP 2A-LRFD, First Edition.

Apostolakis, G. (1990), "The Concept of Probability in Safety Assessment of TechnicalSystems", Science, Vol. 250, Article 1359, pp. 1360-1364.




206

Apostolakis, G. (1993), "Commentary on Model Uncertainty", Workshop on Model Uncertainty:Its Characterization and Quantification, Annapolis, Maryland, October 20-22, 1993.

Arge, E., and M. Dhlen (1989), "Estimation of Cumulative Distribution Functions using B-splines", Research Report No. 129, Dept. of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Barltrop, N.D.P., and A.J. Adams (1991), Dynamics of Fixed Marine Structures, Butterwoth-Heinemann Ltd. publication, reprint.

Battjes, A.J. (1972), "Long-Term Wave Height Distributions at Seven Stations around the BritishIsles", Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 25.

Bayes, T. (1763), "An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chance", PhilosophicalTransaction of the Royal Society, 53, pp. 370-418.

Bell, K., B. Hatlestad, O.E. Hansteen, and P.O. Araldsen (1970), "NORSAM User Manual, Part1, General Description".

Belyaev, Y. K., (1968), "On the number of Exits Across the Boundary of a Region by a VectorStochastic Process", Theory of Probability Applications, 13, 320-324.

Belyaev, Y.K., and V.P. Nosko (1969), "Characteristics of Excursions Above a High Level for aGaussian Process and its Envelope", Theory of Probability Applications, 14, 296-309.

Bendat, J.S., and A.G. Piersol (1971), Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures,John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.

Benjamin, J.R., and C.A. Cornell (1970), Probability, Statistics, and Decisions for CivilEngineers, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M. (1983), "Nonlinear Effects of Statistical Distribution of Deep WaterWaves", in North Sea Dynamics, ed. by Sundermann/Lenz, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg,Germany.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M. (1993), Distribution of Multidirectional Environmental Effects, DetNorske Veritas Research Report No. 93-2066, to be published.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M., and E. Cramer (1994), "Accuracy of the Global Wave Statistics Data",Proceedings, ISOPE-94 conference, Osaka, Japan.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M., E. Cramer, and R. Lseth (1993), "Uncertainties of Load Characteristicsand Fatigue Damage of Ship Structures", Proceedings, OMAE-93 conference, Glasgow,Scotland.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M. and . Hagen (1990), "Uncertainties in Data for the OffshoreEnvironment", Structural Safety, Vol. 7., pp. 11-34.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M. and S. Haver (1989), "Joint Long Term Term Description of theEnvironmental Parameters for Structural Response Calculations", Proceedings, 2nd InternationalWorkshop on Hindcasting and Forcasting", Vancouver, B.C., Canada.




207

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M., and S. Haver (1991), "Joint Environmental Model for ReliabilityCalculations", Proceedings, ISOPE-91 conference, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M., S. Haver, and R. Lseth (1992), "Ultimate Limit State with CombinedLoad Processes", Proceedings, ISOPE-92 conference, San Fransisco, Cal.

Bitner-Gregersen, E.M. and J. Mathisen (1988), "Uncertainties in Statistical Models for Wind,Waves and Current", A.S Veritas Research Report No.88-2007, 9th February, 1988.

Bitner-Gregersen, E., Bjerager, P., Haver, S., Lotsberg, I., Lseth, R., Ronold, K., Torhaug, R.,and Skjong, R. (1992), "Guideline for Use of Reliability Methods for Marine Structures", DetNorske Veritas Research Report No. 91-2000, Hvik, Norway.

Bjerager, P. (1988), "Probability Integration by Directional Simulation", Journal of EngineeringMechanics, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 8, pp. 1285-1302.

Bjerager, P., R. Lseth, S.R. Winterstein, and C.A. Cornell (1988a), "Reliability Method forMarine Structures under Multiple Environmental Load Processes", Proceedings, 5thInternational Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, Trondheim, Norway.

Bjerager, P., et al. (1988b), "Nonlinear Stochastic Response of a Moored Structure underCombined Loads", Ocean Structural Symposium, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon,September 13-14, 1988.

Bjrhovde, R. (1992), "Compression Members", Chapter 2.3 of Constructional Steel Design - anInternational Guide, edited by P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjrhovde, Elsevier AppliedScience.

Bonello, M.A., Chryssanthopoulos, M.K. and Dowling, P.J. (1993), "Ultimate Strength Design ofStiffened Plates under Axial Compression and Bending", Marine Structures, Vol. 6, Nos. 5&6,pp. 533-552.

Breitung, K. (1984a), "Asymptotic Approximation for Multinormal Integrals", Journal ofEngineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 357-366.

Breitung, K., (1984b), "Asymptotic Approximations for the Outcrossing Rates of StationaryGaussian Vector Processes", University of Lund, Dept. of Math. Statistics.

Breitung, K., (1989), "The Extreme Value Distributions of Non-Stationary Vector Processes",Structural Safety and Reliability, Proceedings of ICOSSAR '89, ASCE, pp. 1327-1332.

Breitung, K, and R. Rackwitz (1982), "Non-linear combination of load processes", J. of Struct.Mech., 10(2), pp. 145-166.

British Maritime Technology (1986), Global Wave Statistics, (Primary Contributors: Hogben, N.Da Cunha, L.F., and Oliver , H.N.), Unwin Brothers Limited, London, England.

British Standard Institution (1991), "Guidance on Methods for Assessing the Acceptability ofFlaws in Fusion Welded Structures", PD 6493.




208

British Standard Institution (1982), BS 5400: Steel, concrete and composite bridges; Part 3: Codeof practice for design of steel bridges.

British Standard Institution (1985), BS 5500:1985 Specification for Unfired Fusion WeldePressure Vessels.

Brockenbrough, R.L. (1992), "Material Properties", Chapter 1.2 of Constructional Steel Design.An International Guide, Edited by P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjrhovde, ElsevierApplied Science, London and New York.

Carter, D.J. and P.G. Challenor (1983), "Methods of Fitting the Fisher-Tippet Type I Extremevalue Distribution", Ocean Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3.

CEN (1991), EUROCODE 1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, sixth draft 1991.

Central Bureau of Statistics in Norway (1991), Statistical Yearbook of Norway, Oslo, Norway.

Chakrabarti, S.K. (1987), Hydrodynamics of Offshore Structures, Mechanics Publications.

Chaplin, R. C., and Potts, A.E. (1991), "Wire Rope Offshore - A Critical Review of Wire RopeEndurance Research Affecting Offshore Applications", OTH Report 91341, HSE.

Chapman, J.C., P.J. Dowling, M.K. Chryssanthopoulos, P.C. Davidson, M. Bonello, H. Subarao,K.F. Yau, and P.A. Frieze (1991), Design of Flat Stiffened Plating, CESLIC Report, SP 9,Chapman and Dowling Associates, Engineering Structures Laboratories, Imperial College,London, England.

Chen, Y.R.N., and A.K. Thayamballi (1991), "Consideration of Global Climatology and LoadingCharacteristics in Fatigue Damage Assessment of Ship Structures", Proceedings, The MarineStructural Inspection, Maintenance, and Monitoring Symposium, Virginia, March 18-19, 1991.

CIRIA Underwater Engr. Group (1989), "Underwater Inspection of Steel Offshore Installations:Implementation of New Approach", Rep. UR38.

City University (1993), "Joint Industry Project. Jackup Site Assessment Procedures -Establishment of an International Recommended Practice." Seminar, City University, London,England, 23rd September 1993.

Cornell, C.A. (1969), "A Probability-Based Structural Code", Journal of the American ConcreteInstitute, Vol. 66, No. 12, pp. 974-985.

Cox, D.R., and D.V. Hinkley (1974), Theoretical Statistics, Chapman & Hall, London, England.

Cramer, E.H., Gran, S., Holtsmark, G., Lotsberg, I., Lseth, R., Olaisen, K., and Valsgrd, S.(1994), "Fatigue Assessment of Ship Structures", DNVC Report No. 93-0432.

Cramer, H., and M.R. Leadbetter (1967), Stationary and Related Stochastic Processes, JohnWiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.

Das, P.K., D. Faulkner, A. Guedes da Silva (1991a), "Limit State Formulations and Modellingfor Reliability-Based Analysis of Orthogonally Stiffened Cylindrical Shell Structural




209

Components", Report No. NAOE-91-26, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland.

Das, P.K., D. Faulkner, A. Guedes da Silva (1991b), "User's Manual for Strength Analyses andFailure Surface Routines of Orthogonally Stiffened Cylindrical Shell Structural Componentsunder Various Loading Conditions", Report No. NAOE-91-26, Dept. of Naval Architecture andOcean Engineering, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland.

Davenport, A.G. (1977), "The Prediction of the Response of Structures to Gusty Wind",Proceedings, Safety of Structures, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Dean, R.G., Lo Jen-Men, and Johansson (1979), "Rare Wave Kinematics vs. Design Practice",Proceedings, Civil Engineering in the Oceans 5, ASCE Specialty Conference, San Francisco,Cal.

Deak, I. (1980), "Three Digit Accurate Multiple Normal Probabilities", Numerische Mathematik,Vol. 35, pp. 369-380.

de Boor (1978), A Practical Guide to Splines, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Dedden, W.W., et al. (1991), "Comparison Study MPM-Methods for the Dynamic Subcommitteeof the Joint Industry Jackup Committee", Marine Structure Consultants (MSC) bv, Schiedam,The Netherlands.

Der Kiureghian, A. and P.-L. Liu (1986), Structural Reliability under Incomplete ProbabilityInformation, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 112(1),85-104

Der Kiureghian, A., H.-Z. Lin, and S.J. Hwang (1987), "Second-Order Reliability Approxi-mations", Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 8, pp. 1208-1225.

De Groot, M.H. (1988), in Accelerated Life Testing and Expert Opinions in Reliability, C.A.Clarotti and D.V. Lindley, Eds. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 3-24.

Department of Energy (1990), "Background to New Static Strength Guidance for Tubular Jointsin Steel Offshore Structures", OTH Report 89308.

Det Norske Veritas (1993), Rules for Classification of Fixed Offshore Installations, Part 3,Chapter 1, Structures. Hvik, Norway.

Det Norske Veritas (1992a), "Buckling Strength Analysis", Classification Note No. 30.1.

Det Norske Veritas (1984), "Fatigue Strength Analysis for Mobile Offshore Units",Classification Note No. 30.2.

Det Norske Veritas (1992b), "Structural Reliability Analysis of Marine Structures",Classification Note No. 30.6.

Det Norske Veritas (1977), Rules for the Design, Construction and Inspection of OffshoreStructures, Hvik, Norway.




210

Det Norske Veritas (1991), Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads, ClassificationNote 30.5.

Det Norske Veritas Sesam (1991), Sestra Users Manual, VSS Report No.91-7033.

Det Norske Veritas Sesam (1992), "Wave and Current Loads on Fixed Rigid Frame StructuresSesam Users Manual - WAJAC".

Det Norske Veritas Sesam (1993a), "Sesam Users Manual, Sesam System, Integrated System forStructural Design and Analysis".

Det Norske Veritas Sesam (1993b), "Finite Element Nonlinear Integrated Systems, SesamTheory Manual - FENRIS".

Det Norske Veritas Sesam (1994), "SESAM User's Manual. PROBAN Distribution Manual."

Det Norske Veritas Sesam (1993), "PROFRAC Theory Manual".

Ditlevsen, O., (1971), "Extremes and First Passage Times with Applications in CivilEngineering", thesis presented to the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor Technices.

Ditlevsen, O., (1973), "Structural Reliability and the Invariance Problem", Research Report no.22 , Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Ditlevsen, O. (1979a), "Generalized Second-Moment Reliability Index", Journal of StructuralMechanics, ASCE, Vol. 7, pp. 435-451.

Ditlevsen, O. (1979b), "Narrow Reliability Bounds for Structural Systems", Journal of StructuralMechanics, ASCE, Vol. 7, pp. 453-472.

Ditlevsen, O., (1983), "Gaussian Outcrossings from Safe Convex Polyhedrons", J. Engr. Mech.,109(1), pp. 127-148.

Ditlevsen, O., (1987), "On the choice of expansion point in FORM or SORM", Structural Safety,4, pp. 243-245.

Ditlevsen, O., P. Bjerager, R. Olesen, and A.M. Hasofer (1988), "Directional Simulation inGaussian Processes", Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 3(4), pp. 207-217.

Ditlevsen, O., and H.O. Madsen (1996), Structural Reliability Methods, John Wiley and Sons,Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, England.

Ditlevsen, O. (1981), "Fundamental Postulate in Structural Safety", Journal of EngineeringMechanics, ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 4, August 1983. pp 1096-1102.

DNV (1977), Rules for the Design, Construction and Inspection of Offshore Structures, DetNorske Veritas, Hvik, Norway.

DNV (1994), WOAD, World Offshore Accident Databank, Statistical Report 1994, DNVTechnica.




211

DNVR (1993), "PROEXP Probabilistic Explosion Modeling", DNV Research Report No. 93-2081.

Earle, W.D. and L. Baer (1982), "Effects of Uncertainties on Extreme Wave Heights", Journal ofWaterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Division, ASCE.

Dower, W.D. (1985), "The Use of AC Field Measurements to Detect and Size Surface BreakingDefects", Proceedings, IRM 81 Conf., Maclean Haunter, London, England.

Eberg, E., . Hellan and J. Amdahl (1993), "Nonlinear Re-Assessment of Jacket Structures underExtreme Storm Cyclic Loading: Part III - The Development of Structural Models for CyclicResponse", Proceedings, OMAE-93, Vol. 1, Offshore Technology, ASME, Glasgow, Scotland.

ECCS (1976), "Manual on Stability of Steel Structures", European Convention for ConstructuralSteelwork.

ECCS (1992), "European Recommendations for Aluminium Alloy Structures Fatigue Design",ECCS-Technical Committee 2, Aluminium Structures, First Edition.

Efron, B., and R.J. Tibshirani, An Introduction to the Bootstrap, Chapman & Hall, New York,N.Y., 1993.

Efthymiou, M. (1988), "Development of SCF Formulae and Generalised Influence Functions forUse in Fatigue Analysis", OTJ'88 Recent Developments in Tubular Joints Technology, Surrey,England.

Ellingwood, B., T.V. Galambos, J.G. Macgregor, and C.A. Cornell (1980), "Development of aProbability Based Load Criterion for American National Standard N58", National Bureau ofStandards, NB5 577, June 1980.

E&P FORUM Workshop (1985), "The Application of Joint Probability of Metocean Phenomenain the Oil Industry's Structural Design Work", London, England, Nov. 1985.

Ellinas, C.P., Supple, W.J., and Walker, A.C. (1984), Buckling of Offshore Structures. A state-of-the-art review, Granada Publishing, London, England.

Ellinas, C.P., Lalani, M., and Sharp, J.V. (1993), "Tubular Joint Strength Formulations. TheImplication for Harmonisation", Proceedings, SUT Int. Conf. on API RP 2A-LRFD, Its Presentand Future Role in Offshore Safety Cases, London, England, Nov. 1993.

European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, (1990), "European recommendations for thedesign of longitudinally stiffened webs and of stiffened compression flanges", ECCS TechnicalWorking Group 8.3, First Edition.

Faltinsen, O.M., and F.C. Michelsen (1974), "Motions of Large Structures in Waves at ZeroFroude Number", International Symposium on the Dynamics of Marine Vehicles and Structuresin Waves, London, England.

Faulkner, D. (1992), "Efficient Design of Orthogonally Stiffened Cylinders", Proceedings, BOSSconference, London, England, July 1992.




212

Faulkner, D., M.J. Cowling, and P.A. Fierze (1990), Integrity of Offshore Structures - 4, AppliedScience Publishers.

Ferry-Borges, J., and M. Castanheta (1972), Structural Safety, Laboratorio Nacional deEngenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal.

Fiessler, B., H.-J. Neumann, and R. Rackwitz (1979), "Quadratic Limit States in StructuralReliability", Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, pp. 661-676.

Finetti, B.D., (1974), Theory of Probability, Wiley, New York, 1974, Vol. 1 and 2.

Fjeld, S. (1978), "Reliability of Offshore Structures", Journal of Petroleum Technology, pp.1486-1496. Also published as OTC Paper No. 3027, May 1978.

Fredheim, S. (1985), "DEWA - Final Report PP4: Strength of Anchoring Lines, MaterialProperties and NDT Inspection", Veritas Report No. 85-3082.

Frli, O. (1989), "NDT Offshore: A Review", Welding in the World, Vol. 27, No. 11/12, pp. 330-339.

Frli, O. (1990), "The Reliability and Cost-Effectiveness of Offshore Inspection", Proceedings,Int. Conf. on Monitoring, Surveillance and Predictive Maintenance of Plants and Structures,Sicily, Italy.

Frli, O. (1991), Files, Det Norske Veritas Industry.

Gaarder, S. (1992), "Ddsrisiko i skipsfart og andre yrker 1970-1990", DNV Research Report.

Galambos, V. (1988), Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures, Fourth Edition,John Wiley & Sons.

Galambos, T.V. (1978), "Properties of Steel for use in LRFD", Journal of Structural Division,ASCE, Vol. 104, No. ST9.

Galambos, T.V. and Ravindra, M.K. (1978), "Properties of Steel for Use in LRFD" Journal ofStructural Devision, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. ST9.

Gibstein, M.B. (1973), "Static Strength of Tubular Joints", Det Norske Veritas Report No. 73-86-C.

Gibstein, M.B. (1976), "The Static Strength of T-Joints Subjected to In-plane BendingMoments", Det Norske Veritas Report No. 76-137.

Gibstein, M.B. (1978), "Parametric Stress Analysis of T-Joints", Proceedings, EuropeanOffshore Steel Research Seminar, Paper 26, Cambridge, England.

Glukovskij, B.Ch. (1966), "Investigations of Wind Waves", Hydrod. Publ., Leningrad, Russia.

Gollwitzer, S., and R. Rackwitz (1988), "An Efficient Numerical Solution to the MultinormalIntegral", Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 98-101.




213

Gruber, G.J. and Jackson, J.L. (1985), "Ultrasonic Evaluation of Structural Integrity usingSatellite Pulses", Proceedings, 5th Symp. on NDE, San Antonio, Texas, pp. 97-101.

Gudmestad, O.T. (1990), "Refined Modeling of Hydrodynamic Loads on Dynamically SensitiveStructures", in Integrity of Offshore Structures - 4, edited by D. Faulkner et al.

Hagen, ., and L. Tvedt (1991), "Vector Process Out-Crossing as Parallel System SensitivityMeasure", Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 117, No. 10, pp. 2201-2220.

Hagen, . (1992), Structural Reliability Methods under Time Dependency, Ph.D. Thesis, DNVResearch Report No. 92-2013, Hvik, Norway.

Hagen, . (1993), "Outcrossing of stationary Gaussian Processes from 2D Elliptical Region",Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 119(5), 973-996.

Hagen, . and G. Sigurdsson (1994), "Fatigue and Final Fracture: Combined Failure Modes",Proceedings, 13th Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Conference, OMAE (1994).

Hagen, . (1992), "Structural Reliability Methods under Time Dependency", Dr.Scient. thesis,Institute of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Hahn and Shapiro (1988), Statistical Models in Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hamilton, J.M. and J.D. Murff (1992), "Selection of LRFD Resistance Factors for PileFoundation design", ASCE Structures Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA.

Hansen, R.E., and Rangnes, E. (1981), "A New Instrumentation for Fatigue Crack DepthMeasurement with AC Potential Drop Method", Proceedings, Second European Conference onNDT, Vienna, Austria.

Harbitz, A. (1980), "Ultrasonic Reliability on 76 mm Chain Links", Veritas Report No. 80-1106,Det Norske Veritas.

Harbitz, A. (1983), Efficient and Accurate Probability of Failure Calculation by use of theImportance Sampling Technique, Proceedings of ICASP4, Florence, Italy, 825-836.

Haring, R.E., and L.P. Spencer (1979), "The Ocean Test Structure Data Base", Proceedings,Civil Engineering in the Oceans 5, ASCE Specialty Conference, San Francisco, Cal.

Hart, D.K., Rutherford, S.E., and Wickham, A.H.S. (1985), "Structural Reliability Analysis ofStiffened Panels", The Royal Institution of Naval Architects.

Hasofer, A.M., and N.C. Lind (1974), "Exact and Invariant Second Moment Code Format",Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, pp. 111-121.

Hasselman, K. et al. (1973), "Measurements of Wind-Wave Growth and Swell Decay during theJoint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP)", Deutschen Hydrographischen Institut, No. 12,Hamburg, Germany.




214

Hauge, L.H., R. Lseth, and R. Skjong (1992), "Optimal Code Calibration and ProbabilisticDesign", Proceedings, 11th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and ArcticEngineering, Vol. II, pp. 191-199, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Haver, S. (1980), "Analysis of Uncertainties Related to the Stochastic Modelling of OceanWaves", Dr.Ing. thesis, VR-80-09, Department of Marine Technology, The Norwegian Instituteof Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Hawker, B.M. (1984), "The Detection and Sizing of Defects in Offshore Structures by theDiffraction of Ultra Sound", Underwater Technology Conference, Bergen, Norway.

Heideman, J., O.T. Gudmestad, and C. Petrauskas (1994), "Environmental Conditions and Forcesfor Use in Requalification of Offshore Structures", Proceedings, "Requalification of OffshoreStructures" conference, USA.

Heideman, J., . Hagen, C. Cooper, and F. Dahl (1989), "Joint Probability of Extreme Wavesand Currents on Norwegian Shelf", Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering.

Hellan, ., T. Tandberg, and N. C. Hellevig (1993), "Nonlinear Re-Assessment of JacketStructures under Extreme Storm Cyclic Loading: Part IV - Case Studies on Existing North-SeaPlatforms", Proceedings, OMAE-93 Conference, Vol. 1, Offshore Technology, ASME, Glasgow,Scotland.

Hellan, ., T. Moan, and S.O. Drange (1994), "Use of Nonlinear Pushover Analyses in UltimateLimit State Design and Integrity Assessment of Jacket Structures", Proceedings, 7th InternationalConference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, Vol. 3, pp. 323-345, Boston, Mass.

Hellier, A.K., Conolly, M.P. and Dower, W.D. (1990), "Stress Concentration Factors forTubular T and Y Joints", Int. Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 12, No. 1.

Helstrom, C.W. (1983), Comment: Distribution of Quadratic Forms in Normal RandomVariables - Evaluation by Numerical Integration, SIAM, J. SCI. STAT. COMPUT., 4(2), pp.353-356.

Hobbs, R. (1992), "The impact of axial pile load tests at Pentre and Tilbrook on the design andcertification of offshore piles in clays", Proceedings, Recent large scale fully instrumented piletests in clay, Paper 21, Thomas Telford Services Ltd., June 1992, London, England.

Hohenbichler, M. (1984), "An Asymptotic Formula for the Probability of Intersections", Berichtezur Zuverlassigkeitstheorie der Bauwerke, SFB 96, Technical University of Munich, Heft 69, pp.21-48.

Hohenbichler, M., and R. Rackwitz (1986a), "Asymptotic Crossing Rate of Gaussian VectorProcesses into Intersections of Failure Domains", Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1(3),177-179.

Hohenbichler, M., and R. Rackwitz (1986b), "Sensitivity and Importance Measures in StructuralReliability", Civil Engineering Systems, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 203-209.




215

Hohenbichler, M., and R. Rackwitz (1988), "Improvement of Second-Order Reliability Estimatesby Importance Sampling", Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 12, pp.2195-2199.

Holen A.T., A. Hyland, and M. Rausand (1988), Plitelighetsanalyse , 2. utgave, TAPIR forlag,Trondheim, Norway.

Hyland, A. (1986), Sannsynlighetsregning og Statistisk Metodelre 1 og 2, 4. utgave, TAPIRforlag, Trondheim, Norway.

Ingles, R.B., J.G.L. Pijfers, and J.H. Vugts (1985), "A Unified Probabilistic Approach toPredicting the Response of Offshore Structures, including the Extreme Response", Proceedings,4th International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures (BOSS), Delft, TheNetherlands, pp. 95-109, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

ISO (1992), General Principles on Reliability for Structures, Revision of IS 2394.

ISSC (1991), Proceedings, 11th International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress, China ShipScientific Research Center, China.

Johnson, N.L., and S. Kotz (1969), Discrete Distributions, Wiley Series in Probability andMathematical Statistics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Johnson, N.L., and S. Kotz (1970a), Continuous Univariate Distributions 1, Wiley Series inProbability and Mathematical Statistics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Johnson, N.L., and S. Kotz (1970b), Continuous Univariate Distributions 2, Wiley Series inProbability and Mathematical Statistics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Johnson, N.L., and S. Kotz (1972), Continuous Multivariate Distributions, Wiley Series inProbability and Mathematical Statistics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Jordaan, I.J. (1988), "Safety levels implied in Offshore Structural Design Codes: Application toCSA Program for Offshore Structures." CSA Standard Division February 1988.

Jostad, H.P., F. Nadim, and K.H. Andersen (1994), "A computational model for fixity of spudcans on stiff clay", Proceedings, 7th Int. Conf. on Behavior of Offshore Structures (BOSS '94),MIT, Cambridge, Mass., USA.

Kaplan, S. and B.J. Garrick (1981), On the Quantitative Definition of Risk, Risk Analysts, Vol 1.,pp. 11-27.

Karlsrud, K., Kalsnes, B. and Nowacki, F. (1992), "Response of piles in soft clay and siltdeposits to static and cyclic axial loading, based on recent instrumented pile load tests",Proceedings, Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour, Advances in UnderwaterTechnology, Ocean Science and Offshore Engineering Vol. 28 (SUT-conference), Sept. 1992, pp.549-584, London, England.

Karlsrud, K. and Nadim, F. (1990), "Axial capacity of offshore piles in clay", Proceedings, 20thOffshore Technology Conference, Paper 6245, pp. 405-411 Houston, Texas, USA.




216

Karunakaran, D.N. (1993), "Nonlinear Dynamic Response and Reliability Analysis of Drag-Dominated Offshore Platforms, Doctorate Report, NTH, Trondheim, Norway.

Karunakaran, D., B.J. Leira, S. Haver, and T. Moan (1992), "Parametric Influence on ExtremeDynamic Response of Drag-Dominated Platforms", Proceedings, ISOPE-92, San Francisco, Cal.

Karunakaran, D., N. Spidse, E. Skomedal, and M. Brheim (1993), "Effects of Nonlinear SoilHysteretic Behavior on the Dynamic Response of a Jackup", Proceedings, 12th InternationalOffshore Mechanics and Arctic Eng. Conf., Glasgow, Scotland.

Kauppinen, P. and Sillanpaa, J. (1989), Nondestructive Evaluation - A Tool for Design,Manufacturing, and Service, McGraw-Hill.

Keaveny, J.M., Nadim, F., and Lacasse, S. (1989), "Autocorrelation functions for offshoregeotechnical data", Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Structural Safety andReliability, ICOSSAR'89, San Francisco, Cal., pp. 263-270.

Kendall, M.G., and A. Stuart (1977), The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 2, Inference andRelationship, 4th ed., Griffin, London, England.

Keynes, J.M. (1921), A Treatise on Probability, St. Martins Press (1952), New York.

Kinchin, G.H. (1978), Assessment of Hazards in Engineering Work Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs. 64:431-38.

Kirkemo, F., E. Bitner-Gregersen, and R. Torhaug (1988), "Extended PROFAST ExampleManual", Det Norske Veritas Research Report No. 88-2009, Hvik, Norway.

Kounias, E. (1968), "Bounds for the Probability of a Union with Applications", Ann. Math. Stat.,39, 2154.

Kuang, J.G., Potvin, A.B., and Leick, R.D. (1975), "Stress Concentrations in Tubular Joints",Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC Paper No. 2205, Houston, Texas.

Labeyrie, J. and M. Olagnon, (1993), "Stochastic Sensitiveness to Combined ExtremeEnvironmental Loads in Structural Reliability", Proceedings, OMAE-93 Conference, Glasgow,Scotland.

Lacasse, S. and A. Goulois (1989), "Uncertainty in API Parameters for Predictions of AxialCapacity of Driven Pile in Sand", Proceedings, 21st Offshore Technology Conference, Paper No.6001, pp. 353-358, Houston, Texas, USA.

Langen, I. (1981), "Dynamic Analysis of Floating Bridges", Report No.81-1, Div. of StructuralMechanics, NTH, Trondheim, Norway.

Langen, I., and R. Sigbjrnsson (1979), Dynamisk Analyse av Konstruksjoner, TapirPublications, Trondheim, Norway.

Lereim, J. (1985), "Summary of the 4 Year Research Project: Anchor Chain Cables Offshore",Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC Paper 5060, Houston, Texas.




217

Lind, N. (1976), "Approximate Analysis and Economics of Structures", Journal of the StructuralDivision, ASCE, Vol. 102, pp. 1177-1196.

Lind, N.C. (1973), "The Design of Structural Design Norms", Journal of Structural Mechanics,Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 357-370.

Lindley, D.V. (1985), Making Decisions, Wiley-interscience, New York, ed. 2, 1985.

Lindgren, G., (1984), "Extremal Ranks and Transformation of Variables or Extremes ofFunctions of Multivariate Gaussian Processes", Stoch. Proc. and Their Applications , 17, 285-312.

Litai, D., D.D. Lanning, and N. Rasmussen (1981), "The Public Perception of Risk", Society forRisk Analysis International, Workshop on the Perceived Risks, Washington, D.C., pp. 213-223.

Lohne, P.W. (1982), "DEWA - PP 4/1 Fatigue and Mechanical Characteristics of Wire Ropes -Air Reference Data", Veritas Report No. 82-0815.

Longuet-Higgins, M.S. (1980), "On the Distribution of Heights of Sea Waves: Some Effects ofNon-linearities and Finite Band Width", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 85.

Longuet-Higgins, M. (1983), "On the Joint Distribution of Wave Periods and Amplitudes in aRandom Wave Field", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A389, pp. 241-258, London,England.

Longuet-Higgins, M.S. (1986), "Eulerian and Lagrangian Aspects of Surface Waves", Journal ofFluid Mechanics, Vol. 173.

Lotsberg, I. (1990a), "Design of Tubular Joints", NIF Course (in Norwegian).

Lotsberg, I. (1990b), "Target Reliability Index. A Literature Survey." Veritas Research ReportNo. 90-2023, April 1990.

Lotsberg, I. (1991), "Probabilistic Design of the Tethers of a Tension Leg Platform," OMAE,Houston, Texas, February 1990, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol.113, May 1991.

Lotsberg, I., and Kirkemo, F. (1989), "A Systematic Method for Planning In-Service Inspectionof Steel Offshore Structures", Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Offshore Mechanicsand Arctic Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 275-284, ASME.

Lotsberg, I., and Marley, M. (1992), "Inservice Inspection Planning for Steel Structures usingReliability Methods", Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Behaviour of OffshoreStructures, London, England.

Lseth, R., and P. Bjerager (1989), "Reliability of Offshore Structures with Uncertain Propertiesunder Multiple Load Processes", Proceedings, 21st Annual Offshore technology Conference,Houston, Texas.




218

Lseth, R., and F. Korbijn (1992), "Jackup Recommended Practice, and Commentary toCalculation Methods - Hydrodynamic and Wind Forces", DNVC Report No. 91-0268, dated1992-02-27.

Lseth, R., et al. (1990), "Probabilistic Analysis of a Jack-Up Platform with respect to theUltimate Limit State", A.S Veritas Research Report No. 90-2020.

Madsen, H.O. (1990), "Sensitivity Factors for Parallel Systems", Internal Report, DanishEngineering Academy, Lyngby, Denmark.

Madsen, H.O. (1988), "Omission Sensitivity Factors", Structural Safety, Vol. 5, pp. 35-45.

Madsen, H.O., S. Krenk, and N.C. Lind (1986), Methods of Structural Safety, Prentice-Hall Inc.,Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

Marthinsen, T. and S.R. Winterstein (1992), "On the Skewness of Random Surface Waves",Proceedings, 2nd ISOPE conference, San Francisco, Cal.

Massel, S. (1989), Ocean Waves in the Coastal Zone, Elsevier.

Melchers, R.E. (1987), Structural Reliability, Analysis and Prediction, Ellis Horwood Ltd.,Chichester, West Sussex, England.

Murley (1994), "Perspectives on Reactor Safety", Lecture Note from Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology Nuclear Power Safety Course: Part 1. MIT July-18-22, 1994.

Mathisen, J. (1991), "Long-Term Loading and Load Combination", Proceedings, 11thInternational Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC), Vol. 1, People's Republic of China.

Mathisen, J. (1993), A Polynomial Response Surface Module for Use in Structural ReliabilityComputations, DNV Research Report No. 93-2030.

Mathisen, J., K. Mrk, R. Skjong, R. Rashedi, and B. Zimmer (1994), "Reliability-Based LRFDCode for TLP Hull Structure", Proceedings, 13th Offshore Mechanics and Arctic EngineeringConference, OMAE.

Miller, C.D. and Saliklis, E.P. (1993), "Analysis of Cylindrical Shell Database and Validation ofDesign Formulations", API PRAC Project 90-56.

Mirza, S.A., Hatzinikolas, M., MacGregor, J.G. (1979), "Statistical Descriptions of the Strengthof Concrete", Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. ST6, pp. 1021-1037.

Mirza, S.A., and MacGregor, J.G. (1979b), "Variability of Mechanical Properties of ReinforcingBars", Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. ST5, pp. 921-937.

Mirza, S.A., and MacGregor, J.G. (1979a), "Variations in Dimensions of Reinforced ConcreteMembers", Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. ST4, pp. 751-766.

Mirza, S.A., and MacGregor, J.G. (1982), "Probabilistic Study of Strength of ReinforcedConcrete Members", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, pp. 431-448.




219

Moan, T., Frieze, P.A., Ganapathy, C., Hori, T., Mansour, A.E., Parmentier, G., Rigo, P.H., andZanic, V. (1994), "Applied Design - Strength Limit States Formulations", Report of CommitteeV.1, 12th Int. Ship and Offshore Structures Congress, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.

Monaldo, F. (1988), "Expected Differences Between Buoy and Radar Altimeter Estimates ofWind Speed and Significant Wave Height and their Implications on Buoy-AltimeterComparisons", Journal of Geophysical Research, pp. 2285-2302.

Moses, F., and R.D. Larrabee (1988), "Calibration of the Draft RP2A-LRFD for FixedPlatforms", Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC Paper No. 5699, Houston,Texas.

MSL Engineering (1992), "Static Strength of Tubular Joints in Offshore Structures", Report toHealth & Safety Executive.

Myers, R.H. (1971), Response Surface Methodology, Allyn Bacon, Boston, Mass.

Nadim, F. (1988), "Geotechnical site description using stochastic interpolation", 10th NorthernGeotechnical Meeting (NGM-88), Oslo, Norway.

Nadim, F., and S. Lacasse (1992), "Probabilistic bearing capacity analysis of jack-up structures",Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, No.4, pp. 580-588.

Nadim, F., S. Haver, and O. Mo (1993), "Effects of load uncertainty on performance of a jack-upfoundation", Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability,ICOSSAR93, Innsbruck, Austria, August 1993.

Nataf, A. (1962), Determination des Distribution dont les Marges sont Donnees, ComptesRendus l'Academie des Sciences, Vol. 225, Paris, France, pp. 42-43.

Newman, J.N. (1977), Marine Hydrodynamics, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Nielsen, F.G. (1992), "FPS 2000 - Joint Industry Project. FPS 2000 Project 1.1 - Results from aComparative Study of Computer Program - Summary Report", Doc. R-054095.

NKB (1987), "Guidelines for Loading and Safety Regulations for Structural Design", Report No.55E, June 1987.

NKB (1978), (NKB=The Nordic Committee on Building Regulations), Recommendations forLoading and Safety Regulations for Structural Design. NKB-Report No. 36, Copenhagen,Denmark, Nov. 1978.

Nordenstrm, N. (1973), "A Method to Predict Long-Term Distributions of Waves and Wave-Induced Motions and loads on Ships and Other Floating Structures", Classification and Registryof Shipping, Publ. No. 81.

Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (1992), Regulations Concerning Loadbearing Structures inthe Petroluem Activity - Guidelines Concerning Load and Load Effects, Norway.

Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (1994), Regulations Relating to Loadbearing Structures in thePetroleum Activities.




220

Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (1990), "Guidelines on Design and Analysis of SteelStructures". (Revised version issued 1994.)

NRC (1975), Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Reactor Safety Study, WASH-1400, Washington,D.C. , Government Printing Office (1975).

Nss, A., (1984), "Tecnical note: On the long-term statistics of extremes", Applied OceanResearch, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 227-228.

Ochi, U., and Y.S. Shin (1988), "Wind Turbulent Spectra for Design Cosideration of OffshoreStructures", Proceedings, 20th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas.

Odland, J. (1978), "Buckling of Unstiffened and Stiffened Cylindrical Shell Structures",Norwegian Maritime Research, Vol. 6, No. 3.

Odland, J. (1988), "Improvements in Design Methodology for Stiffened and UnstiffenedCylindrical Structures", Proceedings, Behaviour of Offshore Structures Conf., Trondheim,Norway.

Olufsen, A., and R.G. Bea (1990), "Uncertainties in extreme wave loadings on fixed offshoreplatforms", Proceedings, 9th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic EngineeringConference, ASME, Vol. 2, pp. 15-32, Houston, Texas.

Otway, H.J. and J.J. Cohen (1975), "Revealed Preferences: Comments on the Starr Benefit-RiskRelationships", International Institute for Applied System Analysis. Vienna, Austria.

Parry, G.W., (1988), On the Meaning of Probability in Probabilistic Safety Assessment,Reliability of Probability on Probabilistic Safety Assessment, Reliability Engineering and SystemSafety, Vol 23, pp 309-314.

Pearce, H.T. and Y.-K.Wen (1985), "On linearization points for nonlinear combination ofstochastic load processes", Structural Safety, 2, pp. 169-176.

Pelletier, J.H., J.D. Murff and A.G. Young (1993), "Historical Development and Assessment ofthe API Design Method for Axially Loaded Piles", Proceedings, 25th Offshore TechnologyConference Paper 7157, Vol. 2, pp. 253-282., Houston, Texas, USA.

Pierson, W.J. (1983), "The Measurement of the Synoptic Scale Wind over the Ocean", Journal ofGeophysical Research, Vol. 88.

Pierson, W.J., and L. Moskowitz (1964), "A Proposed Spectral Form for Fully Developed WindSeas based on the Similarity Theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskij", Journal of Geophysical Research,Vol. 69, pp. 5181-5190.

Plantec, J.-Y., and R. Rackwitz (1989), "Structural Reliability under Non-Stationary GaussianVector Process Loads", Proceedings, Eighth International Conference on Offshore Mechanicsand Arctic Engineering, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Ravindra, M. K., N. Lind, and W. Siu (1974), "Illustrations of Reliability-Based Design",Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, pp. 1789-1811.




221

Rice, S.O., (1944), "Mathematical Analysis of Random Noise", Bell System Technical Journal ,23(282), 24(46). Also in (1954) Selected papers on noise and stochastic processes (ed. N.Wax),180-181, Dover, New York, N.Y.

Rice, S.O. (1980), Distribution of Quadratic Forms in Normal Random Variables - Evaluationby Numerical Integration, SIAM, J. SCI. STAT. COMPUT., 1(4), 438-448.

Ronold, K.O. (1990), "Long-Term Reliability of a Jack-Up Platform Foundation", Proceedings,3rd IFIP Working Conference on Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems, Berkeley,Cal., Springer-Verlag.

Ronold, K.O. and Haver, S. (1991), "Foundation safety of gravity based systems during severestorms", Proceedings, OMAE-91 Conf., , Vol. 2, Safety and Reliability, pp. 49-58, Stavanger,Norway.

Rosenblatt, M. (1952), "Remarks on a Multivariate Transformation", The Annals ofMathematical Statistics, Vol. 23, pp. 470-472.

Rowe, W.D. (1977), An Anathomy of Risk, Wiley, New York

Rudlin, J.R. and Dower, W. (1991), "Underwater Inspection Reliability Trials for MOSER EddyCurrent System".

Salvesen, N., O. Faltinsen, and E.O. Tuck (1970), "Ship Motions and Sea Loads", Transactions,SNAME, Vol. 78.

Sarpkaya, T., and M. Isaacson (1981), Mechanics of Wave Forces on Offshore Structures, VanNostrand Reinhold, N.Y.

Savage, L.J. (1954), The Foundation of Statistics, J.Wiley, New York.

Schall, G., M.H. Faber, and R. Rackwitz (1990), "Investigation of the ergodicity assumption forsea states in the reliability assessment of offshore structures", Proceddings, 9th Int. Conf. onOffshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE, Houston, Texas, Vol. II, pp 1-6.

Schall, G., S. Gollwitzer, and R. Rackwitz (1988), "Integration of Multinormal Densities onSurfaces", Proceedings, 2nd IFIP Working Conference on Reliability and Optimization onStructural Systems, ed. by P. Thoft-Christensen, Springer Verlag (in press).

Sele, A., and Skjolde, M. (1993), "Design Provisions for Offshore Grouted Construction",Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC Paper No. 7150, Houston, Texas.

Sherman, R.D. (1992), "Tubular Members", Chapter 2.4 of Constructional Steel Design - anInternational Guide, edited by P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjrhovde, Elsevier AppliedScience.

Shinozuka, M. (1983), "Basic Analysis of Structural Safety", Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 721-740.




222

Shinozuka, M., (1971), "Simulation of multivariate and multidimensional random processes", J.Acoust. Soc. Am. , 49, 357-367.

Shinozuka, M., (1987), "Stochastic fields and their digital simulation", in Stochastic methods instructural dynamics, Ed. G.I. Schueller and M. Shinozuka, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Shumacher (1982), Spline Functions: Basic Theory, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Silk, M.G., Stoneham, A.M., and Temple, J.A.G. (1987), The reliability of Non-DestructiveInspection, Adam Ilger, IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, England.

Skjong, R., and H.O. Madsen (1987), "Practical Stochastic Fatigue Analysis of OffshorePlatforms", Ocean Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 313-324.

Smith, D., Csenki, A., and Ellinas, C. P. (1987), "Ultimate Limit State Analysis of UnstiffenedStructural Components", IOS'87, Glasgow, U.K.

S.N.A.M.E. (1993), "Site Specific Assessment of Mobile Jackup Units Guideline, R.P. andCommentaries, Example calc.", S.N.A.M.E., Technical & Research Bulletin 5-5.

Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. (1989), Statistical Methods, 8th edition, Iowa StateUniversity Press, Ames, Iowa.

Soares, C.G. (1984), "Representation of Double-Peaked Sea Wave Spectra", Ocean Engineering,Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 185-207.

Soares, C.G., and T. Moan (1983), "On the Uncertainties Related to the Extreme EnvironmentalLoading on a Cylindrical Pile", in Reliability Theory and its Applications in Structural and SoilMechanics, Martinus Nijhoff.

Soares, G.C., and T. Moan (1991), "Model Uncertainty in the Long-Term Distribution of Wave-Induced Bending Moments for Fatigue Design of Ship Structures", Marine Structures, Vol. 4.

Sobczak, W. (1970), Metody statystycne w elektronice, Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne,Warsaw, Poland.

Starr, C. (1969), 'Social Benefits vs. Technological Risk', Science, 165: 1232-38.

Steele, K.E., and M.D. Earle (1979), The Status of Data produced by NDBC Wave DataAnalyzer (WDA) systems, Proceedings, Ocean79, pp. 212-220.

Stewart, G., T. Moan, J. Amdahl, and O.I. Eide (1993), "Nonlinear Re-Assessment of JacketStructures under Extreme Storm Cyclic Loading: Part I - Philosophy and Acceptance Criteria",OMAE-93, Vol. 1, Offshore Technology, ASME, Glasgow, Scotland.

Stewart, G., and P.S. Tromans (1993), "Nonlinear Re-Assessment of Jacket Structures underExtreme Storm Cyclic Loading: Part II - Representative Environmental Load Histories",Proceedings, OMAE-93, Vol. 1, Offshore Technology, ASME, Glasgow, Scotland.




223

Sundararajan, C., editor (1994), Probabilistic Structural Mechanics Handbook, Theory andIndustrial Applications, Chapman and Hall, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Swain, A., and Guttmann (1983), Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis onNuclear Power Plant Applications, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Technical ReportNUREG/CR-1278.

Tang, W. (1988), "Offshore Axial Pile Design Reliability", Research Report to AP, Phase I,PRAC Project 86-29B, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.

Tang, W., D.L. Woodford and J.H. Pelletier (1990), "Performance Reliability of Offshore Piles",Proceedings, 22nd Offshore Technology Conference, Paper 6379, Vol. 3, pp. 299-308, Houston,Texas, USA.

Taylor, R.E., and E.R. Jefferys (1986), "Variability of Hydrodynamic Load Predictions for aTension Leg Platform", Ocean Engineering, Vol. 13, No.5, pp. 449-490.

Torsethaugen, K. (1987), "Range of Validity of the JONSWAP Spectrum", Rapport N.02.0788.00/01/87, Oceanographical Center (in Norwegian), Trondheim, Norway.

Torsethaugen, K. (1993), "A Two Peak Wave Spectrum Model", Proceedings, OMAE-93Conference, Glasgow, Scotland.

Torsethaugen, K., et al. (1989), "Analysis of Wave Data from Barents Sea", ODAP Report.

Tromans, P., A.R. Anaturk, and P. Hagemeijer (1991), "A New Model for the Kinematics ofLarge Ocean Waves - Application as a Design Wave", Proceedings, ISOPE conference,Edinburgh, Scotland.

Tronskar, J.P., Karlsen, A., Bratfos, H., and Hauge, M.: "Probabilistic Fracture MechanicsAnalyses of Welde K-node: Significance of Local Brittle Zones", Proceedings, 11th Int. Conf. onOffshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Turkstra, C.J. (1970), "Theory of Structural Safety." SM Study No. 2, Solid Mechanics Division,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Turkstra, C.J., and H.O. Madsen (1980), "Load Combinations in Codified Structural Design",Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, pp. 2527-2543.

Tvedt, L. (1988), "Second Order Reliability by an Exact Integral", Proceedings, 2nd IFIPWorking Conference on Reliability and Optimization on Structural Systems, ed. by P. Thoft-Christensen, Springer Verlag.

Tvedt, L. (1990), "Distribution of Quadratic Forms in the Normal Space - Application toStructural Reliability", Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 6, pp. 1183-1197.

Tvedt, L. (1993), PROBAN Version 4 Theory Manual, DNV Research Report No. 93-2056.

UK Department of Energy (1990), "Offshore Installations: Guidance on Design, Construction,and Certification", Fourth Edition.




224

Vanmarcke, E.H., (1975), "On the Distribution of the First-Passage Time for Normal StationaryRandom Processes", J. Appl. Mech. , ASME, 42, 215-220.

Vartdal, L., H.E. Krogstad, and S.F. Barstow (1989), "Measurement of Wave Properties inExtreme Seas During the WADIC Experiment", Proceedings, 21st Annual Offshore TechnologyConference, Houston, Texas,.

Veritec (1988), "Design Guidance for Offshore Steel Structures Exposed to Accidental Loads.",Veritec Report No. 88-3172. August 1988.

Veneziano, D., M. Grigoriu, and C.A. Cornell (1977), "Vector-Process Models for SystemReliability", J. Engrg. Mech. Div. , ASCE, 103(EM3), 441-460.

Vugts, J.H. (1979), "A review of Hydrodynamic Loads on Offshore Structures and theirFormulation", Proceedings, BOSS Conference.

Vugts, J.H. and G. Edwards (1992), "Offshore Structural Reliability Assessment - From researchto Reality?", Proceedings, BOSS'92 Conference, Vol. 3, London, England.

Watanabe, I. et al. (1992), "Winds and waves of the North Pacific Ocean 1974-1988", in Papersof Ship Research Institute, No.14.

Wen, Y. K., and H.-C. Chen (1987), "On fast integration for time variant structural reliability",Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 156-162.

Wen, Y.K., (1990), Structural load modeling and combination for performance and safetyevaluation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Wen, Y.K., and H.-C. Chen (1989a), "System Reliability under Time Varying Loads: I", J.Engrg. Mech. , ASCE, 115(4), 808-823.

Wen, Y.K., and H.-C. Chen (1989b), "System Reliability under Time Varying Loads: II", J.Engrg. Mech. , ASCE, 115(4), 823-839.

Winterstein, S.R. (1985), "Non-Normal Responses and Fatigue Damage", Journal of EngineeringMechanics, ASCE, Vol. 111, No. 10.

Winterstein, S. R. (1988), "Nonlinear Vibration Models of Random for Extremes and Fatigue",Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 114, pp. 1772-1790.

Winterstein, S.R, R.S. De, and P. Bjerager (1989), "Correlated Non-Gaussian Models in OffshoreStructural Reliability", Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Structural Safety andReliability, San Francisco, California.

Winterstein, S. and S. Haver (1991), "Statistical Uncertainties in Wave Heights and CombinedLoads on Offshore Structures", Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME,Vol. 10.

Winterstein, S.R. and G. Kleiven (1994), "Comparing Extreme Wave Estimates from Hourly andAnnual Data", submitted to Journal of Applied Ocean Research.




225

Winterstein, S.R., and O.B. Ness (1989), "Hermite Moment Analysis of Nonlinear RandomVibration", Computational Mechanics of Reliability Analysis, ed. W.K. Liu and T. Belytchko,Elme Press International, Switzerland.

Winterstein, S.R., R. Torhaug, and S. Kumar (1994), "Design Seastates for Extreme Response ofJackup Structures", Proceedings, OMAE Conference, Houston, Texas.

Wirsching, P.H. (1984), "Fatigue Reliability of Offshore Structures", Journal of StructuralEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, pp. 2340-2356.

WMO (1983), Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, PublicationNo. 8, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Wordsworth, A.C. and Smedley, G.P. (1978), "Stress Concentrations at Unstiffened TubularJoints", Proceedings, European Offshore Steel Research Seminar, Paper 31, Cambridge,England.

Yura, J.A., Zettlemoyer, N., and Edwards, I.F. (1980), "Ultimate Capacity Equations for TubularJoints", Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC Paper No. 3690, Houston, Texas.

Further Reading

Major hazard aspects of the transport of dangerous substances (1991), HMSO, ISBN 0 11885699 5.

Risk assessment: a study group report (1983), The Royal Society, ISBN 0 85403 208 8.

Risk criteria for land use planning in the vicinity of major industrial hazards, HMSO, ISBN 0 11885491 7.

The development of risk acceptability criteria for the BP Group (1990), CSS Report No 04-90-0014.

The use and value of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and its development within the BPGroup (1990), GSC Report No-04-90.0005.

Anderson, E.A. (1989), "Scientific trends in risk assessment research", Tox Ind Health, Vol. 5,pp. 777-790.

Chemical Industrial Associated (1987), A guide to hazard and operability studies.

Cooper, M.G. (ed.) (1985), Risk: man-made hazards to man, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19854155 4.

Dawson, J. (1987), Living with risk: the British Medical Association guide, John Wiley & Sons,ISBN 0 47191598 X.




226

Dept. of Energy (1991), Interpretation of major accidents to the environment for the purpose ofthe CIMAH Regulations.

Dept. of Environment (1990), Circular 20/90. (Welsh Office Circular 34/90). EC Directive onprotection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances (80/68/EEC)

Douglas, M. and A. Widawsky (1982), "How do we know the risk we face? Why risk selection isa social process", Risk Analysis, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 45-52.

Ecetox (1991), "Emergency exposure indices for industrial chemicals", Technical Report No. 43,European Chemical Ecology and Technology Center, Brussels, Belgium.

HSE (1991), A guide to the Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984,HS(R)21, (Rev) HMSO 1991, ISBN 0 11 885579 4.

Kleindorfer, P.R. and Kunreuther, H.C. (eds.) (1987), Insuring and managing hazardous risks.From Seveso to Phopal and beyond, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, ISBN 3 5401 17732 9.

Lord Zukerman (1980), "The risks of a no-risk society", The Year Book of Word Affairs 1980,Vol. 34, Stevens & Sons, London, England, ISBN 0 420457305.

Lowrance, W.W. (1976), Of acceptable risk: science and determination of safety, WilliamKaufman, Los Altos, California, ISBN 0 913232 31 9.

Press, W.P. and A.M. Ehrlich (1990), The EPAs risk assessment guidelines.

RCEP (1988), Twelfth report, Best practiable environmental option, HMSO, CM 310, ISBN 0101031 025.

RCEP (1991), Fourteenth report, GENHAZ. A system for the critical appraisal of geneticallymodified organisms to the environment, CM 1557, HMSO, ISBN 01 01155727

Rimington and Pape (1988), Nuclear power performance and safety, Volume 3; Safety andinternational cooperation, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, IAEA-CN-48/35. Available from HMSO, ISBN 9 20050281.

Slovic, P. (1986), "Informing and educating the public about risk", Risk Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 4,pp. 403-415.

Star, C. (1985), "Risk management, assessment and acceptability", Risk Analysis, Vol. 5, No. 2,pp. 57-102.

Stringer, D.A. (1990), "Hazard assessment of chemical contaminants of soil", Ectox TechnicalReport No. 40, European Chemical Ecology and Technology Center, Brussels, Belgium.

Weinberg, A.M. (1985), "Science and its limits: the regulators dilemma", Issues in Science andTechnology, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 59-72.

Wilson, R. and E.A.C. Crouch (1987), "Risk assessment and comparisons: an introduction",Science, Vol. 236, pp. 267-270.




227

Wirsching, P.H. (1983), "Probability Based Fatigue Design Criteria for Offshore Structures",document prepared for API.

8. ReferencesFurther Reading

%%7PO(4]rF$gwx

osr analysis

Documents